Lianjiang (simplified Chinese: 连江; traditional Chinese:
Lianjiang
连江县 (Chinese) Lienkong, Lienkiang, Lienchiang | |
---|---|
Clockwise from top: Southward View from Jiulong Mountain, a street in Chuanshi Village, the Ao River passing through Fengcheng, Huangqi fishing port, and the Wenzhou-Fuzhou Railway. | |
Coordinates: 26°12′N 119°32′E / 26.200°N 119.533°E | |
Country | People's Republic of China |
Province | Fujian |
Prefecture-level city | Fuzhou |
Seat | Fengcheng |
Township-level divisions | 16 towns, 6 townships |
Area | |
• Total | 1,168 km2 (451 sq mi) |
Population (2010)[1] | |
• Total | 561,490 |
• Density | 480/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+08:00 (China Standard) |
Postal code | 350500 |
Website | ljx |
History
editLianjiang, in 282, during the Jin dynasty, was Wenma, named after a shipyard there, Wensha Ship-hamlet (
Wenma was changed to the present name and made its own county in 623, during the Tang dynasty, when Baisha (
After the Republic of China was established, Lianjiang switched back and forth numerous times between two special regions:
- Minhou Special Region (閩侯
專 區 ): 18 years in total - Fu'an (Ningde) Special Region (
福 安 (寧 德 )專 區 ): 16 years in total
During the Second Sino-Japanese War on September 10, 1937, Japan seized the two Lianjiang islands of Beigan and Nangan via the Collaborationist Chinese Army, making the islands the first in Fujian to fall to Japan.[3][4] This led the county government to relocate to Danyang Township on April 19, 1941, before returning at the end of the war.
In 1949, the county was split in two due to the Chinese Civil War, as it remains today.
On March 4, 1964, a Chinese Nationalist commando raid on the Chinese Communist Party headquarters of the county captured and returned a commune file to Taipei.[5][6][7][8]
Beginning on 1 July 1983, the PRC side reverted control to Fuzhou Municipality. In the late 1980s, people living in Lianjiang County began a massive emigration wave to western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States.[9]
Geography
editGaodeng Island in Lienchiang County (the Matsu Islands), ROC (Taiwan), is located 9.25 kilometres (5.75 mi) away from the Beijiao Peninsula (
- Geographic coordinates: 26°03'-26°27' N, 119°17'-120°31' E
- Coastline length: 209 km (130 mi)
Climate
editClimate data for Lianjiang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 26.5 (79.7) |
29.1 (84.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.9 (91.2) |
34.7 (94.5) |
37.2 (99.0) |
38.7 (101.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
36.0 (96.8) |
33.2 (91.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
27.9 (82.2) |
38.7 (101.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
30.1 (86.2) |
33.3 (91.9) |
32.6 (90.7) |
29.9 (85.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
23.9 (75.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.5 (83.3) |
26.1 (79.0) |
21.9 (71.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
14.9 (58.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
16.8 (62.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 63.7 (2.51) |
85.6 (3.37) |
137.6 (5.42) |
140.0 (5.51) |
189.1 (7.44) |
239.5 (9.43) |
160.8 (6.33) |
218.4 (8.60) |
150.2 (5.91) |
61.2 (2.41) |
71.1 (2.80) |
56.5 (2.22) |
1,573.7 (61.95) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.0 | 14.6 | 17.7 | 16.3 | 17.6 | 15.9 | 10.7 | 14.1 | 12.7 | 8.6 | 9.6 | 10.6 | 160.4 |
Average snowy days | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 83 | 84 | 80 | 81 | 80 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 80 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 90.3 | 81.0 | 98.7 | 116.5 | 128.3 | 141.5 | 233.2 | 205.4 | 163.7 | 156.5 | 107.4 | 104.9 | 1,627.4 |
Percent possible sunshine | 27 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 31 | 34 | 56 | 51 | 45 | 44 | 33 | 32 | 36 |
