(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
List of people considered father or mother of a field - Wikipedia
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List of people considered father or mother of a field

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Often, discoveries and innovations are the work of multiple people, resulting from continual improvements over time. However, certain individuals are remembered for making significant contributions to the birth or development of a field or technology.[1] These individuals may often be described as the "father" or "mother" of a particular field or invention.

Academic disciplines

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Humanities

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Main article: List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field

Natural and social sciences

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Main article: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

Fine art

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Subject Father/mother Reason
Cowboy sculpture Frederic Remington[2] Created first bronze cowboy sculpture in 1895
Japanese Manga (comics) and Anime (animation) Osamu Tezuka Creator of Manga (Japanese comics) and Anime (Japanese Animation)

Games

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Subject Father/mother Reason
Collectible card game Richard Garfield Creator of Magic: The Gathering
Miniature wargaming H. G. Wells[3] Publication of Little Wars
Modern video game Ralph H. Baer
Nolan Bushnell 		Magnavox Odyssey, Pong
Role-playing game Gary Gygax[4]

Dave Arneson

Creators of Dungeons & Dragons
Stealth game Hideo Kojima[5] Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games
Video game Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. Inventor of the first video game[dubious – discuss]
Video game industry Ralph H. Baer Creator of the Magnavox Odyssey; inventor of the first home video game console
Wargaming Charles S. Roberts[6] Designer of Tactics

Military

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Subject Father/mother Reason
Atomic bomb Enrico Fermi[7]
Robert Oppenheimer[8]
Leó Szilárd[9]
Blitzkrieg Heinz Guderian[10][11]
Hydrogen bomb Edward Teller[12] Member of the Manhattan Project in the 1940s
Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy" Hyman G. Rickover[13][14][15]
Fourth Generation Warfare William S. Lind[citation needed]
The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb Andrei Sakharov[16]
Tank Ernest Swinton (British), Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne (French) The need for armored and armed tracked vehicles to break the stalemate of trench warfare in WWI was noticed early on in the war by Winston Churchill and the British Landship Committee with Ernest Swinton working on British development and Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne credited for coming up with the French version[17][18][19]

Nations

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Main articles: Father of the Nation, Mother of the Nation, and List of national founders

Sports

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Main article: List of people considered father or mother of a sport

Technology

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Fields

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Subject Father/mother Reason
Aerodynamics (modern) Sir George Cayley[20][21] Founding father of modern aerodynamics; first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust; modern airplane design is based on those discoveries
American manufacture Samuel Slater[22] described by Andrew Jackson
American landscape architecture Frederick Law Olmsted[23] Olmsted designed Central Park in New York City
Architecture Imhotep[24] Built the first pyramid
Astronautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky[25]
Sergei Korolev[26]
Robert H. Goddard[27]
Hermann Oberth[28]
Aviation Father Francesco Lana-Terzi[29] and Abbas ibn Firnas[1][30][31] Ibn Firnas built the first human carrying glider and is reputed to have attempted two successful flights.[32][33] Wrote Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670); first to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel
Bionanotechnology Carlo Montemagno[34] The development of biomolecular motors for powering inorganic nanodevices while at Cornell and muscle-driven self-assembled nanodevices while at UCLA.[35]
British watchmaking Thomas Tompion[36]
Clinical trials James Lind[37] Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747
Computing Charles Babbage[38] Inventor of the analytical engine, which was never constructed in his lifetime
Cybernetics Norbert Wiener[39][40]
Gastrointestinal physiology William Beaumont[41]
Genetics Gregor Johann Mendel Founder of genetics.[42]
Green Revolution Norman Borlaug
Microscopy Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[43]
Information theory Claude Shannon[44]
Modern bladesmithing William F. Moran Founder of the American Bladesmith Society
Modern kinematics Ferdinand Freudenstein Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms[45]
Modern Knifemaking Bob Loveless Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild
Nanotechnology Richard Smalley Nobel Prize Biography[46]
Photography Louis Daguerre[47]
Nicéphore Niépce[48]
William Henry Fox Talbot[49]
Thomas Wedgwood[50]
Robotics Ismail al-Jazari[51][52]
Banū Mūsā brothers[53] 		Ismail al-Jazari Invented the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206[54]
The Bānu Musā brothers invented an automatic flute which may have been the first programmable machine
Western fiction novels Owen Wister Wister wrote the first fictional western novel The Virginian in 1902

