Laldenga (11 June 1927 – 7 July 1990) was a Mizo separatist and politician from Mizoram in northeast India.[1][2] He was the founder of the Mizo National Front, a social organisation turned political party. He was the first Chief Minister of Mizoram as a federated state, the office of which he held from 1986 to 1988.
Laldenga | |
|---|---|
| 4th Chief Minister of Mizoram | |
| In office 21 August 1986 – 7 September 1988 | |
| Governor | H. S. Dubey Hiteswar Saikia |
| Lieutenant Governor | Hiteswar Saikia |
| Preceded by | Lalthanhawla |
| Succeeded by | President's rule |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 11 June 1927 Pukpui, Assam, British India (now Mizoram, India) |
| Died | 7 July 1990 (aged 63) London, United Kingdom |
| Cause of death | Lung cancer |
| Resting place | Treasury Square, Aizawl |
| Political party | Mizo National Front |
| Spouse | Lalbiakdiki |
| Occupation | Politician |
Originally a Havildar in the Indian Army, Laldenga later worked as an Accounts Clerk in the Government of Assam. Disappointed by the government's indifference to the severe famine in the Mizo district in the late 1950s, he rebelled against the government. As a leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF), he led a secessionist war seeking Mizo territory's independence from India. He was captured many times, and spent most of his time in exile in Bangladesh. The guerrilla movement lasted for sixteen years till the Mizo Accord was signed in 1986, by which he became the Chief Minister of the new state of Mizoram. He won the first Mizoram Legislative Assembly election under statehood in 1987, and continued at the Chief Minister office for another year. He died of lung cancer in 1990.[3]
Early years
editLaldenga, the fourth child of a cultivator Liantlira Ralte and Darchhungi Hnamte, was born on 11 June 1927 in village Pukpui in the Mizo district of Assam (now in the Lunglei district of Mizoram). He joined the Indian Army in 1944[4] and served up to Havildar. He resigned from the army and joined civil service as Accounts Supervisor under District Council office in Aizawl.[5]
Secessionist movements
editLaldenga joined a voluntary organisation called Mizo Cultural Society, formed in 1955, as its Secretary.[2] The society became Mautam Front in March 1960 to work for relief due to the Mautam famine that affected the entire Mizoram (which was then a district council of Assam). The government could not make efficient effort to provide basic survival needs, and this prompted the need for more powerful pressure group. The organisation was then renamed Mizo National Famine Front (MNFF) in September 1960. This soon evolved into a political organisation and ultimately became the Mizo National Front (MNF) on 22 October 1961. Laldenga took the support from Pakistan for the separatist movement and was arrested and jailed by Indian authorities. As an outcome of his talks, between 1963 and 1966 East Pakistan provided military training and shelter to Mizo fighters when they needed exile.[6]
On the night of 28 February 1966, the MNF launched a daring and ambitious attack on the district's major towns, resulting in the March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising. It declared independence and called on the Mizos to rise against India. The Indian government responded by sending troops and aircraft on bombing missions. Villagers were uprooted from the hills and sent without their consent to what were called Regrouped Villages built along the highways. For the next 20 years, violence continued in the Mizo hills with the fighters camping in Mizoram (India) and East Pakistan. With the fall of East Pakistan in 1971, Laldenga's men scattered to Myanmar while he moved to Pakistan. After secret meetings in Europe with Indian officials, he returned seeking a peaceful resolution of the problem.[7]
During his guerrilla life, Laldenga was arrested on several occasions and spent 10 years in exile, mostly in Bangladesh and Pakistan.[8] He returned to India for peace talks in 1976, but the terms of negotiations failed in 1982. MNF was officially outlawed in January, and he, with some relatives, were arrested.[9] He was extradited by the Indian government in April.[10]
Peace Accord and last days
editWhen Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1984, it encouraged a new wave of negotiation. Laldenga met him on 15 February 1985, and peace settlement was on its way. On 30 June 1986 the official document entitled Mizoram Accord, 1986, Memorandum of Settlement was then signed by Laldenga, R. D. Pradhan, Home Secretary, and Lalkhama, Chief secretary.
Laldenga became an interim Chief Minister, as the sitting Chief Minister Lalthanhawla stepped down to Deputy Chief Minister. Under the terms of the accord, Mizoram was granted statehood in February 1987. Laldenga and his party MNF won the first elections to the state legislature.[11] Elected from Sateek and Aizawl North-II constituencies, he became the first Chief Minister of Mizoram as a federated state.[4] However, defections toppled him from office in 1988.[12][11]
Death
editLaldenga never rose to political arena again due to chronic lung cancer. In early 1990, he received medical treatments at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City.[4] After a three-month therapy, he headed home via England. Just after landing on the London airport,[8] he died as he was taken to Ashford Hospital on 7 July 1990.[4] His body was transported reached Aizawl on 11 July and was honoured with the first state funeral in Mizoram on 13 July, and buried at the centre of Aizawl city.[13]
References
edit- ^ Lalremruata, A.H. (4 January 2019). "Deputy Chief Minister Pu Tawnluia'n Pu Laldenga thlan a tlawh" [Deputy Chief Minister Pu Tawnluia visited Pu Laldenga's grave]. dipr.mizoram.gov.in (in Mizo). Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ a b "28 years on, Laldenga is still Mizoram's tallest leader". The Indian Express. 14 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "Laldenga Passes due to Lung Cancer". Time of India. 11 March 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Mizo Hnam Pa Laldenga thihcham pualin Aizawlah hun hmang" [Remembrance of Mizo Hnam Pa Laldenga at Aizawl]. Zoram Today (in Mizo). 7 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ Pachuau, Joy (13 April 2015). The Camera as a Witness. Cambridge. p. 302. ISBN 9781107073395.
- ^ Pachuau, Joy (13 April 2015). The Camera as a Witness. Cambridge. p. 323. ISBN 9781107073395.
- ^ "About Mizoram - History". National Informatics Centre, Mizoram State Centre. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Laldenga, Tribal Leader in India, 53". The New York Times. 8 July 1990. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "January 22, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Attack On Darbara". The Indian Express. 22 January 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "April 14, 1982, Forty Years Ago: PLA Extremists Killed: Warning To Laldenga". The Indian Express. 14 April 2022 [14 April 1982]. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ a b Nunthara, C. (1996). Mizoram : Society and Polity (1. publ. ed.). New Delhi: Indus Publ. Co. pp. 290–293. ISBN 978-81-7387-059-0.
- ^ Chatterjee S (1994). 'Making Of Mizoram. Md Publications Pvt Ltd, India. pp. 320–324. ISBN 978-81-85880-38-9.
- ^ "MNF-in Laldenga thih champha hmang" [MNF commemorates death anniversary of Ladenga]. Vanglaini (in Mizo). 9 July 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
Further reading
edit- Suhas Chatterjee (1994). Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. ISBN 8185880387