Source: China Meteorological Administration[14][15] |
Administrative divisions
editThe PRC (China) administers 16 towns and 6 townships:[1][16][17]
Towns (镇, zhen):
- Fengcheng (凤城镇) ("Phoenix City Town")
- Mabi (Ma-pi; 马鼻镇) ("Horse Snout Town")
- Danyang (
丹 阳镇) - Dongdai (Tungtai; 东岱镇)
- Donghu (东湖镇) ("East Lake Town")
- Guanban (
官 坂 镇) (Traditional:官 阪 镇) - Tailu (T'ai-lu;
苔 菉镇) - Aojiang (敖江镇) ("Ao River Township")
- Pukou (P'u-k'ou;
浦口 镇) ("River Mouth Township") - Toubao (T'ou-pao;
透 堡镇) - Huangqi (Huang-ch'i, Huangchi;[18]
黄 岐镇) - Xiao'ao (Hsiao-ao; 晓澳镇)
- Guantou (Kwantow, Kuan-t'ou; 琯头镇 – Guǎntóu)
- Xiaocheng (Hsiao-ch'eng; 筱埕镇 – Xiǎochéng)
- Changlong (长龙镇, formerly 长龙乡) ("Long Dragon")
- Kengyuan (K'eng-yüan;
坑 园镇, formerly坑 园乡)
Townships (乡, xiang):
- Xiagong (Hsia-kung;
下 宫乡) - Xiaocang She Ethnic Township (
小 沧畲族乡; Traditional:小 滄畲族 鄉 ) - Ankai (
安 凯乡) - Liaoyan (
蓼 沿乡) - Pandu (
潘 渡 乡) - Jiangnan (
江南 乡) - Mazu (马祖乡)*
- *The People's Republic of China ("Mainland China") claims the Matsu Islands (Mazu in Hanyu Pinyin) as Mazu township of Lianjiang county but has never controlled them; they are de facto administered under Lienchiang County of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
These townships are divided into 266 villages.
Culture
editResidents of Lianjiang – both on the Mainland and Matsu – speak the Lianjiang dialect, a subdialect of the Fuzhou dialect, a branch of Eastern Min. The dialect is also known as Bàng-uâ (
Language
editThe Lianjiang dialect is a subdialect of Fuzhou dialect (the most prestigious dialect of Eastern Min). The Lianjiang dialect is mutually intelligible with Fuzhou dialect. It differs from Fuzhou dialect in its tonal sandhi pattern and vowel sandhi system. Small lexical differences also exist on object names, e.g. waxmelon is called "
Generally speaking, the tonal sandhi system of Lianjiang is more conservative than that of Fuzhou, in that the Lianjiang tonal sandhi is still largely controlled by the Middle Chinese tonal registers,[19] while the Fuzhou tonal sandhi shows more deviation and irregularity.
Lianjiang vowel sandhi is more complicated than that of Fuzhou. Both Lianjiang and Fuzhou have systematic vowel variations between citation forms and non-final forms of the same morpheme, e.g. "
Surrounded by mountains, Lianjiang used to be a relatively isolated from the inland part of China for centuries. This explains why the Lianjiang phonological system is relatively more conservative. However, with the construction of the high-speed railway system[22] and the improvement of tunnel system, northern migrants are flooding into Lianjiang in the past decade, which may bring language contact into perspective. Just like in Fuzhou, most young or middle-aged Lianjiang speakers speak Mandarin Chinese fluently, but usually with a local accent influenced by the local dialect. However, due to the misleading language policy (Not speaking Mandarin Chinese is taken as "immoral".)[23] and disadvantageous status of the dialect, both Fuzhou and Lianjiang dialects are losing speakers in the youngest generation. More and more young people and children are only receptive bilinguals in Lianjiang.[20]
Economy
editFood products:
- Farm: loquats, rice, sweet potato, bean, cotton, sugar cane, tea plant, jasmine, watermelon, mushroom, grapes, dragon fruit, rhubarb.
- Sea: hairtail, shad, pomfret, cuttlefish, garoupa, prawn, crab, clam, mudskippers.
- Other: Yuanhong wine ("
元 紅 ")
Transportation
editLuochang Expressway runs through the county's section of National Highway 104 in 500.3 kilometres (310.9 mi). 42.6-kilometre (26.5 mi) navigable river length.
Guantou and Kemen (
Tourism
editThere are hot springs in Gui'an (
Notable persons
edit- Chen Di, Ming philologist, strategist, and traveler
- Huang Rulun
- Zheng Sixiao (Cheng Suu-hsiao;
鄭 思 肖 )
Notes
edit- ^ Area figure excludes the Matsu Islands (north).
