Ningxiang (simplified Chinese: 宁乡
Ningxiang
宁乡 Ningsiang; Ninghsiang | |
---|---|
Motto: | |
Coordinates (Ningxiang government): 28°16′41″N 112°33′07″E / 28.278°N 112.552°E | |
Country | People's Republic of China |
Province | Hunan |
Prefecture-level city | Changsha |
Established | 627 (TangZhenguan) |
Seat | Yutan |
Township-level divisions | 4 subdistricts, 21 towns, 8 townships, and 1 district |
Government | |
• Communist Party Secretary | Yu Xinfan (于新凡) |
• Chairman of Ningxiang People's Congress | He Yinghui (贺应辉)[2] |
• Mayor | Fu Xuming ( |
• Chairman of CPPCC Ningxiang Committee | Deng Jieping (邓杰 |
Area | |
• Total | 2,906 km2 (1,122 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 884 m (2,900 ft) |
Lowest elevation | 127.2 m (417.3 ft) |
Population (August 2012) | |
• Total | 1,368,117[1] |
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
Postal code | 410600 |
Area code | (0)731 |
Website | www |
The most famous historic resident was Liu Shaoqi, who lived in Ningxiang from 1898 until 1920, before he went to Beijing as President.
The city is famous for its tourism as the home of attractions like He Shuheng's Former Residence, Xie Juezai's Former Residence, Liu Shaoqi's Former Residence, Baiyun Temple, Miyin Temple, and Puji Temple.
Archeology
editNingxiang was a site of spectacular Shang archaeological finds[5]
In 2004, a Chinese team excavated ruins from the Western Zhou period (11th century-771BC) at Tanheli. The findings were of a city site that included two large yellow earth artificial building sites and two even larger sites that may have been palace dwellings. Remnants of moats were found both inside and outside the city. In the highlands outside the city were excavated seven small tombs for nobles and lords which contained many bronze culture implements as well as those made of jade. The site was listed in Beijing as one of the top ten archeological discoveries of 2004.[6]
Bronze Square Ding with Human Faces: a ding vessel decorated with human face. It is a bronze vessel of the later Shang Dynasty and unearthed at Zhaizishan, Huangcai Town, Ningxiang County in 1959. It is displayed at the Hunan Provincial Museum. |
Siyangfangzun or Four-goat Square Zun: a zun vessel of the later Shang Dynasty and Unearthed at Zhuanerlun hillside (转耳仑山 |
History
editHuman habitation in Ningxiang dates back to ancient times. The earliest archaeological remains so far unearthed are the Four-goat Square Zun and Dahe Renmianwen Square Ding from Tanheli site at Huangcai Town, dating back to the late Shang dynasty (11th–10th century BC).
In the Warring States (475–221 BC) period, Ningxiang was under the jurisdiction of Qianzhongjun (黔中
After conquering all the states, Emperor Qin Shi Huang implemented the system of prefectures and counties in 221 BC. Ningxiang belonged to Changshajun (长沙
In the Han dynasty (202 BC–220 AD), Ningxiang was under the jurisdiction of Yiyang County and Xiangyin County.[7]
In the Three Kingdoms period (220–280), king of Wu State (222–280), Sun Quan, seized Jingzhou, Ningxiang came under the jurisdiction of Wu State. In 257, the imperial court set up the Xinkang County, and Changqiao (now Hengshi) became the seat of the county administration.[7]
In the Tang dynasty (618–907), the imperial court established a granary in today's Laoliangcang Town. Buddhism was introduced into Ningxiang some time in the 9th century. According to Wu Deng Hui Yuan (《
In the 2nd year of Tiancheng Period (927) of the Later Tang dynasty (923–936), the King of Chu, Ma Yin, founded the Chu Kingdom (927–963). He set up three counties of Yiyang, Changsha and Xiangxiang in Ningxiang area. Xinkangyi (
