Korean era name

Korean era name
Hangul	연호
Hanja	年號ねんごう
Revised Romanization	yeonho
McCune–Reischauer	yŏnho

Korean era names were titles adopted in historical Korea for the purpose of year identification and numbering. Era names were used during the period of Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae, Taebong, Goryeo, Joseon, and the Korean Empire. Various Korean regimes officially adopted the era names of Chinese dynasties.

Era names originated in 140 BCE in China, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han.^[1]^[2] Since the middle of the 6th century CE, various Korean regimes started to use era names.^[2]^[3]^[4]

List of Korean era names

This is a list of era names used by historical regimes on the Korean Peninsula. Several of these regimes officially adopted the era names of China; in such instances, the Chinese renditions of the era names are stated in parentheses.

Goguryeo

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
King Gwanggaeto of Goguryeo (r. 391–413 CE)
Yeongnak 永樂えいらく 영락	391–412 CE	22 years
King Jangsu of Goguryeo (r. 413–491 CE)
Yeonsu 延壽えんじゅ 연수	451 CE–?	Unknown
Disputed usage
Yeonggang 永えい康やすし 영강	Unknown	Unknown	The 7th year of Yeonggang might be 396 CE, 418 CE, 483 CE, or 551 CE.
Geonheung 建けん興きょう 건흥	Unknown	Unknown	The 5th year of Geonheung might be 476 CE, 536 CE, or 596 CE.
Yeon-ga 延のべ嘉よしみ 연가	Unknown	Unknown	The 7th year of Yeon-ga might be 479 CE or 539 CE.

