Catawba (/kəˈtɔːbə/) is one of two Eastern Siouan languages of the eastern US, which together with the Western Siouan languages formed the Siouan language family.
Catawba | |
---|---|
Ye Iswąˀ | |
Native to | United States |
Region | South Carolina |
Ethnicity | Ye Iswąre (Catawba) |
Extinct | 1959, with the death of Samuel Taylor Blue |
Revival | 1989[1] |
Siouan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | chc |
Glottolog | cata1286 |
ELP | Catawba |
Linguasphere | 64-ABA-ab |
Pre-contact distribution of the Catawba language. | |
Catawba is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger [2] |
The last native, fluent speaker of Catawba was Samuel Taylor Blue, who died in 1959.[3] The Catawba people are now working to revitalize and preserve the Catawba language.
Phonology
editConsonants
editLabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
voiced | b | d | ||||
Affricate | tʃ | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||
Fricative | s | ʃ | h | |||
Trill | r | |||||
Approximant | w | j |
- /ʃ/ rarely occurs.
Vowels
edit
|
- Short vowel sounds /i, e, a, u/ can be heard as lax, ranging to [ɪ, ə~ɛ, ɑ, ʊ].
Orthography
editA Catawba alphabet was created by the Catawba Language Project for the Catawba language, as part of a revitalization effort for the language and the creation of an app for it. [1][further explanation needed]
A a | Ą ą | Aa aa | B b | Č č | |
[a~ɑ] | [ã] | [aː] | [ʌ~ə] | [b] | [t͡ʃ] |
D d | E e | Ę ę | Ee ee | Ɛ ɛ | G g |
[d] | [e] | [ẽ~ɛ̃] | [eː] | [ɛ] | [g] |
H h | I i | Į į | Ii ii | K k | M m |
[h] | [i] | [ĩ] | [iː] | [k] | [m] |
N n | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u |
[n] | [p] | [r] | [s~ʃ] | [t] | [u~ʊ] |
Ų ų | Uu uu | W w | Y y | ʔ | ʰ |
[ũ] | [uː] | [w] | [j] | [ʔ] | [ʰ] |
Á á | ά | É é | έ | Í í | Ú ú |
[á~ɑ́] | [ɑ́~ə́] | [é] | [ɛ́] | [í] | [ú~ʊ́] |
Ą́ ą́ | Ę́ ę́ | Į́ į́ | Ų́ ų́ | ||
[ã́] | [ẽ́~ɛ̃́] | [ĩ] | [ṹ~ʊ̃́] |
- the Aspirated ⟨ʰ⟩ is used in the word: "hawuʰ" means: Thank you.
- the ⟨ʔ⟩ is written in different ways like ⟨ɂ⟩ and ⟨ˀ⟩ in some texts.
- the ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ǫ⟩ is some time occurs in words like example, "mǫ(hare)" meaning ask, "wǫ" meaning call, "mǫhee" meaning ice, and "sota" meaning Santee Tribe
Vocabulary
editSome Catawba lexicon is presented below.
