Chikubu (
 Chikubu Island as viewed in Lake Biwa | |
  Chikubu Island  Chikubu Island | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 35°25′20″N 136°8′37″E / 35.42222°N 136.14361°E |
| Area | 0.14 km2 (0.054 sq mi) |
| Coastline | 2 km (1.2 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 197 m (646 ft) |
| Administration | |
Japan | |
| Region | Kansai |
| Prefecture | Shiga |
| City | Nagahama |
| Chikubu | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese name | |||||
| Kanji | |||||
| Hiragana | ちくぶしま | ||||
| Katakana | チクブシマ | ||||
| |||||
Geology
editLocated about 2 kilometers south of Cape Tsuzurao, Chikubushima is the second largest island in Lake Biwa after Okishima. It has a circumference of about two kilometers and a maximum elevation of 197 meters. The entire island is a granite monolith with steep rock walls, with only one port located on the southern end.[2] The bottom of the lake around the island is deep, and the western part is the deepest part of Lake Biwa (104.1meters).[3] The temples, shrines and several souvenir shops are located near the harbor. Religious and store employees come from outside the island; the island is uninhabited at night.
The entire island was covered with evergreens until fairly recently. According to the vegetation survey data in Shiga Prefecture from 1972 to 1973, the island had dense groves of Castanopsis, Castanopsis cuspidata, Cinnamomum pedunculatum, Ilex integra, as well as Neolitsea sericea, and Camellia japonica, and Aralia elata among other species.[4] However, from 1977 onward, a population of great cormorants began to colonise the area, displacing the previous existing heron population of the northern portion of the island and increased rapidly in numbers. By 2007 more than 40,000 birds were nesting on the island, creating tremendous environmental damage.[4] Despite efforts to control the population by both non-lethal and lethal means, the population continued to increase to over 60,000 by 2008.[5]。
Historical and cultural significance
edit
Chikubushima was held to be a holy island since ancient times. During the Nara period, Gyōki is said to have built a chapel on the island to house statues of the Four Heavenly Kings, but its location and the veracity of this story is uncertain.[6] In the south of the island, the Shinto shrine of Tsukubusuma Jinja claims to have been founded in 420 AD, and its associated Buddhist temple of Hōgon-ji in 724 AD. During the period of Shinbutsu-shūgō, this was a single entity formerly known as the "Chikubu Benzai-ten", which was ranked with the Enoshima Shrine in the Kantō region and the Itsukushima Shrine in the Chūgoku Region as one of Japan's Three Great Shrines of Benzaiten[7] and was a popular spot for pilgrimage as No.30 on the Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage route.[8]
During the Sengoku period, retainers of Azai Nagamasa confined his father Hisamasa to Chikubushima, forcing him into retirement and establishing Nagamasa as his successor.
Many structures were brought to the island by Toyotomi Hideyori, son of general Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The temple's Kannon-dõ and the Karamon-style gate were brought here from the gravesite (Toyokuni-byo; now Toyokuni Shrine) of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. They originally stood in the Higashiyama ward of Kyoto, and are regarded as fine examples of architecture from the Azuchi-Momoyama period. Moreover, the Karamon gate of the temple and the honden of the shrine are both National Treasures of Japan.[9]
During the Edo Period, the island designated as one of the Eight Views of Lake Biwa.[10]
The shrine and the temple were formally separated by the decrees separating Buddhism from Shinto issued by the Meiji government, but the distinction still remains blurred at Chikubushima.
Several works of the Japanese performing arts relate to Chikubu. They include the Noh play Chikubushima and the Heike Biwa work Chikubushima Mōde, two koto melodies named Chikubushima, a jōruri (itchūbushi), a nagauta, and a tokiwazu-bushi of the same name.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "
竹生島 " [Chikubujima] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020. - ^
広報 きゃんせ長浜 (PDF) (in Japanese). 2006. pp. 2–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016. - ^
基準 点 成果 等 閲覧 サービス (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Archived from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2014. - ^ a b
村上 宣雄 (January 20, 2017).竹生島 の植生 .竹生 島 琵琶湖 に浮 かぶ神 の島 (in Japanese): 14–15. - ^ "カワウ
問題 ". pref.shiga.lg.jp (in Japanese). Shiga Prefectural Government. December 5, 2018. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2022. - ^
滋賀 県 教育 委員 会 埋蔵 文化財 センター (2009).近江 水 の宝 竹生島 (PDF). pref.shiga.lg.jp (in Japanese). Shiga Prefectural Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016. - ^
世界 大 百科 事典 (2nd ed.).平凡社 . 2006. - ^ Asano, Kiyoshi, ed. (1990).
西国 三 十 三 所 霊場 寺院 の総合 的 研究 .中央公論 美術 . ISBN 978-4805501955. - ^ "Chikubu Island (Chikubushima)". Go Biwako. Archived from the original on August 6, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
- ^ "【Kohoku Area Course】Relaxed & Laidback, The Soothing Power of Nature & A Trip Back in Time". Biwako Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
Further reading
edit- Watsky, Andrew Mark (2004). Chikubushima: Deploying the Sacred Arts in Momoyama Japan. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98327-1.
- The 100 Views of Nature in Kansai
External links
edit
琵琶湖 開発 総合 管理 所 ｜びわ湖 の観光 名所 ｜竹生島 Japan Water Agency, retrieved on November 21, 2008- B-BOX「
竹生島 の様子 」 Lake Biwa and Rivers Information Box, retrieved on November 21, 2008 神 の住 む島 竹生島 Nagahama Sight-seeing Association, retrieved on August 23, 2010