(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Lianjiang County - Wikipedia
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Lianjiang County

This article is about the PRC-administered county. For the ROC (Taiwan)-administered county (the Matsu Islands), see Lienchiang County. For the county-level city in Guangdong, see Lianjiang, Guangdong.

Lianjiang (simplified Chinese: 连江; traditional Chinese: 連れん江こう; pinyin: Liánjiāng; Wade–Giles: Lien²-chiang¹; BUC: Lièng-gŏng) is a county on the eastern coast in Fuzhou prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian Province, China. Most of the county is administered by the People's Republic of China (PRC), while a number of outlying islands, collectively referred to as the Matsu Islands, are administered as Lienchiang County (same Chinese character name in traditional Chinese characters and referred to using Wade–Giles romanization) by the Republic of China (ROC) (now based in Taiwan) ever since their return to ROC control after Japanese occupation in World War II.

Lianjiang
连江县 (Chinese)
Lienkong, Lienkiang, Lienchiang
County
Clockwise from top: Southward View from Jiulong Mountain, a street in Chuanshi Village, the Ao River passing through Fengcheng, Huangqi fishing port, and the Wenzhou-Fuzhou Railway.
Lianjiang is located in Fujian
Lianjiang
Lianjiang
Location in Fujian
Coordinates: 26°12′N 119°32′E / 26.200°N 119.533°E / 26.200; 119.533
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceFujian
Prefecture-level cityFuzhou
SeatFengcheng
Township-level divisions16 towns,
6 townships
Area
[1][2][a]
 • Total1,168 km2 (451 sq mi)
Population
 (2010)[1]
 • Total561,490
 • Density480/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+08:00 (China Standard)
Postal code
350500
Websiteljx.fuzhou.gov.cn (in Chinese)

History

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Lianjiang, in 282, during the Jin dynasty, was Wenma, named after a shipyard there, Wensha Ship-hamlet (溫ゆたか麻あさ船せん屯たむろ). It was incorporated into Min Prefecture (閩縣) in 607, during the Sui dynasty.

Wenma was changed to the present name and made its own county in 623, during the Tang dynasty, when Baisha (白しろ沙すな) or Fusha (伏ふく沙すな) of Aojiang was the capital of Lianjiang County. The capital was changed to Fengcheng as today in 742.

After the Republic of China was established, Lianjiang switched back and forth numerous times between two special regions:

  • Minhou Special Region (閩侯專せん區く): 18 years in total
  • Fu'an (Ningde) Special Region (福ぶく安やす（寧やすし德とく）專せん區く): 16 years in total

During the Second Sino-Japanese War on September 10, 1937, Japan seized the two Lianjiang islands of Beigan and Nangan via the Collaborationist Chinese Army, making the islands the first in Fujian to fall to Japan.[3][4] This led the county government to relocate to Danyang Township on April 19, 1941, before returning at the end of the war.

In 1949, the county was split in two due to the Chinese Civil War, as it remains today.

On March 4, 1964, a Chinese Nationalist commando raid on the Chinese Communist Party headquarters of the county captured and returned a commune file to Taipei.[5][6][7][8]

Beginning on 1 July 1983, the PRC side reverted control to Fuzhou Municipality. In the late 1980s, people living in Lianjiang County began a massive emigration wave to western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States.[9]

Geography

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Map including Lianjiang (labelled as Lienkong) (1917)

Gaodeng Island in Lienchiang County (the Matsu Islands), ROC (Taiwan), is located 9.25 kilometres (5.75 mi) away from the Beijiao Peninsula (北きた茭半はん岛) in Lianjiang County, China (PRC).[2][10][11][12][13]

