Gush Emunim (Hebrew: גּוּשׁ אֱמוּנִים, lit. "Bloc of the Faithful") is an Israeli ultranationalist[1] Religious Zionist[2] Orthodox Jewish[3] right-wing fundamentalist activist[2][4] movement committed to establishing Jewish settlements in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights.[5]
Gush Emunim גּוּשׁ אֱמוּנִים | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Zvi Yehuda Kook (1974-1982) |
| Governing body | Hanan Porat Moshe Levinger Shlomo Aviner Menachem Froman Yoel Bin-Nun Yaakov Ariel |
| Founder | Zvi Yehuda Kook Haim Drukman |
| Founded | February 1974 |
| Succeeded by | Yesha Council |
| Armed body | Jewish Underground |
| Settlement body | Amana |
| Political party | National Religious Party |
| Ideology | Neo-Zionism Religious Zionism Jewish messianism Jewish fundamentalism Halachic state Settler interests |
| Religion | Orthodox Judaism |
While not formally established as an organization until 1974 in the wake of the Yom Kippur War, Gush Emunim sprang out of the conquests of the Six-Day War in 1967, encouraging Jewish settlement of the land of Israel based on two points, one religious and one practical. The religious point was a belief that, according to the Torah, God wants the Jewish people to live in the land of Israel and had returned lands such as the biblical Judea and Samaria as an opportunity for the Jewish people to return to their ancestral homeland.[6][7] The second point stemmed from a concern that the pre-1967 borders, a mere 10 km (6.2 mi) wide at its narrowest point, were indefensible, especially in the long term, and it was therefore necessary to ensure that the land captured in the Six-Day War remained under Israeli control by creating a Jewish presence in the region and placing "facts on the ground".[8][7] While Gush Emunim no longer exists officially, vestiges of its influence remain in Israeli politics and society.[9][10]
Political affiliations
editGush Emunim was closely associated with, and highly influential in, the National Religious Party (NRP). Nowadays, they refer to themselves - and are referred to by the Israeli media - as Ne'emanei Eretz Yisrael נאמני ארץ ישראל (English: "Those who are loyal/faithful to the Land of Israel"). It also had a close relationship with the Jewish Agency.[11]
History
editGush Emunim was founded by students of Zvi Yehuda Kook in February 1974 in the living room of Haim Drukman,[12][13] who is also credited with coining the term.[14] For the founders of the organization, the Yom Kippur War confirmed what Kook already argued before the outbreak of the Six-Day War: that Jewish settlement in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights was required to hasten the process of redemption.[15] In addition to Drukman, its ideological and political core consisted of other disciples such as Hanan Porat, Moshe Levinger, Shlomo Aviner, Menachem Froman, Eliezer Waldman, Yoel Bin-Nun, and Yaakov Ariel.[16] Kook remained its leader until his death in 1982.
In 1974, an affiliated group named Garin Elon Moreh, led by Menachem Felix and Benjamin (Beni) Katzover, attempted to establish a settlement on the ruins of the Sebastia train station dating from the Ottoman period. After seven attempts and six removals from the site by the Israel Defense Forces, an agreement was reached according to which the Israeli government allowed 25 families to settle in the Kadum army camp southwest of Nablus/Shechem. The Sebastia agreement was a turning point that opened up the northern West Bank to Jewish settlement. The small mobile home site housing 25 families eventually became the municipality of Kedumim, one of the major settlements in the West Bank. The Sebastia model was subsequently copied in Beit El, Shavei Shomron, and other settlements.[citation needed]
In 1976, Gush Emunim founded the settlement-building arm Amana, which soon became independent and is still active. In 1979-80, a group of members from Gush Emunim radicalised and formed the Jewish Underground. This organization conducted several terror attacks and plotted to blow up the Dome of the Rock.[17] The uncovering of the terrorist organization led to a severe blow to the settler movement's reputation. Following the crisis, Gush Emunim's role as the formal umbrella organization of the settler movement was gradually taken over by the Yesha Council, although Gush Emunim never formally ceased to exist.[18] Despite being rooted in Gush Emunim, the Yesha Council is considered more practical and pragmatic than its predecessor.[19] The Yesha Council, in its role as the political umbrella organization, and Amana, as the executive, settler-building branch, nowadays form the two main institutions of the settler movement.[citation needed]
Yoel Bin-Nun, one of the founding members of Gush Emunim, broke off from the organization in the aftermath of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin.[7]
Ideology
editThe ideological outlook of Gush Emunim has been described as messianic, fundamentalist, theocratic, and right-wing.[9][20][21][22][23] Its beliefs were based heavily on the teachings of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook and his son, Zvi Yehuda Kook,[24][25] who taught that secular Zionists, through their conquests of Eretz Israel, had unwittingly brought about the beginning of the Messianic Age, which would culminate in the coming of the messiah, which Gush Emunim supporters believe can be hastened through Jewish settlement on land they believe God has allotted to the Jewish people as set forth in the Hebrew Bible. The organization supported attempts to co-exist with the Arab population, rejecting the population transfers proposed by Meir Kahane and his followers.[26]
