Luoyang (simplified Chinese:
Luoyang
Loyang | |
---|---|
Location on the North China Plain | |
Coordinates (Luoyang municipal government): 34°37′11″N 112°27′14″E / 34.6197°N 112.4539°E | |
Country | People's Republic of China |
Province | Henan |
Municipal seat | Luolong District |
Government | |
• Party Secretary | Li Ya |
• Mayor | Liu Wankang |
Area | |
• Prefecture-level city | 15,229.15 km2 (5,880.01 sq mi) |
• Urban | 810.4 km2 (312.9 sq mi) |
• Metro | 1,402.3 km2 (541.4 sq mi) |
Elevation | 144 m (472 ft) |
Population (2020 census, 2018 for otherwise)[1] | |
• Prefecture-level city | 7,056,699 |
• Density | 460/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
• Urban | 2,249,300 |
• Urban density | 2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi) |
• Metro | 2,751,400 |
• Metro density | 2,000/km2 (5,100/sq mi) |
GDP[2][3] | |
• Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 382.0 billion US$ 57.5 billion |
• Per capita | CN¥ 56,410 US$ 8,493 |
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
Area code | 379 |
ISO 3166 code | CN-HA-03 |
Ethnicities | Han, Hui, Manchu, Mongolian |
County-level divisions | 15 |
License plate prefixes | |
Website | www |
Situated on the central plain of China, Luoyang is among the oldest cities in China and one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. It is the earliest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.
Names
editThe name "Luoyang" originates from the city's location on the north or sunny ("yang") side of the Luo River. Since the river flows from west to east and the sun is to the south of the river, the sun always shines on the north side of the river. Luoyang has had several names over the centuries, including Luoyi (
History
editClassical era
editThe greater Luoyang area has been sacred ground since the late Neolithic period.[6] This area at the intersection of the Luo River and Yi River was considered to be the geographical center of China.[citation needed] Because of this sacred aspect, several cities – all of which are generally referred to as "Luoyang" – have been built in this area. In 2070 BC, the Xia dynasty king Tai Kang moved the Xia capital to the intersection of the Luo and Yi and named the city Zhenxun (斟鄩). In 1600 BC, Tang of Shang defeated Jie, the final Xia dynasty king, and built Western Bo, (
In 1036 BC a settlement named Chengzhou (
Qin Shi Huang's chief minister, Lu Buwei, was given Luoyang. Lu began programs to develop and beautify Luoyang. It is said that Liu Bang visited Luoyang and considered making it his capital but was persuaded to reconsider by his ministers to turn to Chang'an instead for his capital.[8]
Han dynasty
editIn 25 AD, Luoyang was declared the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty on November 27 by Emperor Guangwu of Han.[9] The city walls formed a rectangle 4 km south to north and 2.5 km west to east, with the Gu River, a tributary of the Luo River just outside the northern eastern walls. The rectangular Southern Palace and the Northern Palace were 3 km apart and connected by The Covered Way. In 26, the Altar of the Gods of the Soils and Grains, the Altar of Heaven, and the Temple of the eminent Founder, Emperor Gao of Former Han were inaugurated. The Imperial University was restored in 29 AD. In 48 AD, the Yang Canal linked the capital to the Luo. In 56 AD, the main imperial observatory, the Spiritual Terrace, was constructed.[10]
For several centuries, Luoyang was the focal point of China. In AD 68, the White Horse Temple, the first Buddhist temple in China, was founded in Luoyang. The temple still exists, though the architecture is of later origin, mainly from the 16th century. An Shigao was one of the first monks to popularize Buddhism in Luoyang.
The diplomat Ban Chao restored the Silk Road during the Eastern Han dynasty, thus making Luoyang the eastern terminus of the Silk Road during the Han dynasty.
