HRAS

This article is about the gene and protein it encodes. For the singular of HRAs, see HRA (disambiguation).

GTPase HRas, from "Harvey Rat sarcoma virus", also known as transforming protein p21 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HRAS gene. The HRAS gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 11 at position 15.5, from base pair 522,241 to base pair 525,549. HRas is a small G protein in the Ras subfamily of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. Once bound to Guanosine triphosphate, H-Ras will activate a Raf kinase like c-Raf, the next step in the MAPK/ERK pathway.

HRAS
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 121P, 1AA9, 1AGP, 1BKD, 1CLU, 1CRP, 1CRQ, 1CRR, 1CTQ, 1GNP, 1GNQ, 1GNR, 1HE8, 1IAQ, 1IOZ, 1JAH, 1JAI, 1K8R, 1LF0, 1LF5, 1LFD, 1NVU, 1NVV, 1NVW, 1NVX, 1P2S, 1P2T, 1P2U, 1P2V, 1PLJ, 1PLK, 1PLL, 1Q21, 1QRA, 1RVD, 1WQ1, 1XCM, 1XD2, 1XJ0, 1ZVQ, 1ZW6, 221P, 2C5L, 2CE2, 2CL0, 2CL6, 2CL7, 2CLC, 2CLD, 2EVW, 2LCF, 2LWI, 2Q21, 2QUZ, 2RGA, 2RGB, 2RGC, 2RGD, 2RGE, 2RGG, 2UZI, 2VH5, 2X1V, 3DDC, 3I3S, 3K8Y, 3K9L, 3K9N, 3KKM, 3KKN, 3KUD, 3L8Y, 3L8Z, 3LBH, 3LBI, 3LBN, 3LO5, 3OIU, 3OIV, 3OIW, 3RRY, 3RRZ, 3RS0, 3RS2, 3RS3, 3RS4, 3RS5, 3RS7, 3RSL, 3RSO, 421P, 4DLR, 4DLS, 4DLT, 4DLU, 4DLV, 4DLW, 4DLX, 4DLY, 4DLZ, 4EFL, 4EFM, 4EFN, 4G0N, 4G3X, 4K81, 4Q21, 521P, 5P21, 621P, 6Q21, 721P, 821P, 4L9S, 4L9W, 4NYI, 4NYJ, 4NYM, 4URU, 4URV, 4URW, 4URX, 4URY, 4URZ, 4US0, 4US1, 4US2, 2N42, 2N46, 4XVQ, 4XVR, 4RSG, 5B30
Identifiers
Aliases	HRAS, C-BAS/HAS, C-H-RAS, C-HA-RAS1, CTLO, H-RASIDX, HAMSV, HRAS1, RASH1, p21ras, Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase, RASK2
External IDs	OMIM: 190020; MGI: 96224; HomoloGene: 55890; GeneCards: HRAS; OMA:HRAS - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 11 (human) Band 11p15.5 Start 532,242 bp End 537,321 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 7 (mouse) Band 7 F5|7 86.48 cM Start 140,769,018 bp End 140,773,918 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in skin of abdomen skin of leg putamen caudate nucleus nucleus accumbens hypothalamus temporal lobe amygdala right hemisphere of cerebellum substantia nigra Top expressed in dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell lip molar superior frontal gyrus esophagus fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell yolk sac entorhinal cortex perirhinal cortex muscle of thigh More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function nucleotide binding protein C-terminus binding protein binding GTPase activity GTP binding GDP binding Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol Golgi apparatus intracellular membrane-bounded organelle membrane Golgi membrane plasma membrane perinuclear region of cytoplasm nucleus glutamatergic synapse Biological process negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process defense response to protozoan positive regulation of protein phosphorylation regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity endocytosis positive regulation of MAP kinase activity positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation positive regulation of ruffle assembly mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling positive regulation of cell migration ephrin receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of wound healing positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction positive regulation of interferon-gamma production stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of JNK cascade negative regulation of gene expression MAPK cascade intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of GTPase activity chemotaxis cell surface receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of gene expression negative regulation of GTPase activity positive regulation of cell population proliferation positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade animal organ morphogenesis T-helper 1 type immune response Ras protein signal transduction cell population proliferation T cell receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization positive regulation of MAPK cascade negative regulation of cell population proliferation positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II signal transduction apoptotic process small GTPase mediated signal transduction cellular senescence response to isolation stress cellular response to gamma radiation positive regulation of DNA replication positive regulation of phospholipase C activity protein heterooligomerization positive regulation of protein targeting to membrane regulation of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3265 15461 Ensembl ENSG00000276536 ENSG00000174775 ENSMUSG00000025499 UniProt P01112 Q61411 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001130442 NM_005343 NM_176795 NM_001318054 NM_001130443 NM_001130444 NM_008284 RefSeq (protein) NP_001123914 NP_001304983 NP_005334 NP_789765 NP_001123915 NP_001123916 NP_032310 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 0.53 – 0.54 Mb Chr 7: 140.77 – 140.77 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Function