Silla

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
King Beopheung of Silla (r. 514–540 CE)
Geonwon 建たて元はじめ 건원	536–551 CE	16 years	Usage continued by King Jinheung of Silla upon his ascension to the throne.
King Jinheung of Silla (r. 540–576 CE)
Gaeguk 開國かいこく 개국	551–568 CE	18 years
Daechang 大昌だいしょう 대창	568–571 CE	3 years
Hongje 鴻おおとり濟ずみ 홍제	572–584 CE	12 years	Usage continued by King Jinji of Silla and King Jinpyeong of Silla upon their ascension to the throne.
King Jinpyeong of Silla (r. 579–632 CE)
Geonbok 建けん福ぶく 건복	584–634 CE	51 years	Usage continued by Queen Seondeok of Silla upon her ascension to the throne.
Queen Seondeok of Silla (r. 632–647 CE)
Inpyeong 仁平にだいら 인평	634–647 CE	14 years	Usage continued by Queen Jindeok of Silla upon her ascension to the throne.
Queen Jindeok of Silla (r. 647–654 CE)
Taehwa 太ふとし和わ 태화	647–650 CE	4 years
Yeonghwi (Yonghui) 永えい徽 영휘	650–654 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Muyeol of Silla (r. 654–661 CE)
Yeonghwi (Yonghui) 永えい徽 영휘	654–655 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Hyeongyeong (Xianqing) 顯あらわ慶けい 현경	656–661 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yongsak (Longshuo) 龍りゅう朔さく 용삭	661 CE	5 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Munmu of Silla (r. 661–681 CE)
Yongsak (Longshuo) 龍りゅう朔さく 용삭	661–663 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Indeok (Linde) 麟德 인덕	664–665 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Geonbong (Qianfeng) 乾いぬい封ふう 건봉	666–668 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Chongjang (Zongzhang) 總そう章あきら 총장	668–670 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Hamhyeong (Xianheng) 咸亨 함형	670–674 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Sangwon (Shangyuan) 上うえ元もと 상원	674–676 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Uibong (Yifeng) 儀ぎ鳳おおとり 의봉	676–679 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Joro (Tiaolu) 調しらべ露ろ 조로	679–680 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeongnyung (Yonglong) 永えい隆たかし 영륭	680–681 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Sinmun of Silla (r. 681–692 CE)
Yeongnyung (Yonglong) 永えい隆たかし 영륭	681 CE	3 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gaeyo (Kaiyao) 開ひらき耀 개요	681–682 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeongsun (Yongchun) 永えい淳あつし 영순	682–683 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Hongdo (Hongdao) 弘道こうどう 홍도	683 CE	1 month	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Saseong (Sisheng) 嗣聖 사성	684 CE	2 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Munmyeong (Wenming) 文明ぶんめい 문명	684 CE	10 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Sugong (Chuigong) 垂たれ拱 수공	685–688 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeongchang (Yongchang) 永昌えいしょう 영창	689 CE	11 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Jaecho (Zaichu) 載の初はつ 재초	689–690 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonsu (Tianshou) 天授てんじゅ 천수	690–692 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Yeoui (Ruyi) 如意にょい 여의	692 CE	4 months	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
King Hyoso of Silla (r. 692–702 CE)
Yeoui (Ruyi) 如意にょい 여의	692 CE	3 months	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Jangsu (Changshou) 長壽ちょうじゅ 장수	692–694 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Yeonjae (Yanzai) 延のべ載の 연재	694 CE	8 months	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Jeungseong (Zhengsheng) 證あかし聖きよし 증성	695–696 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Mansetongcheon (Wansuitongtian) 萬歲ばんざい通どおり天てん 만세통천	696–697 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Singong (Shengong) 神かみ功いさお 신공	697 CE	4 months	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Seongnyeok (Shengli) 聖せい曆こよみ 성력	698–700 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Gusi (Jiushi) 久ひさ視し 구시	700–701 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Daejok (Dazu) 大足おおあし 대족	701 CE	10 months	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Jang-an (Chang'an) 長安ながやす 장안	701–702 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
King Seongdeok of Silla (r. 702–737 CE)
Jang-an (Chang'an) 長安ながやす 장안	702–704 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Sillyong (Shenlong) 神かみ龍りゅう 신룡	705–707 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty and Tang dynasty of China.
Gyeongnyong (Jinglong) 景けい龍りゅう 경룡	707–710 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Dangnyung (Tanglong) 唐から隆たかし 당륭	710 CE	2 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gyeong-un (Jingyun) 景けい雲くも 경운	710–712 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Taegeuk (Taiji) 太極たいきょく 태극	712 CE	4 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeonhwa (Yanhe) 延のべ和わ 연화	712 CE	4 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gaewon (Kaiyuan) 開ひらき元もと 개원	713–737 CE	25 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Hyoseong of Silla (r. 737–742 CE)
Gaewon (Kaiyuan) 開ひらき元もと 개원	737–741 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonbo (Tianbao) 天寶てんぽう 천보	742 CE	5 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Gyeongdeok of Silla (r. 742–765 CE)
Cheonbo (Tianbao) 天寶てんぽう 천보	742–756 CE	15 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Jideok (Zhide) 至德しとく 지덕	757–758 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Geonwon (Qianyuan) 乾いぬい元はじめ 건원	758–760 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Sangwon (Shangyuan) 上うえ元もと 상원	760–761 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Boeung (Baoying) 寶たから應おう 보응	762–763 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gwangdeok (Guangde) 廣德ひろのり 광덕	764 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeongtae (Yongtai) 永えい泰やすし 영태	765 CE	6 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Hyegong of Silla (r. 765–780 CE)
