Talpidae is one of the four families of small mammals in the order Eulipotyphla. A member of this family is called a talpid and the family includes moles, shrew moles, and desmans. Talpids are found in North America, Europe, and Asia, primarily in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and wetlands, though some species can also be found in deserts or coastal areas. They range in size from the Chinese shrew mole, at 6 cm (2 in) plus a 5 cm (2 in) tail, to the Russian desman, at 22 cm (9 in) plus a 22 cm (9 in) tail. Talpids primarily eat earthworms, insects, and other invertebrates, but some also consume fish, mollusks, amphibians, crustaceans, plants, and fungi. No talpids have population estimates, but the Pyrenean desman and Echigo mole are categorized as endangered species, while the Russian desman is categorized as critically endangered.
The forty-five extant species of Talpidae are divided into three subfamilies: Scalopinae, containing seven mole species in five genera, Talpinae, containing thirty-three mole, shrew mole, and desman species in eleven genera, and Uropsilinae, containing four shrew mole species in a single genus. A few extinct prehistoric Talpidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]
Conventions
edit| Conservation status | |
|---|---|
| EX | Extinct (0 species) |
| EW | Extinct in the wild (0 species) |
| CR | Critically Endangered (1 species) |
| EN | Endangered (2 species) |
| VU | Vulnerable (1 species) |
| NT | Near threatened (1 species) |
| LC | Least concern (35 species) |
| Other categories | |
| DD | Data deficient (4 species) |
| NE | Not evaluated (0 species) |
Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the talpid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.
Classification
editThe family Talpidae consists of three subfamilies: Scalopinae, containing seven mole species in five genera, Talpinae, containing thirty-three mole, shrew mole, and desman species in eleven genera, and Uropsilinae, containing four shrew mole species in a single genus.
Family Talpidae
- Subfamily Scalopinae
- Genus Condylura (star-nosed mole): one species
- Genus Parascalops (hairy-tailed mole): one species
- Genus Scalopus (eastern mole): one species
- Genus Scapanulus (Gansu mole): one species
- Genus Scapanus (western moles): three species
- Subfamily Talpinae
- Genus Desmana (Russian desman): one species
- Genus Dymecodon (True's shrew mole): one species
- Genus Euroscaptor (Asiatic moles): seven species
- Genus Galemys (Pyrenean desman): one species
- Genus Mogera (East Asian moles): seven species
- Genus Neurotrichus (American shrew mole): one species
- Genus Parascaptor (white-tailed mole): one species
- Genus Scaptochirus (short-faced mole): one species
- Genus Scaptonyx (long-tailed mole): one species
- Genus Talpa (European moles): eleven species
- Genus Urotrichus (Japanese shrew mole): one species
- Subfamily Uropsilinae
- Genus Uropsilus (shrew-like moles): four species
Talpids
editThe following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[3]
Subfamily Scalopinae
edit| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Star-nosed mole
|
C. cristata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Eastern United States and Canada
|
Size: 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 5–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[4] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands[5] Diet: Aquatic invertebrates, as well as other invertebrates, crustaceans, mollusks and small fish[6] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hairy-tailed mole
|
P. breweri (Bachman, 1842) |
Eastern United States and Canada
|
Size: 13–18 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail[7] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[8] Diet: Insects, as well as other invertebrates[7] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eastern mole
|
S. aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Four subspecies
|
Eastern and central North America
|
Size: 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[9] Habitat: Forest and grassland[10] Diet: Insects and earthworms, as well as plants[9] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gansu mole
|
S. oweni Thomas, 1912 |
Central China
|
Size: 9–11 cm (4 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[11] Habitat: Forest[12] Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[11] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coast mole
|
S. orarius (True, 1896) Two subspecies
|
Western United States and Canada
|
Size: 13–19 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[13] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and coastal marine[14] Diet: Earthworms, as well as other invertebrates, mollusks, plants, and fungi[13] |
LC
|
| Northern broad-footed mole
|
S. latimanus (Bachman, 1842) Six subspecies
|
Western United States and Mexico
|
Size: 11–19 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 2–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[4] Habitat: Grassland, savanna, and forest[15] Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[4] |
LC
|
| Townsend's mole
|
S. townsendii (Bachman, 1839) |
Western United States and Canada
|
Size: 11–19 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 2–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[4] Habitat: Forest and grassland[16] Diet: Earthworms, as well as other invertebrates and plants[17] |
LC
|
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Subfamily Talpinae
edit| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian desman
|
D. moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Western and central Asia
|
Size: 18–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 17–22 cm (7–9 in) tail[18] Habitat: Inland wetlands[19] Diet: Fish, mollusks, amphibians, crustaceans, and insects[18] |
CR
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| True's shrew mole
|
D. pilirostris (True, 1886) |
Japan
|
Size: 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[20] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[21] Diet: Worms, insects, and other invertebrates[20] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greater Chinese mole
|
E. grandis Miller, 1940 |
Southern China
|
Size: About 15 cm (6 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail[22] Habitat: Forest[23] Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] |
LC
|
| Himalayan mole
|
E. micrura (Hodgson, 1841) |
Southern Asia
|
Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 5–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[22] Habitat: Forest[25] Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] |
LC
|
| Japanese mountain mole
|
E. mizura (Günther, 1880) |
Japan
|
Size: About 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail[24] Habitat: Forest and grassland[26] Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] |
LC
|
| Kloss's mole
|
E. klossi (Thomas, 1929) |
Southeastern Asia
|
Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 11–17 cm (4–7 in) tail[22] Habitat: Forest[27] Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] |
LC
|
| Long-nosed mole
|
E. longirostris (A. Milne-Edwards, 1870) |