Computing

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Subject Father/mother Reason
C (programming language) Dennis Ritchie
Assembler Nathaniel Rochester[55]
Concurrent computing/Concurrent programming Edsger W. Dijkstra In his 2004 memoir, "A Programmer's Story: The Life of a Computer Pioneer", Per Brinch Hansen wrote that he used "Cooperating Sequential Processes" to guide his work implementing multiprogramming on the RC 4000, and described it saying, "One of the great works in computer programming, this masterpiece laid the conceptual foundation for concurrent programming."
Compiler John Backus Credited as having introduced the first complete compiler in 1957, although rudimental compilers (linker) were created by Grace Hopper in 1952 and by J. Halcombe Laning and Neal Zerlier (Laning and Zierler system) in 1954.
Computer Charles Babbage[56] The concepts he pioneered in his analytical engine later formed the basis of modern computers.
Alan Turing[57][58] Secret code breaker during WWII; invented the Turing machine (1936)
John V. Atanasoff[59] Invented the digital computer in the 1930s
Konrad Zuse[60] Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer
John von Neumann[61] Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. John von Neumann is also considered to be the inventor of flowchart.
John W. Mauchly[62]
J.Presper Eckert[63] 		Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
Computer program Ada Lovelace Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never completed.
Internet Vint Cerf[64][65] Bob Kahn[66] Developed the Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) during 1973-81, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite.[67] There were many other Internet pioneers involved in the creation of the Internet.
Logo (programming language) Seymour Papert[68]
Microprocessor Federico Faggin

Marcian Hoff[69]

Stanley Mazor
Masatoshi Shima[70]

Designers of the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004.
Packet switching Paul Baran[71]

Donald Davies[72]

Recognized by historians and the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.[73] Baran published a series of briefings and papers about dividing information into "message blocks" and sending it over distributed networks between 1960 and 1964.[74][75] Davies conceived of and named the concept of packet switching in data communication networks in 1965.[76][77] Many of the wide-area packet-switched networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Davies' original 1965 design.[78]

Larry Roberts learned about Davies' and Baran's work at the inaugural Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967. He and Leonard Kleinrock subsequently worked on the ARPANET, but their claims to have originated the concept of packet switching are disputed by other Internet pioneers,[79][80][81] including by Robert Taylor,[82] Paul Baran,[83] and Donald Davies.[84][85]

Pentium microprocessor Vinod Dham[86][87] The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386,[88] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU.[89] Dham was general manager of the P5 group.[90] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium".
Personal computer Chuck Peddle[91] Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET
Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts[92]
André Truong Trong Thi[93]
Programmable logic controller Dick Morley[citation needed]
Python (programming language) Guido van Rossum
Search engine Alan Emtage[94][95][96] Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines
SGML Charles Goldfarb[97]
Spreadsheet Dan Bricklin Invented the VisiCalc spreadsheet program, which was the killer application of the Apple II. VisiCalc is considered the first killer app in computer history.[98]
Self-stabilization (Self-stabilizing distributed systems) Edsger W. Dijkstra
Structured programming Edsger W. Dijkstra
World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee[99] The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Visual Basic Alan Cooper[100]
XML Jon Bosak[101]
Wi-Fi Vic Hayes