Yeongtae (Yongtai) 永えい泰やすし 영태	765–766 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Daeryeok (Dali) 大だい曆こよみ 대력	766–779 CE	14 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Geonjung (Jianzhong) 建けん中ちゅう 건중	780 CE	4 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Seondeok of Silla (r. 780–785 CE)
Geonjung (Jianzhong) 建けん中ちゅう 건중	780–783 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Heungwon (Xingyuan) 興きょう元もと 흥원	784 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Jeongwon (Zhenyuan) 貞元さだもと 정원	785 CE	1 month	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Wonseong of Silla (r. 785–798 CE)
Jeongwon (Zhenyuan) 貞元さだもと 정원	785–798 CE	14 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Soseong of Silla (r. 798–800 CE)
Jeongwon (Zhenyuan) 貞元さだもと 정원	799–800 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Aejang of Silla (r. 800–809 CE)
Jeongwon (Zhenyuan) 貞元さだもと 정원	800–805 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeongjeong (Yongzhen) 永えい貞さだ 영정	805 CE	5 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Wonhwa (Yuanhe) 元和がんわ 원화	806–809 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Heondeok of Silla (r. 809–826 CE)
Wonhwa (Yuanhe) 元和がんわ 원화	809–820 CE	12 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Janggyeong (Changqing) 長慶ちょうけい 장경	821–824 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Boryeok (Baoli) 寶たから曆れき 보력	825–826 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Heungdeok of Silla (r. 826–836 CE)
Boryeok (Baoli) 寶たから曆れき 보력	826–827 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Daehwa (Dahe) 大和やまと 대화	827–835 CE	9 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gaeseong (Kaicheng) 開成かいせい 개성	836 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Huigang of Silla (r. 836–838 CE)
Gaeseong (Kaicheng) 開成かいせい 개성	836–838 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Minae of Silla (r. 838–839 CE)
Gaeseong (Kaicheng) 開成かいせい 개성	838–839 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Sinmu of Silla (r. 839 CE)
Gaeseong (Kaicheng) 開成かいせい 개성	839 CE	7 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Munseong of Silla (r. 839–857 CE)
Gaeseong (Kaicheng) 開成かいせい 개성	839–840 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Hoechang (Huichang) 會かい昌あきら 회창	841–846 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Daejung (Dazhong) 大中おおなか 대중	847–857 CE	11 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Heonan of Silla (r. 857–861 CE)
Daejung (Dazhong) 大中おおなか 대중	857–860 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Hamtong (Xiantong) 咸通 함통	860–861 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Gyeongmun of Silla (r. 861–875 CE)
Hamtong (Xiantong) 咸通 함통	861–875 CE	15 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Geonbu (Qianfu) 乾いぬい符ふ 건부	875 CE	6 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Heongang of Silla (r. 875–886 CE)
Geonbu (Qianfu) 乾いぬい符ふ 건부	875–879 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gwangmyeong (Guangming) 廣明ひろあき 광명	880–882 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Junghwa (Zhonghe) 中和ちゅうわ 중화	882–886 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gwanggye (Guangqi) 光ひかり啓けい 광계	886 CE	2 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Jeonggang of Silla (r. 886–887 CE)
Gwanggye (Guangqi) 光ひかり啓けい 광계	886–887 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Queen Jinseong of Silla (r. 887–897 CE)
Gwanggye (Guangqi) 光ひかり啓けい 광계	887–888 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Mundeok (Wende) 文德ふみのり 문덕	888 CE	11 months	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yonggi (Longji) 龍りゅう紀おさむ 용기	889 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Daesun (Dashun) 大だい順じゅん 대순	890–892 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gyeongbok (Jingfu) 景けい福ぶく 경복	893 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Geonnyeong (Qianning) 乾いぬい寧やすし 건녕	894–897 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Hyogong of Silla (r. 897–912 CE)
Geonnyeong (Qianning) 乾いぬい寧やすし 건녕	897–898 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gwanghwa (Guanghua) 光ひかり化か 광화	898–901 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonbok (Tianfu) 天てん復ふく 천복	901–904 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonu (Tianyou) 天祐てんゆう 천우	904–907 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gaepyeong (Kaiping) 開平かいへい 개평	907–911 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Geonhwa (Qianhua) 乾いぬい化か 건화	911–912 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
King Sindeok of Silla (r. 912–917 CE)
Geonhwa (Qianhua) 乾いぬい化か 건화	912–913 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Bongnyeok (Fengli) 鳳おおとり曆れき 봉력	913 CE	2 months	Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Geonhwa (Qianhua) 乾いぬい化か 건화	913–915 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Jeongmyeong (Zhenming) 貞明ていめい 정명	915–917 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
King Gyeongmyeong of Silla (r. 917–924 CE)
Jeongmyeong (Zhenming) 貞明ていめい 정명	917–921 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Yongdeok (Zhenming) 龍りゅう德いさお 용덕	921–923 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Donggwang (Tongguang) 同どう光ひかり 동광	923–924 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
King Gyeongae of Silla (r. 924–927 CE)
Donggwang (Tongguang) 同どう光ひかり 동광	924–926 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonseong (Tiancheng) 天成てんせい 천성	926–927 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
King Gyeongsun of Silla (r. 927–935 CE)
Cheonseong (Tiancheng) 天成てんせい 천성	927–930 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Jangheung (Changxing) 長ちょう興きょう 장흥	930–933 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Eungsun (Yingshun) 應おう順じゅん 응순	934 CE	4 months	Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Cheongtae (Qingtai) 淸泰きよやす 청태	934–935 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.