In 166 AD, the first Roman mission, sent by "the king of Da Qin [the Roman Empire], Andun" (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, r. 161–180 AD), reached Luoyang after arriving by sea in Rinan Commandery in what is now central Vietnam.[11]
The late 2nd century saw China decline into anarchy:
The decline was accelerated by the rebellion of the Yellow Turbans, who, although defeated by the Imperial troops in 184 AD, weakened the state to the point where there was a continuing series of rebellions degenerating into civil war, culminating in the burning of the Han capital of Luoyang on 24 September 189 AD. This was followed by a state of continual unrest and wars in China until a modicum of stability returned in the 220s, but with the establishment of three separate kingdoms, rather than a unified empire.[12]
Wei and Jin dynasties
editOn April 4, 190 AD,[13] Chancellor Dong Zhuo ordered his soldiers to ransack, pillage, and raze the city as he retreated from the coalition set up against him by regional lords all over China. The court was subsequently moved to the more defensible western city of Chang'an (modern Xi'an). Following a period of disorder, during which warlord Cao Cao held the last Han emperor Xian in Xuchang (196–220), Luoyang was restored to prominence when his son Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of the Wei dynasty, declared it his capital in 220 AD. The Jin dynasty, successor to Wei, was also established in Luoyang. At the height of Jin rule, Luoyang had a population of 600,000 and was probably the second largest city in the world after Rome.[14]
At the start of the 4th century, Luoyang was subjected to repeated attacks during the War of the Eight Princes and Upheaval of the Five Barbarians under the Jin. In 311 AD, rebel forces of the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao dynasty sacked and razed the city in an event known as the Disaster of Yongjia.[15] For the next two centuries, Luoyang would cease as a major population hub, but remained a hotly contested region among various states to come.[14] It was the site of a pivotal battle in 328 between the Han-Zhao and Later Zhao dynasties which established the latter as a hegemonic power in the north.[16] The city changed hands several times throughout the Sixteen Kingdoms period, as it was also controlled by the Former Yan, Former Qin and Later Qin dynasties. The Jin dynasty, which had relocated south of the Yangtze river after the upheaval, was even able to recover the city on a few occasions.
Northern Wei
editLuoyang | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Simplified Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | "Northern Bank of the Luo [River]" | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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In winter 416, during Liu Yu's northern expedition against the Later Qin, Luoyang fell to the Jin general Tan Daoji. In 422, the city was captured by Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty. The Liu Song dynasty, which succeeded the Jin, briefly recovered the city in 430, but by the 460s, Luoyang was definitively under Wei control. In 493 AD, as part of his sinicization campaign, Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei moved the capital from Datong to Luoyang, moving over 150,000 people to the site by 495,[17] and started the construction of the rock-cut Longmen Grottoes. More than 30,000 Buddhist statues from the time of this dynasty have been found in the caves. Many of these sculptures were two-faced. At the same time, the Shaolin Temple was also built by the Emperor to accommodate an Indian monk on the Mont Song right next to Luoyang City. The Yongning Temple (
Sui and Tang dynasties
editWhen Emperor Yang of Sui took control in 604 AD he founded the new Luoyang on the site of the existing city using a layout inspired by his father Emperor Wen of Sui's work in newly rebuilt Chang'an.[19][20]
During the Tang dynasty, Luoyang was Dongdu (
During an interval in the Tang dynasty, the first and the only empress in Chinese history – Empress Wu, moved the capital of her Zhou dynasty to Luoyang and named it as Shen Du (Capital of the God). She constructed the tallest palace in Chinese history, which is now in the site of Sui Tang Luoyang city. Luoyang was heavily damaged during the An Lushan Rebellion.[8]
Epitaphs were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman, Lady An (
During the short Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Luoyang was the capital of the Later Liang (only for a few years before the court moved to Kaifeng) and Later Tang dynasty.
Later history
editDuring the North Song dynasty, Luoyang was the 'Western Capital' and birthplace of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of the Song dynasty. It served as a prominent cultural center, housing some of the most important philosophers. This prosperity was mainly caused by Luoyang undergoing new developments and reconstruction during this period.[8]
During the Jurchen Jin dynasty, Luoyang was the "Middle Capital".
Since the Yuan dynasty, Luoyang was no longer the capital of China in the rest of the ancient dynasties. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Luoyang was razed and rebuilt twice. Its walls were destroyed by peasant rebels in the late Ming period. The city walls were then rebuilt during the Qing dynasty.[8] The population was reduced to that of an average county. However, for one last time, Luoyang city was the capital of the Republic of China for a brief period of time during the Japanese invasion. By 1949, Luoyang's population was 75,000.