References
edit- ^ a b c 连江县历
史 沿革 [Lianjiang County Historical Evolution]. XZQH.org (in Simplified Chinese). 16 June 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2020.2000
年 第 五 次 人口 普 查,连江县常住 总人口 599962人 ,{...}2000年 末 ,连江县面积1168平方 千 米 ,人口 61.75万 人 。{...}2007年 末 ,连江县总面 积1190.7平方 千 米 (含马祖 列 岛23.5平方 千 米 )。总人口 为613354人 (不 含马祖 列 岛),其中城 镇人口 128298人 。{...}2010年 第 六 次 人口 普 查,连江县常住 总人口 561490人 ,其中:凤城镇75553人 ,敖江镇52636人 ,东岱镇18791人 ,琯头镇60055人 ,晓澳镇29520人 ,东湖镇15272人 ,丹 阳镇24284人 ,长龙镇9143人 ,透 堡镇13455人 ,马鼻镇26516人 ,官 坂 镇24948人 ,筱埕镇25825人 ,黄 岐镇23368人 ,苔 箓镇25629人 ,浦口 镇27955人 ,坑 园镇16163人 ,潘 渡 乡16755人 ,江南 乡22984人 ,蓼 沿乡24216人 ,安 凯乡14296人 ,下 宫乡11180人 ,小 沧畲族 乡2946人 。 - ^ a b c
辞 海 第 六 版 . Cihai (Sixth Edition) (in Chinese).上海 . Shanghai:上海 辞 书出版 社 . Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. September 2009. pp. 1365, 1516. ISBN 978-7-5326-2859-9.连江{...}2 县名。{...}
面 积1191平方 千 米 。{...}农产有 稻 、甘薯 、甘蔗 、茶 叶 、蜜 橘 等 。水 产丰富 ,以鳀鳁鱼、毛 虾、海 蜇、蛏、蛤 、牡蛎 等 著名 。工 业有水 产加工 、机 械、水泥 、化学 、造 纸等。{...}马祖列 岛中国 闽江口外 25~40千 米 的 岛群。{...}属 福建 省 连江县,现由台湾 当局 管 辖。{...}高 登 岛又称 北 沙 岛,距黄岐半岛9.2千 米 ,面 积1.25平方 千 米 ,地形 南 宽北窄,地 势南高 北 低 ,南部 下目 山 177米 为全岛制高点 。 - ^
北 竿 鄉 志 大事 記 (民 國 十 七 年 至 四 十 九 年 ) [History of Beigan Major Events (1928-1960)].馬 祖 資 訊網 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2 September 2019.二 十 六 年 九 月 十 日 北 竿 、南 竿 被 日 軍 侵 占 ,成 為 福建 最早 淪陷的 島嶼 。 - ^
林 金 炎 (15 September 2014).馬 祖 歲月 印 記 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. 46. ISBN 978-986-90943-0-6.0910
日 軍 透過 偽 軍 侵 佔馬祖 列島 的 南 、北 竿 島 ,成 為 福建 最早 淪陷的 島嶼 。《連 江 縣 志 ,大事 紀 P.34,連 江 縣 地方 志 編纂 委員 會 ,2000.6,方 志 出版 社 。》 - ^ Tai-chün Kuo, Ramon H. Myers (1986). Understanding Communist China. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. p. 8 – via Internet Archive.
Another group of materials, acquired during the night of March 4, 1964 by a Nationalist commando raid, contained official policies pertaining to fourteen rural communes of Lien-chiang county in Fukien.
- ^ Ralph N. Clough (22 May 1964). "Letter From the Charge to the Republic of China (Clough) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy)". Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State.
The Chinese Communist shelling of Matsu on May 16, which clearly seems to have been a reaction to GRC artillery fire from Matsu covering a raiding party launched from Matsu against Lienchiang (FCT 8622), caused me to give consideration to repeating to the GRC the warning we gave them last spring that they should not assume the US would assist the GRC should the Chicoms attack the smaller offshore islands in retaliation for raids mounted by the GRC from such islands.