Other regimes contemporaneous with Silla

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
Kim Hŏn-ch'ang (r. 822 CE)
Gyeong-un 慶けい雲くも 경운	822–825 CE	4 years	Usage continued by Kim Pŏm-mun upon his ascension to the throne.

Balhae

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
King Mu of Balhae (r. 719–737 CE)
Inan 仁じん安やす 인안	720–737 CE	18 years	Usage might be from 718 CE to 737 CE, for a total length of 20 years; or from 719 CE to 737 CE, for a total length of 19 years.
King Mun of Balhae (r. 737–793 CE)
Daeheung 大だい興きょう 대흥	738–794 CE	57 years	Usage might be from 737 CE to 774 CE, then from 786 CE to 793 CE, for a total length of 45 years; or from 737 CE to 774 CE, then from 785 CE to 793 CE, for a total length of 46 years.
Boryeok 寶たから曆れき 보력	774–785 CE	12 years	Usage might be from 774 CE to 786 CE, for a total length of 13 years. Subsequently, reverted to Daeheung (大だい興きょう; 대흥).
King Seong of Balhae (r. 793–794 CE)
Jungheung 中興ちゅうこう 중흥	794 CE	1 year
King Gang of Balhae (r. 794–809 CE)
Jeongnyeok 正せい曆こよみ 정력	795–809 CE	15 years	Usage might be from 794 CE to 808 CE, for a total length of 15 years; or from 795 CE to 807 CE, for a total length of 13 years.
King Jeong of Balhae (r. 809–812 CE)
Yeongdeok 永えい德いさお 영덕	810–812 CE	3 years	Usage might be from 808 CE to 812 CE, for a total length of 5 years; or from 808 CE to 811 CE, for a total length of 4 years.
King Hui of Balhae (r. 812–817 CE)
Jujak 朱雀すじゃく 주작	813–817 CE	5 years	Usage might be from 812 CE to 817 CE, for a total length of 6 years; or from 812 CE to 816 CE, for a total length of 5 years.
King Gan of Balhae (r. 817–818 CE)
Taesi 太ふと始はじめ 태시	818 CE	1 year	Usage might be from 813 CE to 817 CE, for a total length of 5 years; or from 817 CE to 818 CE, for a total length of 2 years.
King Seon of Balhae (r. 818–830 CE)
Geonheung 建けん興きょう 건흥	819–830 CE	12 years	Usage might be from 818 CE to 830 CE, for a total length of 13 years.
Dae Ijin (r. 830–857 CE)
Hamhwa 咸和 함화	831–857 CE	27 years

Later Baekje

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
Kyŏn Hwŏn (r. 892–935 CE)
Jeonggae 正せい開ひらく 정개	900–936 CE	37 years	Usage continued by Kyŏn Sin-gŏm upon his ascension to the throne.

Taebong

Era name	Period of use	Length of use
Kung Ye (r. 901–918 CE)
Mutae 武たけ泰やすし 무태	904–905 CE	2 years
Seongchaek 聖せい冊さつ 성책	905–911 CE	7 years
Sudeokmanse 水みず德とく萬まん歲さい 수덕만세	911–914 CE	4 years
Jeonggae 政せい開ひらく 정개	914–918 CE	5 years