People's Republic of China
editAfter the People's Republic of China was established, Luoyang was revived as a major heavy industrial hub. In the first five-year plan of China, 7 of 156 Soviet-aided major industrial programmes were launched in Luoyang's Jianxi District, including Dongfanghong Tractor Factory, Luoyang Mining Machines Factory and Luoyang Bearing Factory. Later, during the Third Front construction, a group of heavy industry factories was moved to or founded in Luoyang, including Luoyang Glass Factory. Industrial development significantly shifted Luoyang's demographic makeup, and about half of Luoyang's population are new immigrants after 1949 from outside the province or their descendants.
UNESCO World Heritage Site
edit- Longmen Grottoes, added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2000[27]
- The Grand Canal – Huiluo Barn, Hanjia Barn, added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014[28]
- Silk Roads – Han Wei Luoyang City Site, Dingding Gate Site of Sui Tang Luoyang City, Xin'an Hangu Guan Site, added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014[29]
Ancient city sites
edit- Erlitou Site (Zhenxun) of Xia dynasty
- Yanshi Shang City Site (Xibo) of Shang dynasty
- Wangcheng Site of Eastern Zhou dynasty
- Luoyang City Site of Han and Wei dynasty
- Luoyang City Site of Sui and Tang dynasty
Administrative divisions
editThe prefecture-level city of Luoyang administers 7 districts and 7 counties:
- Districts
- Defunct District
- Jili District, now part of Mengjin District
- Counties
During the 2010 census, the 5 "built-up" urban districts held a population of 1,857,003, making it the fourth-largest city in Henan. The entire area of Luoyang's municipal government held 6,549,941 inhabitants total.
Map |
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2021 administrative reorganization
editWith the 2017 designation of Zhengzhou as a National Central City, Henan Province in 2020 proposed a new development plan for Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area, which called for the development of Luoyang as a sub-central city. As part of this development, authorities decided to expand the urban area of Luoyang. This not only facilitated planning and coordinated use of resources and infrastructure in Luoyang, but also allowed for better integration towards Zhengzhou, as Yanshi, Jili and Mengjin previously separated the Luoyang urban area from Zhengzhou.[30]
On 28 March 2021, the central government approved a major administrative reorganization of Luoyang city. Yanshi City was reorganized into an urban district (Yanshi District), while Jili District and Mengjin County were merged into Mengjin District. This reorganization effectively doubled the urban area of Luoyang.[30]
Geography
editAs its name states, the Old Town of Luoyang is located on the north bank of the Luo, a southern tributary of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The districts of the modern urban center include both banks and some of the surrounding mountains.
The countryside controlled by the municipal government includes still more rugged land: mountains comprise 45.51% of the total area; hills, 40.73%; and plains, 13.8%.[31]
Climate
editLuoyang has a highly continental dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cwa).
Climate data for Luoyang (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1951–2000) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
31.2 (88.2) |
35.5 (95.9) |
40.6 (105.1) |
44.2 (111.6) |
41.9 (107.4) |
41.7 (107.1) |
38.2 (100.8) |
34.8 (94.6) |
27.0 (80.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
44.2 (111.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
21.5 (70.7) |
26.8 (80.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.9 (87.6) |
29.3 (84.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
19.5 (67.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
3.6 (38.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.2 (59.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
16.5 (61.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −17.4 (0.7) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
4.4 (39.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−14.9 (5.2) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 8.2 (0.32) |
12.9 (0.51) |
25.4 (1.00) |
31.1 (1.22) |
57.5 (2.26) |
64.6 (2.54) |
138.5 (5.45) |
100.2 (3.94) |
84.2 (3.31) |
43.4 (1.71) |
20.9 (0.82) |
7.8 (0.31) |
594.7 (23.39) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1mm) | 3.5 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 8.0 | 12.2 | 10.7 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 5.0 | 3.4 | 85.2 |
Source 1: National Meteorological Center of CMA[32] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather China (precipitation days 1971–2000)[33] data.ac.cn[34] |
Culture
edit- Sites
The Longmen Grottoes south of the city were listed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in November 2000. Guanlin—a series of temples built in honor of Guan Yu, a hero of the Three Kingdoms period—is nearby. The White Horse Temple is located 12 km (7.5 mi) east of the modern town.
The Luoyang Museum (established 1958) features ancient relics dating back to the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. The total number of exhibits on display is 1,700.[35] China's only tomb museum, the Luoyang Ancient Tombs Museum, opened to the public in 1987 and is situated north of the modern town.
The Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory (also known as the Dengfeng Observatory or the Tower of Chou Kong) stands 80 km (50 mi) south-east of Luoyang. It was constructed in 1276 during the Yuan dynasty by Guo Shoujing as a giant gnomon for "the measurement of the sun's shadow". Prior to the Jesuit China Missions, it was used for establishing the summer and winter solstices in traditional Chinese astronomy.[36]
Luoyang is the foundation of Confucianism, the birth of Taoism, the first transmission of Buddhism, the formation of metaphysics, and the origin of neo-Confucianism. All kinds of cultural thoughts are integrated and symbiosis here, and the compass, paper making and printing among the four great inventions of ancient China were born here. Luoyang is also the cultural root and ancestral lineage of the global Chinese, more than 100 million Hakka ancestral home in the world, 70% of China's clan name originated here, Heluo culture represented by "Hetu Luoshu" is the ancestral source of Chinese civilization.[37]
- Cuisine
Water Banquet, which is one of the famous banquets passed on for generations in the history of Chinese cuisine, consists of 8 cold and 16 warm dishes all cooked in various broths, gravies, or juices. The water here has two meanings: one is that all the hot dishes have soup-tang soup water; the other is that each dish is served after another smoothly just like flowing water. It comprises a wide selection of ingredients, simple and versatile, diverse tastes, sour, spicy, sweet and salty, comfortable and delicious.
- Botany
Luoyang is also celebrated for the cultivation of peonies, its city flower. Since 1983, each mid-April the city hosts the Peony Culture Festival of Luoyang. More than 19 million tourists visited Luoyang during the 2014 festival.[38]
- Music
"Spring in Luoyang" (
- Dialect
Residents of Luoyang typically speak a dialect of Zhongyuan Mandarin. Although Luoyang's dialect was a prestige dialect of spoken Chinese from the Warring States period of the Zhou until the Ming dynasty, it differs from the Beijing form of Mandarin which became the basis of the standard modern dialect.
- Outer space
Asteroid (239200) 2006 MD13 is named after Luoyang.
Education
edit- Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology (
洛 阳理工学 院 ) - Henan University of Science and Technology (
河南 科技 大学 ) - Luoyang Normal University (
洛 阳师范学院 ) - PLA Foreign Language Institute, formerly known as the Luoyang PLA College of Foreign Languages (
解放 军洛阳外语学院 )
Transportation
editThe city can be reached by highways, trains or planes. Long-distance buses are also an option although they generally tend to take longer. High-speed rail is the most common way to get into the city from either Xi'an or Zhengzhou. Luoyang has a bus system of around 30+ lines. Taxis are also a common sight in the city.
Subway
editLine 1 of Luoyang Subway opened 28 March 2021.[39] Line 2 opened on 26 December 2021.
Rail
edit- Conventional speed
The main station for conventional rail services is Luoyang railway station on the Longhai railway. Guanlin railway station on the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway has a far less frequent service, only seeing north–south trains or vice versa that don't stop at Luoyang railway station.
- High-speed
Luoyang Longmen railway station sees high-speed services on the Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway.
Road
edit- G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway
- G36 Nanjing–Luoyang Expressway
- G55 Erenhot–Guangzhou Expressway
- China National Highway 207
- China National Highway 310
Air
editLuoyang is served by Luoyang Beijiao Airport.
Twin towns and sister cities
editLuoyang is twinned with:
- La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
- Okayama, Okayama, Japan
Famous residents
edit- Laozi, legendary founder of Taoism
- The emperors of the Eastern Zhou dynasty
- Guiguzi, geomancer and numerologist
- The emperors of the Eastern Han dynasty
- Xuanzang, Buddhist monk and hero of the Journey to the West
- Liu Yuxi, poet
- Emperor Taizu of Song, founder of the Song dynasty
- Gao Hong, pipa player
- Du Wei, soccer player
- Wang Yibo, actor, singer, idol
- Chen Dong, astronaut of Shenzhou 11 and Shenzhou 14
- Meng Meiqi, singer, dancer (WJSN and Rocket Girls 101)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "China: Hénán (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
- ^
河南 省 统计局 、国家 统计局 河南 调查总队 (November 2017). 《河南 统计年 鉴-2017》.中国 统计出版 社 . ISBN 978-7-5037-8268-8. Archived from the original on 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2018-12-03. - ^ "
河南 统计年 鉴—2017". www.ha.stats.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2018-12-03. - ^ "
洛 阳市2022年 国民 经济和 社会 发展统计公 报". www.ly.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2023-10-30. - ^ "
中 经数据 ". wap.ceidata.cei.cn. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2024-05-02. - ^ "Far East Kingdoms". Early Chinese Cultures. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ China.org.cn, 2009
- ^ a b c d Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 538–541. ISBN 1-884964-04-4.