Inventions

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Subject Father/mother Reason
AC induction motor Nikola Tesla Inventor of the AC induction motor, the foundation of the electric power grids worldwide for the transmission and distribution of electric power.
Airplane Wright brothers[102][103][104] Invented the first successful powered fixed-wing aircraft, upon which further aircraft designs, methods of flight, and aircraft control systems were based.
Air conditioning Willis Carrier[105]
Battery Alessandro Volta[106] Invented the first electrical battery, the Voltaic pile.
Canning Nicolas Appert
Chronograph George Graham[36][107] Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book The Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism
Color photography Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky[108] A Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in color photography of early 20th-century Russia.
Compact Disc Kees Immink[109]
Ekranoplan Rostislav Alexeev[110] Alexeyev revolutionised the shipbuilding industry (though in secrecy) by inventing craft that use ground effect, whereby a wing traveling close to the ground is provided with a better lift-drag ratio - thereby enabling a combination of greater aircraft weight for less power and/or enhanced fuel economy.
Electric generator Michael Faraday Discoverer of electromagnetism. Inventor of the Faraday disk, the first electric generator and the Faraday cage.
Modern firearms John Moses Browning[111] Browning revolutionized the firearm industry with his automatic rifles that were manufactured by Winchester, Colt, Remington and Savage
Glow plug engine Ray Arden[112] Invented the first glow plug for model engines
Helicopter Igor Sikorsky[113] Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based.
Instant noodle Momofuku Ando[114] Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them.
Japanese television Kenjiro Takayanagi[115][116]
Jet engine Frank Whittle[117][118]
Hans von Ohain[119] 		Von Ohain´s design, an axial-flow engine, as opposed to Whittle's centrifugal flow engine, was eventually adopted by most manufacturers by the 1950s.[120]
Karaoke Daisuke Inoue[121] Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up.
Laser Charles Hard Townes
Lightning prediction system Alexander Stepanovich Popov The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
Marine chronometer John Harrison[122]
Mobile phone Martin Cooper[123]
Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev[124] Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, arranged the elements in an order that we would now recognise. He realised that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a 'periodic' way, and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table.
Plastics Leo Baekeland Baekeland was responsible for the creation of Bakelite, an early marketable plastic, in 1907.
Printing press Johannes Gutenberg Inventor of the movable type printing press, which led to a sharp worldwide increase in literacy, education and mass communication. It also led to the spread and sharing of knowledge.
Radio (radio communication) Guglielmo Marconi[125] Developed the first form of radio wireless telegraphy
Radio (Radio broadcasting) Reginald Fessenden[citation needed]
David Sarnoff[citation needed] 		Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915.
Radio (FM radio) Edwin H. Armstrong[citation needed] Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939)
Radiotelephony Reginald Fessenden[126][127]
Spread spectrum Paul Beard[128] Inventor of the spread spectrum, created Spektrum to promote its use.
Telephone Johann Philipp Reis
Antonio Meucci
Alexander Graham Bell[129] 		See Invention of the telephone
Television Paul Gottlieb Nipkow[130][131]

Philo T. Farnsworth[132]

Vladimir Zworykin[133][134]

John Logie Baird[135][136]

Co-inventors of the electronic television, Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. Fundamental to Baird's system was the Nipkow disk, invented by Paul Gotlieb Nipkow.[137]
Tokamak Lev Artsimovich
Tube structure Fazlur Rahman Khan[138] One of the greatest engineers of the 20th century. Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower.
Video game console Ralph H. Baer Creator of the Magnavox Odyssey; inventor of the first video game console

Transport

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Subject Father/mother Reason
Automotive industry Carl Benz[139][140] His Benz Patent Motorcar from 1885 is considered the first practical modern automobile and first car put into series production.[141]
20th century American car industry Henry Ford[142] Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses.
American Interstate Highway System Dwight D. Eisenhower[143] Proposed and signed the act which created the System.
Automatic transmission Oscar Banker[144][145]
Bicycle industry James Starley[146] Developed the differential gear and the bicycle chain.
Erie Canal De Witt Clinton[147]
Electric traction Frank J. Sprague[148] Developed electric elevator, electric railway and electric motor.
Flight simulator Edwin Albert Link[149] Developed the Link Trainer.
Full-suspension mountain bike Jon Whyte[150] Used his suspension design expertise at Benetton Formula to design the first full-suspension mountain bike for Marin Bikes.
Gasoline Automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen) Carl Benz
Gasoline Omnibus Carl Benz
Gasoline Motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen) Gottlieb Daimler/Wilhelm Maybach
Gasoline Truck Gottlieb Daimler (DMG Lastkraftwagen)/Carl Benz
High-performance VW industry Gene Berg[151]
Hot rod Ed Winfield[152]
Import car culture RJ DeVera[153] Influential for popularizing the import car scene in the mid-1990s.
Kustom Kulture Von Dutch[154]
Maglev Hermann Kemper,[155] Eric Laithwaite[156] German engineer Hermann Kemper built a working model linear induction motor in 1935.[157] In the late 1940s, professor Eric Laithwaite of Imperial College in London developed the first full-size working model, an important and necessary precursor to maglev trains. 
Monster truck Bob Chandler[158] Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history.
Mountain bike Gary Fisher[159]
Railways George Stephenson[160] Pioneered rail transport, steam locomotives and invented standard-gauge railway track gauge.
Rock Crawling Marlin Czajkowski[161] In 1994, Marlin made final drive ratios of 200:1 and lower possible in typical off road vehicles (primarily Toyota Hilux trucks) and changed the way people access remote off-roading destinations.
Rotary engine Felix Wankel[162][163]
Route 66 Cyrus Avery[164]
Tailfin Harley Earl[165][166][167]
Tunneling (Modern) Alan Muir Wood[168][169][170] Involved in the Channel Tunnel and Jubilee line extension.
Traffic safety William Phelps Eno[171]
Trolleybus Ernst Werner von Siemens[172][173] Built the Electromote in 1882.
Turbocharged engine Paul Rosche[174] A lifetime employee of BMW, he evolutionized the turbocharged engine into automobile use. He also developed the first European turbocharged car, the racing 1969 BMW 2002 TiK that evolved into the production 1972 2002 Turbo.
Vehicular cycling John Forester[175] Effective cycling founder
Yellow school bus Frank W. Cyr[176]