Goryeo

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
King Taejo of Goryeo (r. 918–943 CE)
Cheonsu 天授てんじゅ 천수	918–933 CE	16 years
Jangheung (Changxing) 長ちょう興きょう 장흥	933 CE	10 months	Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Eungsun (Yingshun) 應おう順じゅん 응순	934 CE	4 months	Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Cheongtae (Qingtai) 淸泰きよやす 청태	934–938 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonbok (Tianfu) 天福てんぷく 천복	938–943 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Jin dynasty of China.
King Hyejong of Goryeo (r. 943–945 CE)
Cheonbok (Tianfu) 天福てんぷく 천복	944 CE	7 months	Adopted the era name of the Later Jin dynasty of China.
Gaeun (Kaiyun) 開運かいうん 개운	944–945 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Jin dynasty of China.
King Jeongjong of Goryeo (r. 945–949 CE)
Gaeun (Kaiyun) 開運かいうん 개운	946–948 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Jin dynasty of China.
Geonu (Qianyou) 乾いぬい祐ゆう 건우	948–949 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Han dynasty of China.
King Gwangjong of Goryeo (r. 949–975 CE)
Gwangdeok 光德みつのり 광덕	949–952 CE	4 years
Gwangsun (Guangshun) 廣こう順じゅん 광순	952–954 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Zhou dynasty of China.
Hyeondeok (Xiande) 顯德けんとく 현덕	954–960 CE	7 years	Adopted the era name of the Later Zhou dynasty of China.
Junpung 峻たかし豊ゆたか 준풍	960–963 CE	4 years
Geondeok (Qiande) 乾いぬい德いさお 건덕	963–968 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Gaebo (Kaibao) 開ひらき寶たから 개보	968–975 CE	8 years	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
King Gyeongjong of Goryeo (r. 975–981 CE)
Gaebo (Kaibao) 開ひらき寶たから 개보	976 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Taepyeongheungguk (Taipingxingguo) 太平たいへい興國こうこく 태평흥국	976–981 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
King Seongjong of Goryeo (r. 981–997 CE)
Taepyeongheungguk (Taipingxingguo) 太平たいへい興國こうこく 태평흥국	982–984 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Onghui (Yongxi) 雍熙 옹희	984–987 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Dangong (Duangong) 端はし拱 단공	988–989 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Sunhwa (Chunhua) 淳じゅん化か 순화	990–994 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Tonghwa (Tonghe) 統すべ和わ 통화	994–997 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Mokjong of Goryeo (r. 997–1009 CE)
Tonghwa (Tonghe) 統すべ和わ 통화	998–1009 CE	12 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Hyeonjong of Goryeo (r. 1009–1031 CE)
Tonghwa (Tonghe) 統すべ和わ 통화	1010–1012 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Gaetae (Kaitai) 開ひらけ泰やすし 개태	1012–1015 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Daejungsangbu (Dazhongxiangfu) 大中おおなか祥さち符ふ 대중상부	1016 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Cheonhui (Tianxi) 天てん禧 천희	1017–1022 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Geonheung (Qianxing) 乾いぬい興きょう 건흥	1022 CE	3 months	Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Taepyeong (Taiping) 太平たいへい 태평	1022–1031 CE	10 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Deokjong of Goryeo (r. 1031–1034 CE)
Taepyeong (Taiping) 太平たいへい 태평	1032–1034 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Jeongjong of Goryeo (r. 1034–1046 CE)
Taepyeong (Taiping) 太平たいへい 태평	1035–1038 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Junghui (Chongxi) 重じゅう熙 태평	1038–1046 CE	9 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Munjong of Goryeo (r. 1046–1083 CE)
Junghui (Chongxi) 重じゅう熙 태평	1047–1055 CE	9 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Cheongnyeong (Qingning) 淸せい寧やすし 청녕	1055–1064 CE	10 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Hamong (Xianyong) 咸雍 함옹	1065–1074 CE	10 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Daegang (Dakang) 大だい康やすし 대강	1075–1082 CE	8 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Sunjong of Goryeo (r. 1083 CE)
Daegang (Dakang) 大だい康やすし 대강	1083 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Seonjong of Goryeo (r. 1083–1094 CE)
Daegang (Dakang) 大だい康やすし 대강	1084 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Daean (Da'an) 大安たいあん 대안	1085–1094 CE	10 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Heonjong of Goryeo (r. 1094–1095 CE)
Suchang (Shouchang) 壽ことぶき昌あきら 수창	1095 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Sukjong of Goryeo (r. 1095–1105 CE)
Suchang (Shouchang) 壽ことぶき昌あきら 수창	1096–1101 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Geontong (Qiantong) 乾いぬい統みつる 건통	1101–1105 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Yejong of Goryeo (r. 1105–1122 CE)
Geontong (Qiantong) 乾いぬい統みつる 건통	1106–1110 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Cheongyeong (Tianqing) 天てん慶けい 천경	1111–1116 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Injong of Goryeo (r. 1122–1146 CE)
Hwangtong (Huangtong) 皇統こうとう 황통	1141–1146 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Uijong of Goryeo (r. 1146–1170 CE)