Southeastern China
|
Size: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[22] Habitat: Forest[28] Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] |
LC
|
| Small-toothed mole
|
E. parvidens Miller, 1940 |
Southeastern Asia
|
Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail[22] Habitat: Forest[29] Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] |
DD
|
| Vietnamese mole
|
E. subanura Kawada, Son, & Can, 2012 |
Northern Vietnam
|
Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2–2 in) tail[30] Habitat: Forest[31] Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pyrenean desman
|
G. pyrenaicus (Geoffroy, 1811) Two subspecies
|
Iberian Peninsula
|
Size: 11–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[32] Habitat: Inland wetlands[33] Diet: Insects and crustaceans[34] |
EN
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echigo mole
|
M. etigo Yoshiyuki & Imaizumi, 1991 |
Central Japan
|
Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail[35] Habitat: Grassland[36] Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] |
EN
|
| Insular mole
|
M. insularis Swinhoe, 1863 Three subspecies
|
Eastern China, Hainan Island, and Taiwan
|
Size: 8–14 cm (3–6 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[24] Habitat: Forest[37] Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] |
LC
|
| Japanese mole
|
M. wogura (Temminck, 1842) |
Southern Japan
|
Size: 12–18 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[35] Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and forest[38] Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] |
LC
|
| Sado mole
|
M. tokudae Kuroda, 1940 |
Sado Island, Japan
|
Size: 13–17 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail[35] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[39] Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] |
NT
|
| Senkaku mole
|
M. uchidai Abe, Shiraishi, & Arai, 1991 |
Senkaku Islands
|
Size: About 13 cm (5 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail[24] Habitat: Grassland[40] Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] |
VU
|
| Small Japanese mole
|
M. imaizumii Kuroda, 1957 |
Japan
|
Size: 10–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[35] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[41] Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] |
LC
|
| Ussuri mole
|
M. robusta Nehring, 1891 |
Eastern Asia
|
Size: 14–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus about 2 cm (1 in) tail[24] Habitat: Forest[42] Diet: Earthworms, caterpillars and insects[42] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| American shrew mole
|
N. gibbsii (Baird, 1858) |
Western North America
|
Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[43] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[44] Diet: Earthworms, insects, other invertebrates, fungi, and seeds[45] |
LC
|
.jpeg)
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White-tailed mole
|
P. leucura (Blyth, 1850) |
Eastern Asia
|
Size: 11–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[20] Habitat: Forest[46] Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[20] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short-faced mole
|
S. moschatus H. Milne-Edwards, 1867 |
Northern China
|
Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[47] Habitat: Desert and grassland[48] Diet: Arthropod larvae[48] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long-tailed mole
|
S. fusicaudus H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 |
Eastern Asia
|
Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail[49] Habitat: Forest[50] Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[49] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altai mole
|
T. altaica Nikolsky, 1833 |
Northern Asia
|
Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51] Habitat: Forest[52] Diet: Earthworms, as well as insects[52] |
LC
|
| Balkan mole
|
T. stankovici Martino & Martino, 1931 |
Balkans in Europe
|
Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51] Habitat: Coastal marine[53] Diet: Worms and insects[51] |
LC
|
| Blind mole
|
T. caeca Savi, 1822 |
Southern Europe
|
Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51] Habitat: Forest and grassland[54] Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[54] |
LC
|
| Caucasian mole
|
T. caucasica Satunin, 1908 |
Caucasus Mountains in Russia and Georgia
|
Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51] Habitat: Forest and grassland[55] Diet: Earthworms, as well as insects[55] |
LC
|
| European mole
|
T. europaea Linnaeus, 1758 |
Europe and western Asia
|
Size: 11–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[56] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[57] Diet: Earthworms and insects[56] |
LC
|
| Levant mole
|
T. levantis Thomas, 1906 |
Caucasus and Northern Turkey
|
Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51] Habitat: Forest and grassland[58] Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[58] |
LC
|
| Ognev's mole
|
T. ognevi Stroganov, 1948 |
Georgia and northeastern Turkey
|
Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51] Habitat: Forest and grassland[59] Diet: Worms and insects[51] |
LC
|
| Père David's mole
|
T. davidiana (H. Milne-Edwards, 1884) |
Turkey and northwestern Iran
|
Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51] Habitat: Grassland[60] Diet: Worms and insects[60] |
DD
|
| Roman mole
|
T. romana Thomas, 1902 |
Southern Italy
|
Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51] Habitat: Forest[61] Diet: Earthworms[61] |
LC
|
| Spanish mole
|
T. occidentalis A. Cabrera, 1907 |
Spain and Portugal
|
Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[62] Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[62] |
LC
|
| Talysch mole
|
T. talyschensis Vereshchagin, 1945 |
Southern Azerbaijan and northern Iran
|
Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[63] Diet: Worms and insects[51] |
LC
|
.jpg)
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese shrew mole
|
U. talpoides Temminck, 1841 |
Japan
|
Size: 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[20] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[64] Diet: Insects, spiders, worms, and other invertebrates[20] |
LC
|
Subfamily Uropsilinae
edit| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson's shrew mole
|
U. andersoni (Thomas, 1911) |
Central China
|
Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[65] Habitat: Unknown[66] Diet: Invertebrates[65] |
DD
|
| Chinese shrew mole
|
U. soricipes A. Milne-Edwards, 1871 |
Central China
|
Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[67] Habitat: Forest[68] Diet: Invertebrates[65] |
LC
|
| Gracile shrew mole
|
U. gracilis (Thomas, 1911) |
Southern China and northern Myanmar
|
Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[65] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[69] Diet: Invertebrates[65] |
LC
|
| Inquisitive shrew mole
|
U. investigator (Thomas, 1922) |
Southern China
|
Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[67] Habitat: Forest and grassland[70] Diet: Invertebrates[65] |
DD
|
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