Climate

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Climate data for Lianjiang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.5
(79.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.9
(91.2) 		34.7
(94.5) 		37.2
(99.0) 		38.7
(101.7) 		38.0
(100.4) 		36.0
(96.8) 		33.2
(91.8) 		31.6
(88.9) 		27.9
(82.2) 		38.7
(101.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.4
(72.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		30.1
(86.2) 		33.3
(91.9) 		32.6
(90.7) 		29.9
(85.8) 		25.9
(78.6) 		21.8
(71.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		23.9
(75.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3) 		11.2
(52.2) 		13.5
(56.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.9
(84.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		19.9
(67.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		10.6
(51.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		19.4
(66.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		14.9
(58.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		16.8
(62.3)
Record low °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		19.9
(67.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.4
(57.9) 		7.7
(45.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−3.6
(25.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.7
(2.51) 		85.6
(3.37) 		137.6
(5.42) 		140.0
(5.51) 		189.1
(7.44) 		239.5
(9.43) 		160.8
(6.33) 		218.4
(8.60) 		150.2
(5.91) 		61.2
(2.41) 		71.1
(2.80) 		56.5
(2.22) 		1,573.7
(61.95)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12.0 14.6 17.7 16.3 17.6 15.9 10.7 14.1 12.7 8.6 9.6 10.6 160.4
Average snowy days 0.1 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.5
Average relative humidity (%) 79 80 81 81 83 84 80 81 80 76 76 76 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 90.3 81.0 98.7 116.5 128.3 141.5 233.2 205.4 163.7 156.5 107.4 104.9 1,627.4
Percent possible sunshine 27 25 27 30 31 34 56 51 45 44 33 32 36
Source: China Meteorological Administration[14][15]

Administrative divisions

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Map including Lianjiang (labeled as LIEN-CHIANG (LIENKONG) 連れん江こう) and surrounding region (AMS, 1954)
 
Satellite image including part of Lianjiang County, PRC and part of Lienchiang County, ROC
Lianjiang County Administrative Divisions

The PRC (China) administers 16 towns and 6 townships:[1][16][17]

Towns (镇, zhen):

Townships (乡, xiang):

*The People's Republic of China ("Mainland China") claims the Matsu Islands (Mazu in Hanyu Pinyin) as Mazu township of Lianjiang county but has never controlled them; they are de facto administered under Lienchiang County of the Republic of China (Taiwan).

These townships are divided into 266 villages.

Culture

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Residents of Lianjiang – both on the Mainland and Matsu – speak the Lianjiang dialect, a subdialect of the Fuzhou dialect, a branch of Eastern Min. The dialect is also known as Bàng-uâ (平話へいわ).

Language

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The Lianjiang dialect is a subdialect of Fuzhou dialect (the most prestigious dialect of Eastern Min). The Lianjiang dialect is mutually intelligible with Fuzhou dialect. It differs from Fuzhou dialect in its tonal sandhi pattern and vowel sandhi system. Small lexical differences also exist on object names, e.g. waxmelon is called "卷まき瓜ふり" /kuoŋ˨ŋua˦/ in Fuzhou but "冬瓜とうが" /tøyŋ˦ŋua˦/ in Lianjiang.

Generally speaking, the tonal sandhi system of Lianjiang is more conservative than that of Fuzhou, in that the Lianjiang tonal sandhi is still largely controlled by the Middle Chinese tonal registers,[19] while the Fuzhou tonal sandhi shows more deviation and irregularity.

Lianjiang vowel sandhi is more complicated than that of Fuzhou. Both Lianjiang and Fuzhou have systematic vowel variations between citation forms and non-final forms of the same morpheme, e.g. "地ち" /tei/ "land" – "地主じぬし" /ti-tsuo/ "landlord". However, not all morphemes have such variations. Only the morphemes with low-starting tones show such variation. The morphemes with high-starting tones instead only have the more close variant, e.g. "迟" /ti/ "late"- "迟早" /ti tsia/ "early or late".[20][21] However, some cognates are produced with different vowels in Lianjiang and Fuzhou, e.g. "江こう river" is produced as /kyeŋ/ in Lianjiang, but /kouŋ/ in Fuzhou. Also, the rimes in Lianjiang are generally more close and front than that in Fuzhou, which is especially salient in the open vowels, e.g. "下か down" is [ɑ] in Fuzhou, but [a] in Lianjiang.[20]

