This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2010) |
The expression grüß Gott (German pronunciation: [ɡʁyːs ˈɡɔt]; from grüß dich Gott, originally '(may) God bless (you)')[1] is a greeting, less often a farewell, in Southern Germany and Austria (more specifically the Upper German Sprachraum, especially in Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, Austria, and South Tyrol).
German-language use
editThe greeting, along with its variants, has long been the most common greeting in Southern Germany and Austria, with an epicenter in Schwaben, more than Baden or Bavaria.
It is sometimes misunderstood by speakers from other regions to mean the imperative greet God(!) and therefore sometimes receives a sarcastic response from Northern (and thus mainly Protestant) Germans, such as "If I see Him" (Wenn ich Ihn sehe) or "Hopefully not too soon" (Hoffentlich nicht so bald). Grüß Gott is, however, the shortened form of both (es) grüße dich Gott and its plural (es) grüße euch Gott "may God greet you". In addition, in Middle High German, the verb grüßen (grüezen) used to mean not only "to greet" but also "to bless", so the greeting in fact preserves the original meaning "God bless you",[1] though even speakers in Southern Germany and Austria are only very rarely aware of this and think it means "may God greet you". It is not equivalent to the English usage of "God bless you".
Like many other greetings, grüß Gott can range in meaning from deeply emotional to casual or perfunctory. The greeting's pronunciation varies with the region, with, for example, grüß dich sometimes shortened to grüß di (the variation grüß di Gott may be heard in some places). In Bavaria and Austria griaß di and griaß eich are commonly heard, although their Standard German equivalents are not uncommon either. A common farewell analogous to grüß Gott is pfiat' di Gott, a contraction of "behüte dich Gott" ('God protect you'), which itself is not common at all. This is likewise shortened this to pfiat' di/eich or, if the person is addressed formally[2] pfia Gott in Altbayern, Austria, and South Tyrol (Italy).
In its standard German form, grüß Gott is mostly stressed on the second word and in many places is used not only in everyday life, but is also common in the official communications of the aforementioned states. Use of the greeting guten Tag ('good day') is less prevalent, but there are those who dislike grüß Gott on account of its religious nature. In Bavaria, guten Tag is considered prim and distant and sometimes leads to misunderstandings.
Comparison with greetings of religious origin in other languages
editOther languages also include greetings based on Christian religious terms:
- In Irish, the popular greeting is Dia dhuit (singular) or Dia dhaoibh (plural, meaning "God with you" in both cases), similar to the English "goodbye", a contraction of God be with ye;[3] today, "goodbye" has a less obviously religious meaning.
- Catalan formal expression adéu-siau ("be with God", in archaic Catalan)
- A religious origin is still obvious in French adieu, Spanish adiós, Italian addio, Portuguese adeus, and Catalan adéu ("to God", probably a contraction of "I entrust you to God")
- In Finland, a religious group named Laestadians uses the form Jumalan terve ("God's greeting").
- In Brazil (Portuguese) the very direct forms fique com Deus ("stay with God") and vai com Deus ("go with God") is very common today.
- In Croatian, there is an informal greeting of simply Bog! ("God!"). This is probably a shortened form of the expression Bog daj "[let] God give", which has become less common.[4]
- In Croatian and Bulgarian, there is a more formal parting greeting of Zbogom or Сбогом! ([idi] s Bogom, "[go] with God").[5]
- In Slovakia, Zdar Boh! (the literal Slovak translation of grüß Gott) is used as the traditional greeting of miners. An inscription of Zdar Boh! can be seen on many mine entrances, monuments or logos.
- In Romania, the greeting Doamne ajută, which means "God helps" or "God bless", is often used. On Romanian mine entrances the traditional salute Noroc bun![clarification needed] is posted (compare the German counterpart Glück auf!).
- In Arabic, the term حياك الله (Hayyak Allah "May God greet you") is a common greeting. In Levantine Arabic, a common way to say farewell is الله معك (Alla ma'aak) "Godspeed".[6][7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Hans Ulrich Schmid: Bairisch: Das Wichtigste in Kürze (in German)
- ^ Höflichkeitsform, using the word "Sie" for the second person singular and plural. This can be compared to the use of surnames instead of given names.
- ^ Goodbye. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved December 11, 2007.
- ^ "Bȏg". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
Bog! (bok! reg.) fam. pozdrav među prijateljima i vršnjacima koji se međusobno obraćaju na »ti« pri susretu i pri rastajanju; zdravo, živio [Bog, vidimo se!; Ajde, Bog!]; [...] Bog daj! pozdrav na dolasku ili pri susretu, ne smatra se pozdravom u društvu građana ili obrazovanih ljudi
- ^ "zbȍgom". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
pozdrav pri rastanku, pri odlasku, često kada se koga neće vidjeti duže vremena ili zauvijek ili kada se koga više ne želi vidjeti
- ^ "حياك الله in English - Arabic-English Dictionary | Glosbe". glosbe.com. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
- ^ "الله معك - الترجمة إلى الإنجليزية - أمثلة العربية | Reverso Context". context.reverso.net. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
External links
edit- (in German) Article on German greetings by Lars H. Eriksen at the Wayback Machine (archived August 31, 2009)