Hwangtong (Huangtong) 皇統こうとう 황통	1147–1149 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Cheondeok (Tiande) 天德てんとく 천덕	1149–1153 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Jeongwon (Zhenyuan) 貞元さだもと 정원	1153–1156 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Jeongryung (Zhenglong) 正隆まさたか 정륭	1156–1161 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Daejeong (Dading) 大だい定じょう 대정	1161–1170 CE	10 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Myeongjong of Goryeo (r. 1170–1197 CE)
Daejeong (Dading) 大だい定じょう 대정	1171–1189 CE	19 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Myeongchang (Mingchang) 明あきら昌あきら 명창	1190–1196 CE	7 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Seung-an (Cheng'an) 承うけたまわ安やす 승안	1196–1197 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Sinjong of Goryeo (r. 1197–1204 CE)
Seung-an (Cheng'an) 承うけたまわ安やす 승안	1198–1200 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Taehwa (Taihe) 泰和やすかず 태화	1201–1204 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Huijong of Goryeo (r. 1204–1211 CE)
Taehwa (Taihe) 泰和やすかず 태화	1205–1208 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Daean (Da'an) 大安たいあん 대안	1209–1211 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Gangjong of Goryeo (r. 1211–1213 CE)
Sunggyeong (Chongqing) 崇たかし慶けい 숭경	1212–1213 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Jinyeong (Zhining) 至いたり寧やすし 지녕	1213 CE	5 months	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Jeong-u (Zhenyou) 貞祐ていゆう 정우	1213 CE	3 months	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Gojong of Goryeo (r. 1213–1259 CE)
Jeong-u (Zhenyou) 貞祐ていゆう 정우	1214–1224 CE	11 years	Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Wonjong of Goryeo (r. 1260–1274 CE)
Jungtong (Zhongtong) 中なか統みつる 중통	1260–1264 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jiwon (Zhiyuan) 至いたり元もと 지원	1264–1274 CE	11 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungnyeol of Goryeo (r. 1274–1308 CE)
Jiwon (Zhiyuan) 至いたり元もと 지원	1275–1294 CE	20 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Wonjeong (Yuanzhen) 元げん貞さだ 원정	1295–1297 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Daedeok (Dade) 大德だいとく 대덕	1297–1307 CE	11 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jidae (Zhida) 至大しだい 지대	1308 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungseon of Goryeo (r. 1308–1313 CE)
Jidae (Zhida) 至大しだい 지대	1309–1311 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Hwanggyeong (Huangqing) 皇すめらぎ慶けい 황경	1312–1313 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungsuk of Goryeo (r. 1313–1330 CE; first reign)
Yeonu (Yanyou) 延のべ祐ゆう 연우	1314–1320 CE	7 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jichi (Zhizhi) 至いたり治ち 지치	1321–1323 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Taejeong (Taiding) 泰たい定じょう 태정	1324–1328 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Chihwa (Zhihe) 致和 치화	1328 CE	8 months	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Cheonsun (Tianshun) 天てん順じゅん 천순	1328 CE	1 month	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Cheollyeok (Tianli) 天てん曆れき 천력	1328–1330 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jisun (Zhishun) 至いたり順じゅん 지순	1330 CE	8 months	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chunghye of Goryeo (r. 1330–1332 CE; first reign)
Jisun (Zhishun) 至いたり順じゅん 지순	1331–1332 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungsuk of Goryeo (r. 1332–1339 CE; second reign)
Jisun (Zhishun) 至いたり順じゅん 지순	1332–1333 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Wontong (Yuantong) 元げん統みつる 원통	1333–1335 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jiwon (Zhiyuan) 至いたり元もと 지원	1335–1339 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chunghye of Goryeo (r. 1339–1344 CE; second reign)
Jiwon (Zhiyuan) 至いたり元もと 지원	1340 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jijeong (Zhizheng) 至いたり正ただし 지정	1341–1344 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungmok of Goryeo (r. 1344–1348 CE)
Jijeong (Zhizheng) 至いたり正ただし 지정	1345–1348 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungjeong of Goryeo (r. 1349–1351 CE)
Jijeong (Zhizheng) 至いたり正ただし 지정	1349–1351 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Gongmin of Goryeo (r. 1351–1374 CE)
Jijeong (Zhizheng) 至いたり正ただし 지정	1352–1369 CE	18 years	Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty and Northern Yuan dynasty of China.
Hongmu (Hongwu) 洪ひろし武たけ 홍무	1370–1374 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Wang U (r. 1374–1388 CE)
Hongmu (Hongwu) 洪ひろし武たけ 홍무	1375–1377 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Seongwang (Xuanguang) 宣光のぶみつ 선광	1377–1378 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Northern Yuan dynasty of China.
Hongmu (Hongwu) 洪ひろし武たけ 홍무	1378–1388 CE	11 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Wang Chang (r. 1388–1389 CE)
Hongmu (Hongwu) 洪ひろし武たけ 홍무	1388–1389 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Gongyang of Goryeo (r. 1389–1392 CE)
Hongmu (Hongwu) 洪ひろし武たけ 홍무	1389–1392 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.