Surrounded by mountains, Lianjiang used to be a relatively isolated from the inland part of China for centuries. This explains why the Lianjiang phonological system is relatively more conservative. However, with the construction of the high-speed railway system[22] and the improvement of tunnel system, northern migrants are flooding into Lianjiang in the past decade, which may bring language contact into perspective. Just like in Fuzhou, most young or middle-aged Lianjiang speakers speak Mandarin Chinese fluently, but usually with a local accent influenced by the local dialect. However, due to the misleading language policy (Not speaking Mandarin Chinese is taken as "immoral".)[23] and disadvantageous status of the dialect, both Fuzhou and Lianjiang dialects are losing speakers in the youngest generation. More and more young people and children are only receptive bilinguals in Lianjiang.[20]

Economy

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A field of red-fleshed dragon-fruit cactus in Dongdai town

[2]

Food products:

Transportation

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Luochang Expressway runs through the county's section of National Highway 104 in 500.3 kilometres (310.9 mi). 42.6-kilometre (26.5 mi) navigable river length.

Guantou and Kemen (可か門もん) are the largest seaports in Lianjiang with national access.

Tourism

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There are hot springs in Gui'an (貴き安やす) and Tanghui (湯尾ゆお) of Pandu. There is a Dragon King Palace-Temple (龍宮りゅうぐう廟びょう) in the Xiaocang She Ethnic Township.

Notable persons

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See also: zh:Category:连江人じん

Notes

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  1. ^ Area figure excludes the Matsu Islands (north).