Word lists
editEnglish | Catawba |
---|---|
One | d |
Two | nąp |
Three | namin |
Four | p |
Five | pakt |
Six | dipkuura |
Seven | wasisiniy |
Eight | d |
Nine | wąɁča |
Ten | pičinɛ |
Eleven | pičinɛ d |
Twelve | pičinɛ nąp |
Thirteen | pičinɛ namin |
Fourteen | pičinɛ p |
Fifteen | pičinɛ pakt |
Sixteen | pičinɛ dipkuura h |
Seventeen | pičinɛ wasisiniy |
Eighteen | pičinɛ d |
Nineteen | pičinɛ wąɁča h |
Twenty | pičinɛ nąp |
Thirty | pičinɛ namin |
Fourty | pičinɛ p |
Fifty | pičinɛ pakt |
Sixty | pičinɛ dipkuura |
Seventy | pičinɛ wasisiniy |
Eighty | pičinɛ d |
Ninety | pičinɛ wąɁča |
One Hundred | pičin |
One Thousand | pičin |
Catawba | English |
---|---|
T |
Hello |
Kuri | Good |
Yawab kuri | Good Morning |
Yab kuri | Good Day |
Wičawaséɂ kuri | Good Evening |
Wiičawa kuri | Good night |
Tiine yiiéduu | How are you |
Yį yat tanenɛ | What is your name |
…Nii yat | My name is… |
Dehare | It’s me |
Tiine wiiéduu | How are you all |
T |
How goes |
T |
Ok (I’m alright) |
Baraɂharɛ | It’s not good |
Wan |
I feel sick |
Síiɂserɛ | I am tired |
Mąsačure | I am so happy |
Hawuʰ | Thank you |
Katé | Later (Goodbye) |
English | Catawba |
---|---|
Tree | yap |
Grass | s |
Cloud | nɛmą |
God (creator) | yahrúweh |
Devil (evil spirit) | yehuręče |
And | der |
Yes | himbá |
No | waharé |
That | ma |
River | iswą |
Water | yą |
Earth | mánuuwa |
Sun | nųti |
Moon | wičawa nųti |
Blessings | dúupa wiiyuk |
Loss | dečere |
Dog | tąsi |
Cat | hapkę |
Horse | witsakway |
Turtle | kayaɁ |
Fish | yii |
Butterfly | dapanenei |
Earthworm | kučiri |
Deer | wid |
Bird | kučin |
Blue jay | tiinde |
Woodpecker | wač |
Robin | wiisp |
Goose | ahą |
Eagle | wikčiči |
Owl | wimbá |
Chipmunk | dɛpend |
Squirrel | payą |
Rabbit | pvⁿwaⁿ (pąwą) |
Beaver | čapi, tąʔse amúre |
Bison (Buffalo) | wideé |
Snake | yaɁ |
Wolf | tąsisúre |
Fox | d |
Bear | nimęɁ |
Chicken | watką |
Duck | kasą́ |
Dove | itúsi |
Turkey | witką teruu |
Corn | kus |
Milk | witas |
Potato | witiki |
Sweet Potato | witiki čuwa |
Egg | hinu |
Acorn | Tumu |
Apple | triɁi |
Blueberry | wuuii aru |
Pear | tri |
Food | nuuyą |
Vegetable | kus mirúu |
Fruit | trii |
Dry Goods | nuuyą yiire |
Family | yemą |
Grandfather | tatéwa |
Grandmother | isčuu |
Father | nane |
Mother | yaksu |
Husband | yį kiča |
Wife | yaa kiča |
Son | kuríi |
Daughter | ɛnuwa |
Brother | mbarana |
Sister | yaanáa |
Drum | tushakehi |
Rattle | sę́s |
Office | suukiatéru |
House | suuk |
Bathroom | ísuk |
Kitchen | hiriʰsahęʰ |
Farm | Yabsigre |
Cash register | yekąwą dyákere |
Dollar | suntarúu |
Hunter | yękurepahą |
Body | ihaakyuu |
Head | iskąʔ |
Hair | iskąsi |
Face | hinen |
Forehead | itaap |
Ear | duksuuʔ |
Eye | hįtuuʔ |
Nose | ipįsuuʔ |
Mouth | isumuuʔ |
Tongue | hisumuuʔse |
Tooth | hiyaap, niyaap |
Beard | yisumuuʔsee |
Neck | idát |
Arm | iksa |
Hand | iksapiya |
Fingers | iksa ičaa |
Nails | iksa pis |
Belly | ipą |
Feet | hįpapiya |
Foot | nįpapiya |
Toes | iįpaičaaʔ |
Bone | hipasaap, nusaap |
Heart | dihaa |
Chief | yę miirá |
Red | siiką |
Blue | wuuii |
Green | wiiyą |
Yellow | wiiyę |
White | takčii |
Black | hawakče |
Day of the Catawbas | yáp ye iswą |
Ache | warepa |
Over (Beyond) | |
Armpit | hinų́ksu |
Ashes | yáči |
Ask | mǫ(hare) |
Axe (knife) | sįpé |
Back | įtak |
Hold | pąʔ |
Shoulder | híriit |
Bare (husked) | s |
Root | tet |