- ^ John Wilson Lewis (1971). "Reviewed Work: Rural People's Communes in Lien-chiang". The China Quarterly: 170. JSTOR 651892 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Richard Baum (1975). Prelude to Revolution. Columbia University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-231-03900-X.
Clearly, China's aging leader was deeply concerned about the course of economic, political, and ideological developments in his country. That there was indeed a great deal for him to be concerned about has been confirmed in a unique set of official CCP documents captured by the Chinese Nationalists during a 1964 commando raid on the Party headquarters of Lienchiang county, Fukien province.
- ^ Zhao, Xiaojian. The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy. p. 2010.
- ^ DeWitt Copp; Marshall Peck (1962). The Odd Day. New York City: William Morrow & Company. pp. 58, 67, 71, 206 – via Internet Archive.
Kueffer indicated two islands bunched near Peikan, "Tachiu and Kaoteng. The latter is five miles off the mainland, the closest to the enemy."
- ^ "FAQ". Matsu National Scenic Area. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
The area closest to the mainland is Gaodeng Island, 9.25 km off the Beijia [sic] Peninsula.
- ^ "Chinese Reds Shell Islands; Fight Feared". Times-News. Twin Falls, Idaho. 30 December 1955 – via Internet Archive.
Sporadic Communist shelling was directed against Kaoteng in the Matsu island group 150 miles up the coast. Kaoteng is five miles from the nearest Communist position and serves as an outpost for the main Matsu island.
- ^
境域 面 积.福 州 市 连江县政府 (in Simplified Chinese). 22 January 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.东南为马
祖 列 岛,距大陆最近 点 9.25公里 ; - ^
中国 气象数 据 网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2023. - ^
中国 气象数 据 网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2023. - ^ 2019
年 统计用 区 划代码和城 乡划分 代 码:连江县 [2019 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Lianjiang County] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.统计
用 区 划代码名称 350122100000 凤城镇 350122101000 敖江镇 350122102000 东岱镇 350122103000 琯头镇 350122104000 晓澳镇 350122105000 东湖镇 350122106000丹 阳镇 350122107000 长龙镇 350122108000透 堡镇 350122109000 马鼻镇 350122110000官 坂 镇 350122111000 筱埕镇 350122112000黄 岐镇 350122113000苔 菉镇 350122114000浦口 镇 350122115000坑 园镇 350122200000潘 渡 乡 350122201000江南 乡 350122202000蓼 沿乡 350122203000安 凯乡 350122204000下 宫乡 350122205000小 沧畲族 乡 350122400000 马祖乡 - ^ 连江县大
数 据 管理 局 (22 January 2020).行政 区 划 [Administrative Divisions].福 州 市 连江县政府 (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 12 March 2020.至 2019年 底 ,全 县除马祖列 岛尚待 统一外 ,共 设22个乡镇、269个村(居 )民 委 员会。乡镇分 别为:凤城镇、敖江镇、江南 乡、东湖镇、浦口 镇、东岱镇、晓澳镇、琯头镇、潘 渡 乡、小 沧畲族 乡、丹 阳镇、蓼 沿乡、长龙镇、透 堡镇、马鼻镇、官 坂 镇、坑 园镇、下 宫乡、筱埕镇、安 凯乡、黄 岐镇、苔 菉镇。 - ^ "CURRENT INTELLIFENCE BULLETIN". Office of Current Intelligence, CIA. 5 May 1955. p. 9.
HUANGCHI
- ^ Wu, J., & Chen, Y. (2012). The Effect of Historical Tone Categories on Tone Sandhi in Lianjiang. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Conference of the IACL, Hongkong.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271849974_The_Effect_of_Historical_Tone_Categories_on_Tone_Sandhi_in_Lianjiang
- ^ a b c Wu, J., & Chen, Y. (in prep.) Lianjiang.
- ^ 冯爱
珍 , &李 荣. (Eds.). (1998)福 州 方言 词典.江 苏教育 出版 社 . ISBN 7-5343-3421-7 - ^ "连江站高铁列车查询_【
高 铁网】_连江站时刻 表 票 价_【连江站】_地 址 公 交电话_网上订票". www.gaotie.cn. Retrieved 15 September 2020. - ^ "
福 州 市中 小学生 道德 规范基本 要求 ". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.