References

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  1. ^ a b c 连江县历史し沿革えんかく [Lianjiang County Historical Evolution]. XZQH.org (in Simplified Chinese). 16 June 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2020. 2000年ねん第だい五ご次じ人口じんこう普ひろし查，连江县常住じょうじゅう总人口じんこう599962人にん，{...}2000年ねん末まつ，连江县面积1168平方へいほう千せん米めーとる，人口じんこう61.75万まん人にん。{...}2007年ねん末まつ，连江县总面めん积1190.7平方へいほう千せん米まい（含马祖そ列れつ岛23.5平方へいほう千せん米まい）。总人口じんこう为613354人にん（不ふ含马祖そ列れつ岛），其中城じょう镇人口じんこう128298人にん。{...}2010年ねん第だい六ろく次じ人口じんこう普ひろし查，连江县常住じょうじゅう总人口じんこう561490人にん，其中：凤城镇75553人にん，敖江镇52636人にん，东岱镇18791人にん，琯头镇60055人にん，晓澳镇29520人にん，东湖镇15272人にん，丹に阳镇24284人にん，长龙镇9143人にん，透とおる堡镇13455人にん，马鼻镇26516人にん，官かん坂ざか镇24948人にん，筱埕镇25825人にん，黄き岐镇23368人にん，苔こけ箓镇25629人にん，浦口うらぐち镇27955人にん，坑あな园镇16163人にん，潘はん渡わたる乡16755人にん，江南こうなん乡22984人にん，蓼たで沿乡24216人にん，安やす凯乡14296人にん，下しも宫乡11180人にん，小しょう沧畲族ぞく乡2946人にん。
  2. ^ a b c 辞じ海うみ第だい六ろく版はん. Cihai (Sixth Edition) (in Chinese). 上海しゃんはい. Shanghai: 上海しゃんはい辞じ书出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. September 2009. pp. 1365, 1516. ISBN 978-7-5326-2859-9. 连江{...}2 县名。{...}面めん积1191平方へいほう千せん米まい。{...}农产有ゆう稻いね、甘薯かんしょ、甘蔗かんしゃ、茶ちゃ叶かのう、蜜みつ橘たちばな等とう。水みず产丰富とみ，以鳀鳁鱼、毛もう虾、海うみ蜇、蛏、蛤はまぐり、牡蛎かき等とう著名ちょめい。工こう业有水すい产加工かこう、机つくえ械、水泥みどろ、化学かがく、造みやつこ纸等。{...}马祖列れつ岛 中国ちゅうごく闽江口外こうがい25~40千せん米まい的てき岛群。{...}属ぞく福建ふっけん省しょう连江县，现由台湾たいわん当局とうきょく管かん辖。{...}高こう登とう岛又称しょう北きた沙すな岛，距黄岐半岛9.2千せん米まい，面めん积1.25平方へいほう千せん米めーとる，地形ちけい南みなみ宽北窄，地ち势南高だか北きた低てい，南部なんぶ下目しため山やま177米めーとる为全岛制高点こうてん。
  3. ^ 北きた竿ざお鄉きょう志こころざし 大事だいじ記き（民みん國こく十じゅう七なな年ねん至いたり四よん十じゅう九きゅう年ねん） [History of Beigan Major Events (1928-1960)]. 馬うま祖そ資し訊網 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2 September 2019. 二に十じゅう六ろく年ねん
    九きゅう月がつ十じゅう日にち
    北きた竿ざお、南みなみ竿ざお被ひ日にち軍ぐん侵おかせ占うらない，成なり為ため福建ふっけん最早もはや淪陷的てき島嶼とうしょ。
  4. ^ 林はやし金かね炎えん (15 September 2014). 馬うま祖そ歲月さいげつ印しるし記き (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. 46. ISBN 978-986-90943-0-6. 0910 日にち軍ぐん透過とうか偽にせ軍ぐん侵おかせ佔馬祖そ列島れっとう的てき南みなみ、北きた竿ざお島とう，成なり為ため福建ふっけん最早もはや淪陷的てき島嶼とうしょ。《連れん江え縣けん志しむら，大事だいじ紀きP.34，連れん江こう縣けん地方ちほう志こころざし編纂へんさん委員いいん會かい，2000.6，方ぽう志こころざし出版しゅっぱん社しゃ。》
  5. ^ Tai-chün Kuo, Ramon H. Myers (1986). Understanding Communist China. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. p. 8 – via Internet Archive. Another group of materials, acquired during the night of March 4, 1964 by a Nationalist commando raid, contained official policies pertaining to fourteen rural communes of Lien-chiang county in Fukien.
  6. ^ Ralph N. Clough (22 May 1964). "Letter From the Charge to the Republic of China (Clough) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy)". Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. The Chinese Communist shelling of Matsu on May 16, which clearly seems to have been a reaction to GRC artillery fire from Matsu covering a raiding party launched from Matsu against Lienchiang (FCT 8622), caused me to give consideration to repeating to the GRC the warning we gave them last spring that they should not assume the US would assist the GRC should the Chicoms attack the smaller offshore islands in retaliation for raids mounted by the GRC from such islands.
  7. ^ John Wilson Lewis (1971). "Reviewed Work: Rural People's Communes in Lien-chiang". The China Quarterly: 170. JSTOR 651892 – via JSTOR.