GTPase HRas is involved in regulating cell division in response to growth factor stimulation. Growth factors act by binding cell surface receptors that span the cell's plasma membrane. Once activated, receptors stimulate signal transduction events in the cytoplasm, a process by which proteins and second messengers relay signals from outside the cell to the cell nucleus and instructs the cell to grow or divide. The HRAS protein is a GTPase and is an early player in many signal transduction pathways and is usually associated with cell membranes due to the presence of an isoprenyl group on its C-terminus. HRAS acts as a molecular on/off switch, once it is turned on it recruits and activates proteins necessary for the propagation of the receptor's signal, such as c-Raf and PI 3-kinase. HRAS binds to GTP in the active state and possesses an intrinsic enzymatic activity that cleaves the terminal phosphate of this nucleotide converting it to GDP. Upon conversion of GTP to GDP, HRAS is turned off. The rate of conversion is usually slow but can be sped up dramatically by an accessory protein of the GTPase activating protein (GAP) class, for example RasGAP. In turn HRAS can bind to proteins of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) class, for example SOS1, which forces the release of bound nucleotide. Subsequently, GTP present in the cytosol binds and HRAS-GTP dissociates from the GEF, resulting in HRAS activation. HRAS is in the Ras family, which also includes two other proto-oncogenes: KRAS and NRAS. These proteins all are regulated in the same manner and appear to differ largely in their sites of action within the cell.

Clinical significance

See also: List of genes mutated in pigmented cutaneous lesions

Costello syndrome

At least five inherited mutations in the HRAS gene have been identified in people with Costello syndrome. Each of these mutations changes an amino acid in a critical region of the HRAS protein. The most common mutation replaces the amino acid glycine with the amino acid serine at position 12 (written as Gly12Ser or G12S). The mutations responsible for Costello syndrome lead to the production of an HRAS protein that is permanently active. Instead of triggering cell growth in response to particular signals from outside the cell, the overactive protein directs cells to grow and divide constantly. This uncontrolled cell division can result in the formation of noncancerous and cancerous tumors. Researchers are uncertain how mutations in the HRAS gene cause the other features of Costello syndrome (such as mental retardation, distinctive facial features, and heart problems), but many of the signs and symptoms probably result from cell overgrowth and abnormal cell

Bladder cancer

HRAS has been shown to be a proto-oncogene. When mutated, proto-oncogenes have the potential to cause normal cells to become cancerous. Some gene mutations are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in certain cells. These changes are called somatic mutations and are not inherited. Somatic mutations in the HRAS gene in bladder cells have been associated with bladder cancer. One specific mutation has been identified in a significant percentage of bladder tumors; this mutation substitutes one protein building block (amino acid) for another amino acid in the HRAS protein. Specifically, the mutation replaces the amino acid glycine with the amino acid valine at position 12 (written as Gly12Val, G12V, or H-RasV¹²). The altered HRAS protein is permanently activated within the cell. This overactive protein directs the cell to grow and divide in the absence of outside signals, leading to uncontrolled cell division and the formation of a tumor. Mutations in the HRAS gene also have been associated with the progression of bladder cancer and an increased risk of tumor recurrence after treatment.

Other cancers

Somatic mutations in the HRAS gene are probably involved in the development of several other types of cancer. These mutations lead to an HRAS protein that is always active and can direct cells to grow and divide without control. Recent studies suggest that HRAS mutations are common in thyroid, salivary duct carcinoma, epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, and kidney cancers. DNA copy-number gain of a segment containing HRAS is included in a genome-wide pattern, which was found to be correlated with an astrocytoma patient's outcome. The HRAS protein also may be produced at higher levels (overexpressed) in other types of cancer cells.

Further reading

• McCormick F (Dec 1995). "Ras-related proteins in signal transduction and growth control". Molecular Reproduction and Development. 42 (4): 500–6. doi:10.1002/mrd.1080420419. PMID 8607982. S2CID 6507743.
• Ayllón V, Rebollo A (2001). "Ras-induced cellular events (review)". Molecular Membrane Biology. 17 (2): 65–73. doi:10.1080/09687680050117093. PMID 10989457. S2CID 84294021.
• Tennant RW, Stasiewicz S, Eastin WC, Mennear JH, Spalding JW (2002). "The Tg.AC (v-Ha-ras) transgenic mouse: nature of the model". Toxicologic Pathology. 29 Suppl (5): 51–9. doi:10.1080/019262301753178474. PMID 11695562. S2CID 20211777.
• Mascaux C, Iannino N, Martin B, Paesmans M, Berghmans T, Dusart M, Haller A, Lothaire P, Meert AP, Noel S, Lafitte JJ, Sculier JP (Jan 2005). "The role of RAS oncogene in survival of patients with lung cancer: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis". British Journal of Cancer. 92 (1): 131–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602258. PMC 2361730. PMID 15597105.
• Harms KL, Chen X (May 2006). "p19ras brings a new twist to the regulation of p73 by Mdm2". Science's STKE. 2006 (337): pe24. doi:10.1126/stke.3372006pe24. PMID 16738062. S2CID 22706614.

External links

• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Costello syndrome
• HRAS+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)