Kurt Heinrich Debus[3] (November 29, 1908 – October 10, 1983) was a German-American rocket engineer and NASA director. Born in Germany, he was a member of the Schutzstaffel (SS) during World War II, where he served as a V-weapons flight test director. Following the war, he was brought to the United States via Operation Paperclip, and directed the design, development, construction and operation of NASA's Saturn launch facilities. He became the first director of NASA's Launch Operations Center (later renamed as the Kennedy Space Center), and, under him, NASA conducted 150 launches of military missiles and space vehicles, including 13 launches of the Saturn V rocket as part of the Apollo Moon landing program.
Kurt Debus | |
|---|---|
 Debus' official portrait as KSC director | |
| Born | Kurt Heinrich Debus November 29, 1908 |
| Died | October 10, 1983 (aged 74) Rockledge, Florida, U.S. |
| Alma mater | 1933 BS, 1935 MS, 1939 PhD; Technische Hochschule Darmstadt 1967 Doctor of Laws, Rollins College (honorary) |
| Known for | first Kennedy Space Center director |
| Spouse |
Irmgard Brueckmann (m. 1937) |
| Children | 2 |
| Awards | 1969: National Space Hall of Fame[1] 1967: Space Flight Award (AAS) Schutzstaffel (SS) Instrument Society of America (honorary) Hermann-Raketentechnik and Raumfahrt, e.V. (honorary) Marquis Biographical Library Society (advisory) Member of the Florida Council of 100 (ex officio) British Interplanetary Society (Advisory Board) American Ordnance Association (life) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Electrical engineering[3] |
| Institutions | Voight & Haeffner, AG (Frankfurt)[4] 1939–1943:[4] Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (assistant professor) |
Biography
editGermany
editBorn to Melly F. (née Grauchlich) and Heinrich P. J. Debus[4] in Frankfurt, German Empire, in 1908,[3] Debus received all his academic education and credentials in Germany during the interwar period. He attended Technische Hochschule Darmstadt where he earned his initial and advanced degrees in electrical engineering. He served as a graduate assistant on the faculty for electrical engineering and high-voltage engineering while studying for his master's degree.[citation needed]
In 1939, he obtained his engineering doctorate with a thesis on surge voltages, and was appointed assistant professor at the university. During World War II, Debus was a member of the Nazi Party, and joined the SA in 1933 and the SS in 1940 [No 426.559].[7][8]
Debus was appointed by Hitler as the V-weapons flight test director and was actively engaged in the rocket research program at Peenemünde and the development of the V-2 rocket, Debus led the Test Stand Group[9] personnel at Peenemünde[10] and was the engineer in charge at Test Stand VII.[11]
At the end of the war, Debus and a small group of the V-2 engineers led by Wernher von Braun's brother sought out the advancing American 44th Infantry Division near Schattwald on May 2, 1945. Debus was detained by the U.S. Army with the rest of the Peenemünde scientists at Garmisch-Partenkirchen.[4] Debus served as both a technical and diplomatic liaison between German rocket engineers and the British during Operation Backfire, a series of V-2 test launches from an abandoned German naval gun range near Cuxhaven, Germany, in October 1945.[4]
United States
editIn late 1945, Debus was transferred to Fort Bliss, Texas, under contract as a "special employee" of the U.S. Army, as were the other German rocket specialists. He was brought to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip, a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were brought from former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe.[12][13]
He was deputy director at the Guidance and Control Branch through December 1948, when he was promoted to assistant technical director to von Braun at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama.