Other regimes contemporaneous with Goryeo

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
Myocheong (r. 1135 CE)
Cheongae 天開てんかい 천개	1135 CE	1 year

Joseon

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
King Taejo of Joseon (r. 1392–1398 CE)
Hongmu (Hongwu) 洪ひろし武たけ 홍무	1392–1398 CE	7 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Jeongjong of Joseon (r. 1398–1400 CE)
Geonmun (Jianwen) 建たて文あや 건문	1399–1400 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Taejong of Joseon (r. 1400–1418 CE)
Geonmun (Jianwen) 建たて文あや 건문	1401–1402 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Hongmu (Hongwu) 洪ひろし武たけ 홍무	1402 CE	7 months	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Yeongnak (Yongle) 永樂えいらく 영락	1403–1418 CE	16 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Sejong of Joseon (r. 1418–1450 CE)
Yeongnak (Yongle) 永樂えいらく 영락	1419–1424 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Honghui (Hongxi) 洪ひろし熙 홍희	1425 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Seondeok (Xuande) 宣せん德とく 선덕	1426–1435 CE	10 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Jeongtong (Zhengtong) 正統せいとう 정통	1436–1449 CE	14 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Gyeongtae (Jingtai) 景けい泰やすし 경태	1450 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Munjong of Joseon (r. 1450–1452 CE)
Gyeongtae (Jingtai) 景けい泰やすし 경태	1451–1452 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Danjong of Joseon (r. 1452–1455 CE)
Gyeongtae (Jingtai) 景けい泰やすし 경태	1453–1455 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Sejo of Joseon (r. 1455–1468 CE)
Gyeongtae (Jingtai) 景けい泰やすし 경태	1455–1457 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Cheonsun (Tianshun) 天てん順じゅん 천순	1457–1464 CE	8 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Seonghwa (Chenghua) 成なり化か 성화	1465–1468 CE	4 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Yejong of Joseon (r. 1468–1469 CE)
Seonghwa (Chenghua) 成なり化か 성화	1469 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Seongjong of Joseon (r. 1469–1494 CE)
Seonghwa (Chenghua) 成なり化か 성화	1470–1487 CE	18 year	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Hongchi (Hongzhi) 弘治こうじ 홍치	1488–1494 CE	7 year	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Yi Yung (r. 1494–1506 CE)
Hongchi (Hongzhi) 弘治こうじ 홍치	1495–1505 CE	11 year	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Jeongdeok (Zhengde) 正德まさのり 정덕	1506 CE	9 months	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Jungjong of Joseon (r. 1506–1544 CE)
Jeongdeok (Zhengde) 正德まさのり 정덕	1506–1521 CE	16 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Gajeong (Jiajing) 嘉よしみ靖やすし 가정	1522–1544 CE	23 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Injong of Joseon (r. 1544–1545 CE)
Gajeong (Jiajing) 嘉よしみ靖やすし 가정	1545 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Myeongjong of Joseon (r. 1545–1567 CE)
Gajeong (Jiajing) 嘉よしみ靖やすし 가정	1546–1566 CE	21 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Yunggyeong (Longqing) 隆りゅう慶けい 융경	1567 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Seonjo of Joseon (r. 1567–1608 CE)
Yunggyeong (Longqing) 隆りゅう慶けい 융경	1568–1572 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Mallyeok (Wanli) 萬まん曆れき 만력	1573–1608 CE	36 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Yi Hon (r. 1608–1623 CE)
Mallyeok (Wanli) 萬まん曆れき 만력	1609–1620 CE	12 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Taechang (Taichang) 泰やすし昌あきら 태창	1620–1621 CE	4 months	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Cheongye (Tianqi) 天啓てんけい 천계	1621–1623 CE	3 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Injo of Joseon (r. 1623–1649 CE)
Cheongye (Tianqi) 天啓てんけい 천계	1623–1627 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Sungjeong (Chongzhen) 崇たかし禎ただし 숭정	1628–1637 CE	10 years	Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China. Usage continued informally within the Joseon royal court after 1637 CE well into the 19th century CE.^[5]
Sungdeok (Chongde) 崇たかし德とく 숭덕	1637–1643 CE	7 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Sunchi (Shunzhi) 順治じゅんじ 순치	1644–1649 CE	6 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Hyojong of Joseon (r. 1649–1659 CE)
Sunchi (Shunzhi) 順治じゅんじ 순치	1650–1659 CE	10 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Hyeonjong of Joseon (r. 1659–1674 CE)
Sunchi (Shunzhi) 順治じゅんじ 순치	1660–1661 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Ganghui (Kangxi) 康かん熙 강희	1662–1674 CE	13 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Sukjong of Joseon (r. 1674–1720 CE)
Ganghui (Kangxi) 康かん熙 강희	1675–1720 CE	46 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Gyeongjong of Joseon (r. 1720–1724 CE)
Ganghui (Kangxi) 康かん熙 강희	1721–1722 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Ongjeong (Yongzheng) 雍正 옹정	1723–1724 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Yeongjo of Joseon (r. 1724–1776 CE)
Ongjeong (Yongzheng) 雍正 옹정	1725–1735 CE	11 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Geollyung (Qianlong) 乾いぬい隆たかし 건륭	1736–1776 CE	41 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Jeongjo of Joseon (r. 1776–1800 CE)
Geollyung (Qianlong) 乾いぬい隆たかし 건륭	1777–1795 CE	19 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Gagyeong (Jiaqing) 嘉よしみ慶けい 가경	1796–1800 CE	5 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Sunjo of Joseon (r. 1800–1834 CE)
Gagyeong (Jiaqing) 嘉よしみ慶けい 가경	1801–1820 CE	20 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Dogwang (Daoguang) 道みち光こう 도광	1821–1834 CE	14 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Heonjong of Joseon (r. 1834–1849 CE)
Dogwang (Daoguang) 道みち光こう 도광	1835–1849 CE	15 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Cheoljong of Joseon (r. 1849–1864 CE)
Dogwang (Daoguang) 道みち光こう 도광	1850 CE	1 year	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Hampung (Xianfeng) 咸豊 함풍	1851–1861 CE	11 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Dongchi (Tongzhi) 同どう治ち 동치	1862–1863 CE	2 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Gojong of Joseon (r. 1864–1897 CE; as King of Joseon)
Dongchi (Tongzhi) 同どう治ち 동치	1864–1874 CE	10 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Gwangseo (Guangxu) 光ひかり緖いとぐち 광서	1875–1894 CE	20 years	Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Gaeguk 開國かいこく 개국	1894–1895 CE	2 years	The 1st year of Gaeguk was officially taken to be 1392 CE; 1894 CE was therefore the 503rd year of Gaeguk.
Geonyang 建たて陽よう 건양	1896–1897 CE	2 years