See also

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References

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  51. ^ Marco Ceccarelli, ed. (2009). Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2. Springer. p. 13. ISBN 9789048123452. Retrieved 2013-08-20. Other chapters of al-Jazari's work describe fountains and musical automata which are of interest mainly because the flow of water in them alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half-hourly intervals. Several ingenious devices for hydraulic switching were used to achieve this operation (Rosheim 1994). These revolutionary machines owed him the title of the father of robotics (Chapius and Droz 1958; Nocks 2007).
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  65. ^ Although it's a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf Archived 2007-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title.
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  73. ^ "The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable". Washington Post. 2015-05-30. Archived from the original on 2015-05-30. Retrieved 2020-02-18. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran
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  75. ^ Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet". www.rand.org. Retrieved 2020-02-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  76. ^ Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2017-09-05. Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system; Roberts, Lawrence G. (May 1995). "The ARPANET & Computer Networks". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-04-13. Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.
  77. ^ Donald Davies (2001), "A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching", Computer Journal, British Computer Society [dead link]
  78. ^ Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching" (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2017-09-10. In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.
  79. ^ Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. p. 245. ISBN 9781476708690. This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching
  80. ^ Alex McKenzie (2009), Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be "the Father of Modern Data Networking", retrieved 2015-04-23 "... there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization."
  81. ^ Trevor Harris, University of Wales (2009). "Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies". Variety in Mass Communication Research. Archived from the original on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2020-01-23. Dr Willis H. Ware, Senior Computer Scientist and Research at the RAND Corporation, notes that Davies (and others) were troubled by what they regarded as in appropriate claims on the invention of packet switching
  82. ^ Robert Taylor (2001-11-22), "Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim", New York Times, Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed.
  83. ^ Katie Hafner (2001-11-08), "A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers", New York Times, The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration.
  84. ^ Donald Davies (2001), "A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching", Computer Journal, British Computer Society, 44 (3): 152–162, doi:10.1093/comjnl/44.3.152, I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching. [dead link]
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  86. ^ The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati.
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  93. ^ A Talk with the Father of Computing Archived 2010-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, Wired Magazine
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  97. ^ "XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I". 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  98. ^ D. J. Power, A Brief History of Spreadsheets, DSSResources.COM, v3.6, 2004-08-30
  99. ^ Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 2005-01-28, Telegraph.co.uk
  100. ^ Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" Archived 1996-11-01 at the Wayback Machine "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
  101. ^ Edd Dumbill (2000-02-29). "XML.com". Xml.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  102. ^ "The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
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  104. ^ "Flying through the ages". BBC News. 1999-03-19. Archived from the original on 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  105. ^ "The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning". About.com Inventors. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  106. ^ "Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799". Ieeeghn.org. IEEE Global History Network. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
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  108. ^ "Photographer to the Tsar - The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Exhibitions - Library of Congress". Loc.gov. 2001-04-17. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
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  111. ^ "Gun designer John Browning is born - Jan 21, 1855". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  112. ^ "Model Engine Builders—Ray Arden". Craftsmanshipmuseum.com/. Archived from the original on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  113. ^ Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based, an article from inventors.About.com by Mary Bellis
  114. ^ "News Vault: The Father of Instant Noodles". Archived from the original on 2009-12-28. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  115. ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television". NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
  116. ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)". New York Times. 1990-07-25. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
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  118. ^ "AIRCRAFT ENGINE". Thaitechnics.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