The arsenal became the focal point of the Army's rocket and space projects; larger rockets were launched first from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, and later from Cape Canaveral. The Army assigned von Braun as chairman of a Development Board, and Debus supervised the development program of the Guided Missile Branch until November 1951. The Army Ordnance Department reorganized the team and called it the Ordnance Guided Missile Center. By November 1951, the pace had picked up and a new missile program, the Redstone, was taking shape. Von Braun named Debus to lead a new Experimental Missiles Firing Branch.[4] Debus' organization also launched the first U.S. missiles carrying atomic warheads in the Pacific Ocean area during a series of tests.[1]
Starting in 1952, Debus supervised the development and construction of rocket launch facilities at Cape Canaveral for the Redstone, Jupiter, Jupiter-C, Juno and Pershing military configurations continuing through 1960. The organization he directed was transferred from the Army to NASA.[citation needed]
Beginning in 1961, Debus directed the design, development and construction of NASA's Saturn launch facilities at the north end of Cape Canaveral and adjacent Merritt Island.[1]
On July 1, 1962, the Florida launch facility at Cape Canaveral was officially designated as NASA's Launch Operations Center (renamed to honor President John Kennedy after his assassination in 1963) and Debus was officially named its first director. In October 1965, he became responsible for NASA uncrewed launch operations at the Eastern and Western Ranges, assuming the additional title of Kennedy Space Center (KSC) director of launch operations until Rocco Petrone took the post in 1966.[citation needed]
Under Debus' leadership, NASA and its team of contractors built what was hailed as the Free World's Moonport — KSC's Launch Complex 39 — as well as tested and launched the Saturn family of rockets for the Apollo and Skylab programs. Debus retired as KSC director in November 1974.[4]
Family
editDebus married Irmgard Brueckmann on June 30, 1937; they had two daughters while still in Germany: Siegrid and Ute (1940-2011[14]).[4]
Recognition
editA small lunar crater on the far side of the Moon to the east-southeast of the crater Ganskiy, past the eastern limb, is named for Debus; as is The Kurt Debus Conference Center at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. Debus was inducted into the National Space Hall of Fame in 1969.
Since 1990, the National Space Club of Florida has presented its annual Debus Award to recognize significant aerospace achievements in Florida, including individuals associated with launch vehicles, spacecraft operations, ground support services, range activities, space education and spaceport research and development. The award was conceived as an adjunct to the Goddard Award given each year by the National Space Club in Washington, D.C. to an individual in the aerospace field on a national level.[15]
Publications
editSources
edit- Debus, Kurt (June 25, 1964). Some Design Problems Encountered in Construction of Launch Complex 39. Darmstadt. Archived from the original on September 11, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
References
edit- ^ a b c "Dr. Kurt H. Debus". Kennedy Biographies. NASA. February 1987. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
- ^ The Scott Gold Medal is awarded by the American Ordnance Association's Missile and Astronautics division.
- ^ a b c d Darling, David. "Debus, Kurt Heinrich". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h McCleskey, C. M.; Christensen, D. L. (2001). Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision (PDF). 35th History of Astronautics Symposium. 1–5 October 2001. Toulouse, France. IAA-01-IAA-2.1.08.
- ^ "Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers, A-D". NASA History Division. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
- ^ Leitenburger, Bernd. "OTRAG Rocket". Retrieved December 20, 2022.
- ^ Karisch, Karl-Heinz (July 15, 2009). "Braune Flecken auf der Weste". Frankfurter Rundschau.
- ^ Koch, Martin (August 26, 1995). "Die Operation 'Paperclip'". Berliner Zeitung. Archived from the original on April 22, 2003.
- ^ Neufeld, Michael J. (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-02-922895-6.
- ^ Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (1965). The Birth of the Missile: The Secrets of Peenemünde. Translated by Schoeters, T. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. p. 109. OCLC 566125989.
- ^ Huzel, Dieter K. (1962). Peenemünde to Canaveral. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. OCLC 1374588.
- ^ Department of Defense. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency. (1947–1958). DEBUS, Kurt. Series: Foreign Scientist Case Files. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ "Records of the Secretary of Defense (RG 330)". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
- ^ "Afterall Obituaries".
- ^ "Dr. Kurt H. Debus Award". National Space Club Florida Committee. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
External links
edit
Media related to Kurt Debus at Wikimedia Commons- Dr. Kurt H. Debus: The Father of Kennedy Space Center
