Hu Zhongzao

Hu Zhongzao (胡えびす中藻なかも) (1712-1755), sobriquet Jianmosheng (坚磨生せい), was a Qing dynasty scholar who was a disciple of the Manchu politician Ortai. During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, Ortai and all his political allies were implicated, and Hu Zhongzao and his entire family were sentenced to death for treason and literary crimes.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Background

Hu Zhongzao was the son of Hu Dazhi (胡えびす大だい祉) and was from Xinjian County, Nanchang Prefecture, Jiangxi Province (江こう西南せいなん昌あきら府ふ新建しんたけ县).^[4]

In October of the fourth year of Qianlong, Hu Zhongzao was 29 years old, so he was born in the 51st year of Kangxi (1712) at the latest.^[5]^{[verification needed]}

Career

In February of the 20th year of Qianlong, the Qianlong Emperor secretly told Wei Zhezhi (卫哲治ち), the governor of Guangxi, to inspect all the exam questions, poems, and evil deeds committed by Hu when he was studying politics in Guangxi, and strictly check Hu's performance.^[3] On March 13, the same year, Qianlong denounced Hu Zhongzao for "complaining" about "things humankind should not have".^[6]

Scholar Han Zhanke (翰詹科か) said that Hu violated the law and should be sentenced to lingchi.^[7]

Hu escaped the more severe sentence of lingchi, but was beheaded in 1755. At this time, Hu Zhongzao's father, son, wife, concubine, and daughter-in-law died one after another. Their property was confiscated, but they had little money at home: only 3,000 taels of silver and 70 stones.^{[clarification needed]} The case was tied back to Ortai as Hu Zhongzao was Ortai's disciple, and Ortai's memorial tablet was ordered to be withdrawn from Xianliang Temple on charges of forming "private cliques" (私立しりつ朋党ほうとう). Ortai's nephew, Ocang (鄂昌), was forced to commit suicide. Generally, historians believe that the Hu Zhongzao case was a means to crack down on private cliques.^{[citation needed]}

Hu Zhongzao's poem "A handful of hearts are turbid and clear" (“一把心肠论浊清”) was used as evidence of his rebellion as he put the character zhuo (浊), meaning 'murky', before Qing (清きよし), the same character referring to the Qing dynasty.^[1]^[2]

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b Fang 2017, pp. 454–456
^ ^a ^b Guy 1987
^ ^a ^b Qingdai wenziyu dang 1931: “将はた胡えびす中藻なかも任にん广西学がく政せい时所出で试题及与人じん唱和しょうわ诗文并一切いっさい恶迹，严行察出速そく奏そう。”
^ Zhu 1920, p. 2
^ "第だい十じゅう冊さつ，第だい四よん百ひゃく八はち十じゅう六ろく卷かん，第だい二に十じゅう至いたり二に十じゅう三さん頁ぺーじ". Qing Gaozong Chun Huangdi Shilu 《清きよし高こう宗純そうじゅん皇帝こうてい實錄じつろく》 [Veritable Records of the Pure Qing Emperor Gaozong]. 清きよし實錄じつろく.
^ Qingdai wenziyu dang 1931: “诋讪怨望”，“非人ひにん类中所しょ应有”
^ Man Qing yeshi 1916: “胡えびす中藻なかも违天逆ぎゃく道みち，覆くつがえ载不容よう，合ごう依よ大だい逆ぎゃく，凌しのげ迟处死し。”

Sources

Fang, Chao-ying (2017) [1943]. "Ortai". In Hummel, Arthur Sr (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period (Revised ed.). Berkshire Publishing Group. ISBN 9781614728498.
Guy, R. Kent (1987). The Emperor's Four Treasuries: Scholars and the State in the Late Ch'ien-lung Era. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Archivists of the Palace Museum, ed. (2011) [1931]. "胡えびす中藻なかも《坚磨生せい诗钞》案あん". Qingdai wenziyu dang 清しん代だい文字もじ獄ごく檔 [Qing dynasty literary crime dossiers]. Vol. 1. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House. ISBN 9787545803167.
"康かん雍乾間あいだ文字もじ之の獄ごく". Man Qing yeshi 滿まん清野きよの史ふみ [Unofficial History of the Manchu Qing]. Wenqiao Publishing. 1972 [1916].
Zhu Ruzhen (朱しゅ汝なんじ珍ちん) (1920). 词林辑略 [Abridged Collection of Words]. Vol. 4. Beijing: Central Classics Engraving House.

[:0-1] Fang 2017, pp. 454–456

[:2-2] Guy 1987

[:3-3] Qingdai wenziyu dang 1931: “将はた胡えびす中藻なかも任にん广西学がく政せい时所出で试题及与人じん唱和しょうわ诗文并一切いっさい恶迹，严行察出速そく奏そう。”

[4] Zhu 1920, p. 2

[5] "第だい十じゅう冊さつ，第だい四よん百ひゃく八はち十じゅう六ろく卷かん，第だい二に十じゅう至いたり二に十じゅう三さん頁ぺーじ". Qing Gaozong Chun Huangdi Shilu 《清きよし高こう宗純そうじゅん皇帝こうてい實錄じつろく》 [Veritable Records of the Pure Qing Emperor Gaozong]. 清きよし實錄じつろく.

[6] Qingdai wenziyu dang 1931: “诋讪怨望”，“非人ひにん类中所しょ应有”

[7] Man Qing yeshi 1916: “胡えびす中藻なかも违天逆ぎゃく道みち，覆くつがえ载不容よう，合ごう依よ大だい逆ぎゃく，凌しのげ迟处死し。”

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