The Never Summer Wilderness is a U.S. Wilderness Area located immediately west of Rocky Mountain National Park in the Never Summer Mountains of Arapaho National Forest in northern Colorado. It encompasses an area of 21,090 acres (32.95 square miles) and includes both forest and alpine tundra, with a minimum elevation of 8,900 feet.[2] It is part of the Sulphur Ranger District.[4]
| Never Summer Wilderness | |
|---|---|
 | |
  | |
| Location | Grand County / Jackson County, Colorado, USA |
| Nearest city | Grand Lake, CO |
| Coordinates | 40°24′9″N 105°54′53″W / 40.40250°N 105.91472°W[1] |
| Area | 21,090 acres (85.3 km2)[2] |
| Established | 1980[2][3] |
| Governing body | U.S. Forest Service |
Geographical Features
editThe eastern boundary of the wilderness is shared with Rocky Mountain National Park and runs partly along the Continental Divide.[5][6] This boundary includes eight mountains with elevations above 12,000 feet (3,700 m): Tepee Mountain, Lead Mountain, Mount Cirrus, Howard Mountain, Mount Cumulus, Mount Nimbus, Mount Stratus, and Baker Mountain.[5][6] Of these, Howard Mountain is the tallest, with an elevation of 12,806–12,810 feet (3,903–3,904 m).[7][5]
The Never Summer Wilderness receives large amounts of rain and snow, and runoff from this area provides water to the Colorado River, the North Platte, and the Cache la Poudre.[2] Other water features include the South Fork Michigan River[8] and several lakes, including Bowen Lake, Blue Lake, Ruby Lake, and Parika Lake.[9][8]
The area includes ravines rising above 10,000 feet, most notably Bowen Gulch. Because the ravine acts as a moisture trap, trees in Bowen Gulch are able to grow much larger than they normally would at high elevation. Consequently, Bowen Gulch is home to old-growth spruce and fir trees that are estimated to be 600 years old and measure up to four feet in diameter.[2][10]
Flora and Fauna
editThe area is forested by spruce, fir, and lodgepole pine. Swampy areas in the wilderness are home to bog bean.[2]
Wildlife in the Never Summer Wilderness includes moose,[2] which were reintroduced in the 1970s and '80s.[11] Wood frogs and pygmy shrew (subspecies Sorex hoyi montanus) inhabit ponds and bogs in the area.[2][12] Several lakes and streams provide habitat for trout.[2]
History
editThe Never Summer Wilderness was created under the 1980 Colorado Wilderness Act, originally designated as a 14,100 acre area along the main ridge of the Never Summer Mountains.[2][3][13]
In 1988, the adjacent Bowen Gulch area was acquired by Louisiana-Pacific Corporation for logging.[10] Clear-cutting operations targeting the old-growth forest in Bowen Gulch caused protests and eco-terrorism (specifically tree spiking) by the environmentalist group Earth First!, and spurred public outcry. Colorado Senator Tim Wirth received over 1,000 letters asking to protect Bowen Gulch.[14][15]
The pushback from the public successfully halted the logging operation, with Louisiana-Pacific Corp. reaching a deal with the U.S. Forest Service in 1990 to preserve the ancient forest.[15] That same year, Colorado House Representative David Skaggs proposed a bill to designate 9,960 acres of the Bowen Gulch area as part of the existing Never Summer Wilderness.[16] A version of the bill was passed in 1993, adding 6,990 acres around Bowen Gulch to the Never Summer Wilderness and designating 11,600 acres of adjacent forest as a "protection area" where motor vehicles would be allowed only on existing roads and trails.[17] This expansion made the Never Summer Wilderness the size it is today (21,090 acres).[2]
References
edit- ^ "Never Summer Wilderness" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Never Summer Wilderness". U.S. Forest Service. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ a b H.R.5487 - Colorado National Forest Wilderness Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-560). 96th U.S. Congress. December 22, 1980. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024.
- ^ "Wilderness areas". U.S. Forest Service. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Official Map of Rocky Mountain National Park". US National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024. (This map is linked on the National Park Service's RMNP Brochures page.)
- ^ a b "Interactive Visitor Map". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ "Feature Details: Howard Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ a b "Mount Richthofen" (PDF). FSTopo. U.S. Forest Service. February 14, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ "Bowen Mountain" (PDF). FSTopo. U.S. Forest Service. February 14, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ a b "Visit the splendor of the Never Summer Wilderness". Estes Park Trail Gazette. August 16, 2010. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ "All Things Moose". GoGrandLake. Grand Lake Chamber of Commerce. 18 May 2020. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ Gary P. Beauvais; Jacob McCumber (November 30, 2006). Pygmy Shrew (Sorex hoyi): a technical conservation assessment (PDF) (Report). U.S. Forest Service. pp. 3, 12, 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 28, 2023.
- ^ Jack Cox (August 9, 1981). "Colo. Wilderness Act Protects Select Sites". Denver Post. p. 31 – via NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current.
- ^ Mark Harden (August 15, 1989). "'Tree sitters' protest logging". Denver Post. p. 13 – via NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current.
- ^ a b Paul Hutchinson (July 22, 1990). "Cutters agree to save forest in Bowen Gulch". Denver Post. p. 50 – via NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current.
- ^ "Skaggs offers bill to protect Bowen-Gulch trees". Denver Post. October 4, 1990. p. 23 – via NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current.
- ^ "Wilderness Areas; Senate OKs Colorado wilderness package". Denver Post. August 5, 1993. p. 15 – via NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current.