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  121. ^ Greimel, Hans (2003-01-19). "In Missing a Beat, Father of Karaoke Lost Out on Fortune". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  122. ^ "John Harrison (1693-1776)". Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  123. ^ "Meet the man who invented the mobile phone". BBC News. 2010-04-23. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  124. ^ "Mendeleev's periodic table". BBC - GCSE Bitesize. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
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  129. ^ Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith; Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00962-5., p. 190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
  130. ^ "Beim Vater des Fernsehens—Was der siebzigjährige Paul Nipkow erzählt". Neues Wiener Journal. 23 August 1930.
  131. ^ Verstappen, Maria (2019-06-03). "Terugspoelen naar de begindagen van de televisie in Neerkant". Eindhovens Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  132. ^ "Philo Farnsworth". Society of Television Engineers. Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit???
  133. ^ "Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network". Retrieved 2008-03-03. the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin
  134. ^ "Zworykin at Museum.TV". Retrieved 2008-03-03. inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television".
  135. ^ "John Logie Baird: TV Inventor". Retrieved 2009-07-26. John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system.
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  137. ^ "Nipkow-Scheibe". DPMA.de (in German). 2019-08-02. Archived from the original on 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  138. ^ Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7844-0801-8.
  139. ^ "Carl Benz: Know all about the man regarded as 'father of automobile industry'". 2022-04-05.
  140. ^ Carl Benz: Father of the Automobile Industry Fanning, Leonard M. Published by MERCER PUBLISHING, NEW YORK, 1955
  141. ^ "Der Streit um den "Geburtstag" des modernen Automobils" [The fight over the birth of the modern automobile] (in German). German Patent and Trade Mark Office. 2014-12-22. Archived from the original on 2017-01-02.
  142. ^ "Henry Ford: Father of 20th century American industry". Trendsupdates.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2016-01-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  143. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  144. ^ "Oscar H. Banker Asadour Sarafian" (PDF). Armenian Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  145. ^ Mouradian, George (1995). Armenian infotext (1st ed.). Southgate, Mich.: Bookshelf Publishers. ISBN 9780963450920.
  146. ^ "James Starley | British inventor | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
  147. ^ "Enterprising Waters: New York's Erie Canal Press Kit | The New York State Museum". www.nysm.nysed.gov.
  148. ^ "Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with Sprague Electric plates".
  149. ^ "Binghamton University - Flight and Ground Vehicle Simulation Update at Binghamton University". Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  150. ^ "Jon Whyte leaves ATB Sales - Bike Magic". Bikemagic.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  151. ^ VW Trends - TEN: The Enthusiast Network (2009-03-26). "Who's Who of Volkswagen". VW Trends. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  152. ^ "Ed Winfield". Hemmings.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  153. ^ "About Us : Versus Motorsport Store". Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  154. ^ "A Tribute to a Founding Father of Kustom Kulture". Hot Rod. 2000-12-01. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  155. ^ Wilson, Cornell. "Maglev: Magnetic Levitating Trains | Electrical and Computer Engineering Design Handbook".
  156. ^ "Maglevs: The Future of Flying Trains – USC Viterbi School of Engineering".
  157. ^ "CEM - Fall/Winter 1997 Issue - Germany's Transrapid". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
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  159. ^ "Gary Fisher's busy day". Archived from the original on 2008-12-23. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  160. ^ "George Stephenson, the Father of Railways". The New York Times. 1872-11-21.
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  162. ^ "Irishcar.com - Mazda and the Wankel Engine". irishcar.com. Archived from the original on 2003-10-12. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  163. ^ "We wouldn't be here if it weren't for Felix | Rotorhead". Archived from the original on 2010-10-23. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  164. ^ Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7603-0747-2. Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year.
  165. ^ Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France. Univ of North Carolina Press. 2010. p. 360. ISBN 9780807895726. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  166. ^ McCosh, Dan (2003-03-07). "DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay". The New York Times.
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  168. ^ "Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87". Department of Engineering. 2009-03-02.
  169. ^ "Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87". New Civil Engineer. 2009-02-04.
  170. ^ "Sir Alan Muir Wood: the father of modern tunnelling".
  171. ^ "William Phelps Eno". Eno Transportation Foundation. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  172. ^ Keskin, Ali Ümit (2017-05-03). Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering: Problems with Solutions. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-55101-2.
  173. ^ Gupta, S. V. (2009-11-03). Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-00738-5.
  174. ^ "BMW congratulates Paul Rosche: The "father" of the Formula One World Championship engine turns 80 today". BMW Group. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
  175. ^ Aschwanden, Christie (2009-11-02). "Bikes and cars: Can we share the road?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2014-07-22. Forester is the father of the "vehicular cycling" movement -- a philosophy that views the bicycle as a form of transportation that belongs on the streets alongside cars.
  176. ^ Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-89789-900-0. The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism.
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