  8. ^ Richard Baum (1975). Prelude to Revolution. Columbia University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-231-03900-X. Clearly, China's aging leader was deeply concerned about the course of economic, political, and ideological developments in his country. That there was indeed a great deal for him to be concerned about has been confirmed in a unique set of official CCP documents captured by the Chinese Nationalists during a 1964 commando raid on the Party headquarters of Lienchiang county, Fukien province.
  9. ^ Zhao, Xiaojian. The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy. p. 2010.
  10. ^ DeWitt Copp; Marshall Peck (1962). The Odd Day. New York City: William Morrow & Company. pp. 58, 67, 71, 206 – via Internet Archive. Kueffer indicated two islands bunched near Peikan, "Tachiu and Kaoteng. The latter is five miles off the mainland, the closest to the enemy."
  11. ^ "FAQ". Matsu National Scenic Area. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019. The area closest to the mainland is Gaodeng Island, 9.25 km off the Beijia [sic] Peninsula.
  12. ^ "Chinese Reds Shell Islands; Fight Feared". Times-News. Twin Falls, Idaho. 30 December 1955 – via Internet Archive. Sporadic Communist shelling was directed against Kaoteng in the Matsu island group 150 miles up the coast. Kaoteng is five miles from the nearest Communist position and serves as an outpost for the main Matsu island.
  13. ^ 境域きょういき面めん积. 福ふく州しゅう市し连江县政府せいふ (in Simplified Chinese). 22 January 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020. 东南为马祖そ列れつ岛，距大陆最近さいきん点てん9.25公里くり；
  14. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  15. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  16. ^ 2019年ねん统计用よう区く划代码和城じょう乡划分ぶん代だい码：连江县 [2019 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Lianjiang County] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020. 统计用よう区く划代码 名称めいしょう 350122100000 凤城镇 350122101000 敖江镇 350122102000 东岱镇 350122103000 琯头镇 350122104000 晓澳镇 350122105000 东湖镇 350122106000 丹に阳镇 350122107000 长龙镇 350122108000 透とおる堡镇 350122109000 马鼻镇 350122110000 官かん坂ざか镇 350122111000 筱埕镇 350122112000 黄き岐镇 350122113000 苔こけ菉镇 350122114000 浦口うらぐち镇 350122115000 坑あな园镇 350122200000 潘はん渡わたる乡 350122201000 江南こうなん乡 350122202000 蓼たで沿乡 350122203000 安やす凯乡 350122204000 下か宫乡 350122205000 小しょう沧畲族ぞく乡 350122400000 马祖乡
  17. ^ 连江县大数すう据すえ管理かんり局きょく (22 January 2020). 行政ぎょうせい区く划 [Administrative Divisions]. 福ふく州しゅう市し连江县政府せいふ (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 12 March 2020. 至いたり2019年ねん底そこ，全ぜん县除马祖列れつ岛尚待まち统一外がい，共きょう设22个乡镇、269个村（居きょ）民みん委い员会。乡镇分ぶん别为：凤城镇、敖江镇、江南こうなん乡、东湖镇、浦口うらぐち镇、东岱镇、晓澳镇、琯头镇、潘はん渡わたる乡、小しょう沧畲族ぞく乡、丹に阳镇、蓼たで沿乡、长龙镇、透とおる堡镇、马鼻镇、官かん坂ざか镇、坑あな园镇、下しも宫乡、筱埕镇、安やす凯乡、黄き岐镇、苔こけ菉镇。
  18. ^ "CURRENT INTELLIFENCE BULLETIN". Office of Current Intelligence, CIA. 5 May 1955. p. 9. HUANGCHI
  19. ^ Wu, J., & Chen, Y. (2012). The Effect of Historical Tone Categories on Tone Sandhi in Lianjiang. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Conference of the IACL, Hongkong.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271849974_The_Effect_of_Historical_Tone_Categories_on_Tone_Sandhi_in_Lianjiang
  20. ^ a b c Wu, J., & Chen, Y. (in prep.) Lianjiang.
  21. ^ 冯爱珍めずらし, & 李り荣. (Eds.). (1998) 福ふく州しゅう方言ほうげん词典. 江こう苏教育きょういく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 7-5343-3421-7
  22. ^ "连江站高铁列车查询_【高こう铁网】_连江站时刻こく表ひょう票ひょう价_【连江站】_地ち址し公おおやけ交电话_网上订票". www.gaotie.cn. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  23. ^ "福ふく州しゅう市中しちゅう小学生しょうがくせい道德どうとく规范基本きほん要求ようきゅう". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
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