Impact
editPolitical impact
editThe overall practical aim of preventing territorial compromise and annexation of occupied territories has only partly been accomplished. Prominent failures include the demolishing and evacuation of settlements in the Sinai peninsula following the Camp David Accords, the phased transfer of jurisdiction to the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank as part of the Oslo Accords, and the 2005 Gaza Disengagement.[citation needed]
Gush Emunim and its successors have successfully attracted billions of US dollars for the building and supporting of settlements. The 2005 Sasson Report revealed that the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Defense and the World Zionist Organization spent millions of shekels to support illegal outposts. Between 2013 and 2015, Amana received government funding of approximately 100 million shekels ($29 million).[27] On 31 December 2019, the Israeli High Court of Justice decided that any government donations to the executive branch of the settler movement required approval from the court.[28]
The settler movement has successfully appealed to sentiments related to Israeli identity, making it difficult for government officials and political leaders on the right to distance themselves from the settlers.[29] Support for the settlement project has become mainstream in the US Republican Party,[citation needed] and almost all parties on the right of the political spectrum in Israel have settlers within its leadership.[30][31][32] Settlers have been disproportionately represented in government positions. The 2013 government was dubbed the 'settler government' in a Haaretz editorial, due to the number of officials associated with the settler movement in powerful positions within the ministries of Housing and Defense.[33] In October 2017, under the leadership of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Pinchas Wallerstein, one of the founders of Gush Emunim, was appointed to head a new government committee created for the purpose of legalising illegal outposts and other types of unauthorised settlements in the West Bank.[citation needed]
Societal impact
editThe establishment of Gush Emunim correlated with the revival of the Greater Israel ideology within the national religious community.[34] The settler movement is also accused of provoking a culture of violence, with the Israeli government condoning its actions.[35] The perpetrator of the 1994 Hebron massacre as well as the assassin of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin were proponents of the Greater Israel ideology, with the latter being educated in the Gush Emunim-oriented Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh. The murder of Yitzak Rabin is widely regarded to have been a breaking point in the Oslo peace process.[36]
Since the founding of Gush Emunim in 1974, the number of settlers living in the West Bank has grown from close to zero in 1974 to approximately 440,000 in 2019. The number of settlements until 2020 stood at 132, and the number of illegal outposts at 135.[37]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "World: Two Standards of Justice". Time. 21 August 1978. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
High on a hilltop above the valleys of the West Bank, 35 families belonging to Israel's ultranationalist Gush Emunim are building a new settlement named Beth-El. They claim that 120 Jewish families are waiting to move into the settlement, nine miles north of Jerusalem, in territory that Israel has occupied since the 1967 war. There are plans for schools, a religious study center, an industrial area and even a holiday resort.
- ^ a b Aran, Gideon (1991). "Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism: The Bloc of the Faithful in Israel (Gush Emunim)". In Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott (eds.). Fundamentalisms Observed. The Fundamentalism Project, 1. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 265–344. ISBN 0-226-50878-1.
- ^ Ehud Sprinzak, "From Messianic Pioneering to Vigilante Terrorism: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground", in David C. Rapoport (ed.), Inside Terrorist Organizations, Routledge 2013 pp. 194-215, p. 194.
- ^ Peri Kedem, Amos Bilu and Zila Cohen (Lizer) "Dogmatism, Ideology, and Right-Wing Radical Activity" In Political Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Mar. 1987), pp. 35-47 JSTOR 3790985
- ^ Fundamentalism, Terrorism, and Democracy: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground by Ehud Sprinzak, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Last accessed: 9 August 2009.
- ^ Analyses of Gush Emunim have been carried out by David Newman. See: D. Newman, 'Gush Emunim', Encyclopaedia Judaica Decennial Yearbook, 1994, pp. 171-172. Keter Publishers; D. Newman, `Gush Emunim: Between Fundamentalism and Pragmatism', Jerusalem Quarterly, 39, 33-43, 1986: D. Newman, 'From "hitnachalut" to "hitnatkut": The Impact of Gush Emunim and the Settlement Movement on Israeli Society', Israel Studies, Vol 10 (3, 2005: See also T. Hermann & D Newman, `Extra Parliamentarism in Israel: A Comparative Study of Peace Now and Gush Emunim', Middle Eastern Studies, 28 (3), 509-530, 1992.
- ^ a b c "Yossi Klein Halevi, Like Dreamers, 2013", The New Jewish Canon, Academic Studies Press, pp. 221–226, 4 August 2020, doi:10.2307/j.ctv1zjg9h6.40, retrieved 25 February 2022
- ^ "Israel – Geography". U.S. Library of Congress.
