The Croton River (/ˈkroʊtən/ KROH-tən) is a river in southern New York with three principal tributaries: the West Branch, Middle Branch, and East Branch. Their waters, all part of the New York City water supply system,[1] join downstream from the Croton Falls Reservoir.[a] Together, their waters and the reservoirs linked to them represent the northern half of the New York City water system's Croton Watershed.
Shortly after the confluence of the three Croton River branches the Croton River proper, along with its tributary, the Muscoot River, flows into the Muscoot Reservoir, after which it empties into the New Croton Reservoir, which feeds the New Croton Aqueduct supplying water to New York City. Excess water leaves the spillway at the New Croton Dam and empties into the Hudson River at Croton-on-Hudson, New York at Croton Point, about 30 miles (50 km) north of New York City.[2] The river has a watershed area of 361 square miles (930 km2).[2]
History
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The Croton River was the main source of the city water supply from 1842 to the mid-20th century. Water was brought to the city through the Croton Aqueduct, later called the Old Croton Aqueduct.[3] The larger New Croton Aqueduct opened in 1890.[4] The Old Croton Aqueduct remained in service until 1955.[5]
Seeking to expand the city's water supply, engineers of the city Aqueduct Commission designed in 1884 a 275-to-300-foot-high (84 to 91 m) masonry dam spanning the Croton River near its mouth. The resulting storage reservoir, impounding a 16-square-mile (41 km2) watershed, would hold 14.2 billion US gallons (54,000,000 m3) at full capacity.[6] This dam, now known as the New Croton Dam, was completed in 1906. Further upstream, two tributaries of the Croton were dammed, creating the Croton Falls Reservoir, which was placed into service in 1911.
In the 1890s, rather than building an expensive filtration system, the city ordered the destruction or relocation of any village or hamlet in the watershed that was considered to be a potential pollution source for the Croton or its tributaries. Many were moved.[citation needed]
In the late 1990s, the city stopped using water from the Croton system as it became more and more unsuitable for drinking. In 2004, a project was started to rehabilitate the New Croton Aqueduct and build the Croton Water Filtration Plant, which came online in May 2015.[3][7] By the early 21st century the Croton system was supplying 10% of the city's water.[8]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ As a result of dam construction, the waters of the Middle and West Branches mingle in Croton Falls Reservoir before exiting as a brief stretch of the West Branch alone, which joins the East Branch at the confluence of the Croton River proper.
References
edit- ^ "Map of the Croton Watershed, at New York City Department of Environmental Protection". Archived from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
- ^ a b Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) (1901). Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. The Institution. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- ^ a b "NYC DEP Completes Rehab of 124 Year-old New Croton Aqueduct". Tunnel Business Magazine. Benjamin Media. 2014-02-25.
- ^ "The New Aqueduct Opened; Water Flowing at One-Third the Reservoir's Capacity". The New York Times. July 16, 1890.
- ^ Dechillo, Suzanne (February 20, 1987). "Old Croton Aqueduct For Walkers, Not Water". The New York Times.
- ^ Wegmann, Edward (December 1912). "Discussion on Design of Masonry Dams". Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 75. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers: 163. Paper No. 1221.
- ^ Gonchar, Joann (March 1, 2016). "Croton Water Filtration Plant". Architectural Record. BNP Media.
- ^ Rueb, Emily S. (March 24, 2016). "How New York Gets Its Water". The New York Times.
41°11′12″N 73°52′36″W / 41.18667°N 73.87667°W
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