- ^ Robert Hymes (2000). John Stewart Bowman (ed.). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
- ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2017). Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23–220 AD. Leiden: Brill. pp. 16–52. ISBN 9789004324916.
- ^ Hill (2009), p. 27.
- ^ Hill (2009), p. xvi,
- ^ Cullen, Christopher (2017). Heavenly Numbers: Astronomy and Authority in Early Imperial China. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 336. ISBN 9780198733119. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2022-04-16; Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Loewe, Michael, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China. Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.-A.D. 220. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 348. ISBN 9780521243278.
- ^ a b Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare. 300 - 900. Routledge. p. 50.
- ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
- ^ Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare 300 - 900. Routledge. p. 58.
- ^ a b Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300 - 900. Routledge. p. 98.
- ^ Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare. Routledge. p. 103.
- ^ Marks, Robert B. (2011). China: Its Environment and History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1442212756. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2020-10-18. p. 116
- ^ Schinz, Alfred (1996). The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 3930698021. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2020-10-18. p. 167-169.
- ^ 《资治
通 鉴·唐 纪·唐 纪二 十 》:辛 亥 ,明 堂 成 ,高 二 百 九 十 四 尺 ,方 三 百 尺 。凡三 层:下 层法四 时,各 随 方 色 。中 层法十 二 辰 ;上 为圆盖,九 龙捧之 。上 层法二 十 四 气;亦 为圆盖,上 施 铁凤,高 一 丈 ,饰以黄金 。中有 巨木 十 围,上下 通 贯,栭栌棤藉以为本 。下 施 铁渠,为辟雍之象 。号 曰万象 神 宫。 - ^ Abramson (2008), p. viii.
- ^ Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019). Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Dallas. pp. 109–135, viii, xv, 156, 164, 115, 116.
- ^ Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019). Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Dallas. pp. 155–156, 149, 150, viii, xv. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-09.
- ^ Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019). Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China (PDF) (PhD thesis). p. 164. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-09.
- ^ Abramson, Marc S. (2011). Ethnic Identity in Tang China. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0812201017. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
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- ^ "Silk Roads: The Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor". Archived from the original on 2018-07-07. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
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洛 阳市人民 政府 网站 [Luòyángshì Rénmín Zhèngfǔ Wǎngzhàn, Luoyang Municipal People's Government Website] op. cit.北京 2008年 奥 运火炬接力 官 方 网站 [Běijīng 2008 Nián Àoyùn Huǒjù Jiēlì Guānfāng Wǎngzhàn, Beijing 2008 Torch Relay Official Website]. 〈洛 阳地理 及气候 概 况〉 ["Luòyáng Dìlǐ Jí Qìhòu Gàikuàng", "Overview of Luoyang's Geography and Climate"]. 20 Mar 2008. Accessed 16 Jan 2014. (in Chinese) - ^ 1981
年 -2010年 (洛 阳)月 平均 气温和 降水 (in Simplified Chinese). National Meteorological Center of CMA. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022. - ^
洛 阳 – 气象数 据 –中国 天 气网. weather.com.cn. Retrieved 2018-08-08. - ^ 气候资源
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Further reading
edit- Abramson, Marc. Ethnic Identity in Tang China. University of Pennsylvania Press (Philadelphia), 2008. ISBN 978-0-8122-4052-8.
- Cotterell, Arthur. The Imperial Capitals of China: An Inside View of the Celestial Empire. Pimlico (London), 2008. ISBN 978-1-84595-010-1.
- Hill, John E. Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge (Charleston), 2009. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Jenner, W. J. Memories of Loyang. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1981.
- Yang Hsüan-chih. Lo-yang ch'ien-lan chi, translated by Wang Yi-t'ung as A Record of Buddhist Monasteries in Lo-yang. Princeton University Press (Princeton), 1984. ISBN 0-691-05403-7.
External links
edit- Official website of the Luoyang Municipal Government (in Chinese)
- "Wangcheng Park in Luoyang" at China.org