- ^ a b "The Ideological Resonance of Zionist Fundamentalism in Israeli Society" (PDF). Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Katherine Allen, Behavioral Sociology of Identity Conflict, Spring 2005 - ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica: Volume 8, p. 145
- ^ Ian S. Lustick, For the land and the Lord: Jewish fundamentalism in Israel, chapter 3. 1988, the Council on Foreign Relations
- ^ Ian Lustick, For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel, Council on Foreign Relations, 1988 p. 63.
- ^ Gershom Gorenberg, The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977, Times Books, Henry Holt & Co., 2006 p. 356.
- ^ Gorenberg, The Accidental Empire, p. 356.
- ^ Hirsch-Hoefler, Sivan; Mudde, Cas (30 November 2020). The Israeli Settler Movement. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. doi:10.1017/9781316481554. ISBN 978-1-316-48155-4. S2CID 229385277.
- ^ Lustick, "For the land and the Lord", p. 73.
- ^ Sprinzak, Ehud (1 December 1987). "From messianic pioneering to vigilante terrorism: The case of the gush emunim underground". Journal of Strategic Studies. 10 (4): 194–216. doi:10.1080/01402398708437321. ISSN 0140-2390.
- ^ Taub, Gadi (2010). The settlers: and the struggle over the meaning of Zionism. New Haven: Yale University Press. doi:10.12987/9780300168631. ISBN 978-0-300-16863-1. OCLC 806012532. S2CID 246119479.
- ^ Hirsch-Hoefler, Sivan (2021). The Israeli settler movement : assessing and explaining social movement success. Cas Mudde. Cambridge, United Kingdom. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-316-48155-4. OCLC 1228051086.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Rebecca Joyce Frey, Fundamentalism, Infobase Publishing, 2009 pp. 83ff., p. 85.
- ^ Motti Inbari, Jewish Fundamentalism and the Temple Mount: Who Will Build the Third Temple?, SUNY Press, 2012 pp. 10ff., p. 21
- ^ Carlo Aldrovandi, Apocalyptic Movements in Contemporary Politics: Christian and Jewish Zionism, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014 pp. 117-121, pp. 117-118.
- ^ Nur Masalha, The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine- Israel, Zed Books 2007 p. 142.
- ^ 'Eliezer Don-Yehiya, "The Book and the Sword: the Nationalist Yehivot and Political radicalism in Israel", in Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby (eds.),Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements, University of Chicago Press, 2004 pp. 264-310 p. 274.
- ^ Hirsch-Hoefler, Sivan; Mudde, Cas (2020). The Israeli Settler Movement: Assessing and Explaining Social Movement Success. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 2. doi:10.1017/9781316481554. ISBN 978-1-107-13864-3. S2CID 229385277.
- ^ "Gush Emunim". Lexicon. Knesset. 2008.
- ^ "Settlement group will need High Court consent to get funding". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "Breakthrough: Funding For Amana Will Now Be Overseen By The High Court Until A Verdict". Peace Now. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ Mendelsohn, Barak (1 December 2014). "State Authority in the Balance: The Israeli State and the Messianic Settler Movement1". International Studies Review. 16 (4): 499–521. doi:10.1111/misr.12159. ISSN 1521-9488.
- ^ Hirsch-Hoefler, Sivan (2021). The Israeli settler movement : assessing and explaining social movement success. Cas Mudde. Cambridge, United Kingdom. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-316-48155-4. OCLC 1228051086.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Newman, David (2005). "From Hitnachalut to Hitnatkut: The Impact of Gush Emunim and the Settlement Movement on Israeli Politics and Society". Israel Studies. 10 (3): 192–224, 204. doi:10.1353/is.2005.0132. ISSN 1527-201X. S2CID 35442481.
- ^ Zertal, Idith (2009). Lords of the land : the war over Israel's settlements in the occupied territories, 1967-2007. Akiva Eldar, Vivian Sohn Eden ([1st pbk. ed.] ed.). New York: Nation Books. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-7867-4485-5. OCLC 694096363.
- ^ "The emergence of Israel's settler government". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ The Impact of Gush Emunim : politics and settlement in the West Bank. David Newman. London: Croom Helm. 1985. ISBN 0-7099-1821-6. OCLC 59845481.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Gazit, Nir (1 June 2015). "State-sponsored Vigilantism: Jewish Settlers' Violence in the Occupied Palestinian Territories". Sociology. 49 (3): 438–454. doi:10.1177/0038038514526648. ISSN 0038-0385. S2CID 145652933.
- ^ Rabinovich, Itamar (2018). "The Rabin Assassination as a Turning Point in Israel's History". Israel Studies. 23 (3): 25–29. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.05. ISSN 1527-201X. S2CID 150349442.
- ^ "Population". Peace Now. Retrieved 30 April 2021.