Korean Empire

Era name	Period of use	Length of use
Emperor Gojong of Korea (r. 1897–1907 CE; as Emperor of Korean Empire)
Gwangmu 光武みつたけ 광무	1897–1907 CE	11 years
Emperor Sunjong of Korea (r. 1907–1910 CE)
Yunghui 隆りゅう熙 융희	1907–1910 CE	4 years

Korea under Japanese rule

The Japanese renditions of the era names are stated in parentheses.

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
Myeongchi (Meiji) 明治めいじ 명치	1910–1912 CE	3 years	Era name of the Emperor Meiji. 1910 CE was the 43rd year of Meiji.
Daejeong (Taishō) 大正たいしょう 대정	1912–1926 CE	15 years	Era name of the Emperor Taishō.
Sohwa (Shōwa) 昭和しょうわ 소화	1926–1945 CE	20 years	Era name of the Emperor Shōwa.

Modern era systems

Republic of Korea

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
Daehanminguk 대한민국	1919-1948 CE	29 years	"Daehanminguk" literally means "Republic of Korea". Start to use from Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea to before establish First Republic of Korea.
Dangun-giwon 단군기원	1948–1961 CE	13 years	"Dangun-giwon" means "Age of Lord Dangun". Years were counted from the foundation of Gojoseon in 2333 BC (regarded as year one), the date of the legendary founding of Korea by Dangun, hence these Dangi (단기; 檀だん紀おさむ) years were 4278 to 4294.
Seoryeokgiwon 서력기원	1962-present	Current era	"Age of Seoryeok", i.e. "Common Era"

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Remark
Juche 주체	1997-present	Current era	1912 (Kim Il-sung's birth date) is designated as the first year and has been used since 1997.

The North Korean government and associated organizations use a variation of the Gregorian calendar with a Juche year based on April 15, 1912 CE, the date of birth of Kim Il-sung, as year 1. There is no Juche year 0. The calendar was introduced in 1997. Months are unchanged from those in the standard Gregorian calendar. In many instances, the Juche year is given after the CE year, for example, 18 August 2024 Juche 113. But in North Korean publications, the Juche year is usually placed before the corresponding CE year, as in Juche 113 (2024).

References

^ Lü, Zongli (2003). Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618. ISBN 9783906769561.
^ ^a ^b Sogner, Sølvi (2001). Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume. ISBN 9788215001067.
^ "International Congress of Historical Sciences". International Congress of Historical Sciences. 19. 2000. ISBN 9788299561419. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
^ "Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era". Retrieved 29 December 2019.
^ Kim Haboush, JaHyun (2005), "Contesting Chinese Time, Nationalizing Temporal Space: Temporal Inscription in Late Chosǒn Korea", in Lynn A. Struve (ed.), Time, Temporality, and Imperial Transition, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 115–141, ISBN 0-8248-2827-5.

Bibliography

https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031555/http://tiny.britannica.co.kr/bol/topic.asp?article_id=b15a3467a
https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031307/http://tiny.britannica.co.kr/bol/view-table.asp?med_id=b15a346701t1.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193917/http://wondreams.hihome.com/temasogo_goguryeo2.htm
http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=171244
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930061902/http://www.ikgu.com/tt/717
A Guide to Korean Characters, 2nd Revised Edition, Bruce K. Grant, Hollym Publishing, Seoul, South Korea, 1982.
Sources of Korean Tradition, Volume One, Peter H. Lee, Yongho Choe, Hugh H.W. Kang (Eds), Columbia University Press, 1996 (Reign Name Translations, p. 21).

[First1-1] Lü, Zongli (2003). Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618. ISBN 9783906769561.

[First2-2] Sogner, Sølvi (2001). Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume. ISBN 9788215001067.

[Sinosphere-3] "International Congress of Historical Sciences". International Congress of Historical Sciences. 19. 2000. ISBN 9788299561419. Retrieved 29 December 2019.

[Japan-4] "Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era". Retrieved 29 December 2019.

[5] Kim Haboush, JaHyun (2005), "Contesting Chinese Time, Nationalizing Temporal Space: Temporal Inscription in Late Chosǒn Korea", in Lynn A. Struve (ed.), Time, Temporality, and Imperial Transition, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 115–141, ISBN 0-8248-2827-5.

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