Jiamao (Chinese:
Jiamao | |
---|---|
Sai | |
Tai | |
Native to | China |
Region | Hainan |
Native speakers | (50,000 cited 1987)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | jio |
Glottolog | jiam1236 |
Classification
editJiamao is often classified one of the Hlai languages, which constitute a primary branch of the Kra–Dai language family, but Norquest (2007, 2015) and others note that Jiamao has a non-Hlai substratum.
Graham Thurgood (1992) suggested that Jiamao might have an Austroasiatic substratum. Norquest (2007) identified various lexical items in Jiamao that do not reconstruct to Proto-Hlai and later firmly established it as a non-Hlai language.[6] Hsiu (2018) notes that Jiamao also contains various words borrowed from an unknown, currently extinct Tibeto-Burman branch.[7]
Demographics
editIn the 1980s, Jiamao was spoken by 50,000 people in central and south-central Hainan, mostly in Jiamao Township (
In Lingshui Li Autonomous County, Jiamao is spoken in Benhao (
There are four Jiamao dialects,[10] namely Jiamao (
Jiamao is spoken in the following villages and townships of southern Hainan.[citation needed]
- Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County (
保 亭 黎 族 苗 族 自治 县)- Jiamao Township (
加茂 乡) - Liugong Township (
六 弓 乡) - Shiling Town (什玲镇, in Jie
介 村 and Shisheng 什胜村 villages)
- Jiamao Township (
- Lingshui Li Autonomous County (
陵 水 黎 族 自治 县)- Longguang Town (
隆 广镇) - Benhao Town (
本号 镇)
- Longguang Town (
- Sanya (
三 亚市)- Haitangwan Town (
海棠 湾 镇, northeastern part: in Longtoucai 龙头菜 村 , Xiepei 协配村 , and Maohou毛 喉 村 villages)
- Haitangwan Town (
The Liaoergong (廖
Phonology
editTones
editJiamao has 8 distinct tone categories (Norquest 2015:311):
Tone category | High register tone | Low register tone |
---|---|---|
A (open) | /55/ (tone 1) | /11/ (tone 4) |
X (glottalized) | /51/ (tone 5) | /31/ (tone 2) |
DL (long closed) | /53/ (tone 9) | /31/ (tone 8) |
DS (short closed) | /55/ (tone 7) | /22/ (tone 10) |
Like Proto-Be,[12] Jiamao does not distinguish between tone categories B and C, but rather only has an X category.
As noted by Thurgood (1992) and Norquest (2015), these do not correspond to Hlai tones, but rather initials in Proto-Hlai. High register tones are derived from unvoiced initials, and low register tones from voiced initials.
See also
edit- Jiamao vocabulary lists (Wiktionary)
References
edit- ^ Jiamao at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Norquest (2015)
- ^ Miyake, Marc (September 20, 2011). "11.9.20.22:04: Is Jiamao Hlai?". www.amritas.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^ See Proto-Tai language § Tones for an explanation of the tone codes.
- ^ Liu, Yuanchao 刘援
朝 (2008). "Líyǔ Jiāmàohuà gàikuàng"黎 语加茂 话概况. Mínzú yǔwén民族 語 文 (in Chinese). 5. - ^ Norquest (2015), p. 3
- ^ Hsiu, Andrew (December 2017). "The Origins of Jiamao". MSEA Languages. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09.
- ^ Norquest (2007)
- ^ Lang, Alang
郎 啊朗 (2006-09-27). ""Bǎotíng Jiāmào Lízú" shì zhēn dí Lízú ma?" “保 亭 加茂 黎 族 ”是 真 的 黎 族 吗?. Tiānyá shèqū (in Chinese). - ^ Xin, Shibiao
辛 世 彪 (2009-02-14). "Jiāmào Líyǔ de sìdà fāngyán"加茂 黎 语的四 大 方言 [The Four Dialects of Jiamao]. Xīnlàng bókè (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-12-30. - ^ Yang, Yiqi 杨遗
旗 (2014). "Líyǔ héxīn rénchēng dàicí yánjiū"黎 语核心 人称 代 词研究 [A Study of Core Personal Pronouns in Li Language]. Hǎinán shīfàn dàxué xuébào (Shèhuì kēxué bǎn)海南 师范大学 学 报 (社会 科学 版 ) (in Chinese). 27 (7): 118–123. doi:10.16061/j.cnki.cn46-1076/c.2014.07.051. - ^ Chen, Yen-ling (2018). Proto-Ong-Be (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Works cited
edit- Thurgood, Graham (1992). "The Aberrancy of the Jiamao Dialect of Hlai: Speculation on its Origins and History". In Ratliff, Martha S.; Schiller, E. (eds.). Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 417–433.
- Norquest, Peter Kristian (2007). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai (PhD dissertation thesis). University of Arizona. hdl:10150/194203.
- Norquest, Peter K. (2015). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30052-1.
Further reading
edit- Huang, Quan
黄 权 (2011). Hàn-Lí zìdiǎn (Sài fāngyán) 汉黎字典 (赛方言 ) [Chinese-Hlai Dictionary (Sai Dialect)] (in Chinese). Yunnan minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-75367-4971-9. - Yang, Wenping 杨文
平 (2016). Hàn-Lí zìdiǎn: Tái fāngyán (Língshuǐ) 汉黎字典 :台 方言 (陵 水 ) [Chinese-Hlai Dictionary: Tai Dialect (Lingshui)] (in Chinese). Nanhai chuban gongsi. ISBN 978-7-5442-8130-0. - Zeng, Kewen 曾科
文 ; Liang, Zhenzhen梁 珍 珍 (2016). Lízú: Sài fāngyán黎 族 : 赛方言 [The Li Ethnic Group: Sai Dialect] (in Chinese). Nanhai chuban gongsi. ISBN 978-7-5442-8364-9.