Pot (Basket) | (i)tus |
Be | ri |
Blood | iit |
Blow | puu |
Brain | mųtu |
Reed (cane) | wąsa |
Burn | wiirą |
Call (shout) | wǫ |
Carry (go) | kida |
Flint | wą |
Cold | čiʔ |
Cry | ake |
Cut | kąʔ |
Dance | bari |
Day | yáp |
Then | |
There | či |
Dig | ʔare |
Do (make) | ʔǫči |
Cause | če |
Dream | hímbare |
Ground | mánuu |
Inside | hák |
Step | peʔ |
Ice | mǫhee |
Go | ra |
At | tak |
Sit | wą |
Sleep | imų |
Tobacco | ųpaa |
Small | sų́w |
Town,
Village |
wee |
House, hut | suuk |
Creek | yátru ihaterú |
Catawba River | iswą katabare |
Board River | iswą hápide |
Congaree River | iswą karaʔre |
Santee River | iswą tii |
Savannah River | isundiga |
Wateree River | iswą wátraʔre,
wátra |
Sugeree creek | iswą sígrii |
Catawba Tribe | ye iswąʔre |
Wateree Tribe | ye iswą wátraʔre |
Cheraw Tribe | sar |
Cherokee Tribe | ye mat |
Chickahominy tribe | ye kusi |
Chickasaw Tribe | ye imohčék |
Choctaw Tribe | ye čákere |
Congaree Tribe | ye iswąkaraʔre |
Creek Tribe | ye kusáʔre |
Eno Tribe | ye íinare |
Etiwa Tribe | itawa |
Kiawah Tribe | kaya |
Lumbee Tribe | kerúkeruʔre,
ye makeruɁre |
Pamunkey Tribe | mákiis |
Pedee Tribe | ye piiɁre |
Santee Tribe | są́ta, sota |
Saponi Tribe | yepą |
Sawee Tribe | ye s |
Shawnee Tribe | sawana |
Sugeree Tribe | ye sígriiʔre |
Tuscarora Tribe | taskaruni, ye at |
Waxhaw Tribe | ye hiskapeteʔre |
Woccon Tribe | wakų |
Yamasee Tribe | yeemusi |
Yuchi Tribe | yučikere |
Errata
editRed Thunder Cloud, an impostor, born Cromwell Ashbie Hawkins West, claimed to be Catawba and the last speaker of the Catawba language. He was promoted by anthropologist Frank Speck, who introduced West to the Catawba community. The Catawba told Speck that West was not Catawba, but Speck ignored them and continued to promote West and include him in his work, even recommending him as an expert to other anthropologists. (Speck is also the source of the theory that Catawba is a Siouan language; at one time he also insisted that the Cherokee language is Siouan.) At his death in 1996 it was revealed that West was neither Catawba nor even Native American, but had learned what he knew of the language from books, and from listening to the last known native speaker, Samuel Taylor Blue and his half-sister, Sally Gordon, when Speck brought him to the Catawba reservation.[5] This had apparently been enough to fool the non-Native ethnologists who wrote about him.[5]
References
edit- ^ "Catawba Language". Catawba Nation Archives. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
- ^ Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 9.
- ^ Thomas J. Blummer, Catawba Indian Nation: Treasures in History (The History Press, 2007), p. 101
- ^ Rudes, Costa, Blair, David (2003). Essays in Algonquian, Catawban, and Siouan Linguistics in Memory of Frank T. Siebert, Jr.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Goddard, Ives (2000). "The Identity of Red Thunder Cloud" (PDF). The Newsletter -- Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas. 19 (1): 7–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
External links
edit- Ives Goddard, 2000. "The Identity of Red Thunder Cloud", Smithsonian Institution, reprinted from Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages of the Americas Newsletter. (accessed 2021-05-25)
- Catawba Texts "Catawba Language App"