In the Song dynasty (960–1279), Yi Fu, the first Ningxiang people won the title of "wenzhuangyuan" (
In the early Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Ningxiang came under the jurisdiction of Tanzhou (潭州), and then under the jurisdiction of Tanzhoulu (潭州
In June of the 5th year of Hongwu Period (1372) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Tanzhou was renamed as Changshafu (长沙
In the 4th year of Shunzhi Period (1647) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), Gao Shijun (
In 1922, Ningxiang belonged to Hunan province.[7]
On June 18, 1944, Changsha was captured by the Imperial Japanese Army. The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Ningxiang from Yiyang and Qiaokou (乔口), a battalion of 58th Division of 74th Army of the Chinese Nationalist Army held the Wei River bank, they blazed away at the enemy until the supplies were exhausted. They fought hand to hand with the enemy, but they were practically wiped out in the battle, known as the "Battle of Hill of Du Family" (
On February 9, 1949, Jiang Yaxun (
After the establishment of the Communist State in October 1949, Ningxiang was under the jurisdiction of Yiyang Zhuanqu (
In 2017, Ningxiang was upgraded to a county-level city.[8][9]
Administrative division
editAccording to the result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Ningxiang county on November 19, 2015,[4][10] Fengmuqiao township and Xieleqiao town merged to Huitang town, Nantianping township merged to Batang town, Zhuliangqiao township merged to Shuangjiangkou town, Ningxiang county has 4 townships, 21 towns and 4 subdistricts under its jurisdiction.
Name | Chinese character | Population (2005) | Area (Km2) | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
Qingshanqiao | 49,000 | 71.8 | ||
Liushahe | 69,000 | 140.57 | ||
Yutan Subdistrict | 200,000 | 20 | ||
Daolin | 56,000 | 135 | ||
Huaminglou | 51,000 | 112.4 | ||
Donghutang | 东湖塘镇 | 47,000 | 138 | |
Xiaduopu | 37,000 | 103.4 | ||
Xieleqiao | 偕乐桥镇 | 21,000 | 72.5 | |
Shuangfupu | 47,000 | 62.9 | ||
Meitanba | 53,000 | 73.4 | ||
Batang | 坝塘镇 | 41,000 | 107 | |
Huitang | 23,000 | 43 | ||
Shuangjiangkou | 38,000 | 89.5 | ||
Laoliangcang | 63,000 | 121.8 | ||
Xiangzikou | 42,000 | 105.8 | ||
Longtian | 龙田镇 | 21,000 | 72.5 | |
Hengshi | 50,000 | 123 | ||
Huilongpu | 37,000 | 71.8 | ||
Huangcai | 62,000 | 220 | ||
Jinzhou | 31,000 | 62.1 | ||
Dachengqiao | 43,000 | 106.2 | ||
Zhuliangqiao Township | 33,000 | 82.72 | ||
Jinghuapu Township | 菁华铺乡 | 32,000 | 65.8 | |
Nantianping Township | 27,000 | 64 | ||
Zifu | 资福镇 | 38,000 | 87.4 | |
Fengmuqiao Township | 枫木桥乡 | 38,000 | 72.6 | |
Yujia'ao Township | 喻家坳乡 | 39,000 | 96.85 | |
Shatian Township | 34,000 | 74.22 | ||
Baimaqiao Subdistrict | 50,000 | 22.8 | ||
Lijingpu Subdistrict | 历经铺街 |
34,000 | 35 | |
Chengjiao Subdistrict | 50,000 | 22.8 | ||
Weishan Township | 沩山乡 | 14,000 | 42.8 |
Geography
editNingxiang County is located in the middle of Hunan province. The county has a total area of 2,903.52 square kilometres (1,121.06 sq mi). The county is bordered by Wangcheng District, to the east, Xiangtan County, to the Southeast, Shaoshan, Xiangxiang, Lianyuan, and Loudi, to the south, Anhua County, to the west, Taojiang County and Yiyang, to the North.
Climate
editNingxiang County is in the monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate zone and exhibits four distinct seasons. Spring and fall are warm, while winter is chilly with cold winds. Winter temperatures average around 5 °C (41 °F). Summers are very hot and dry with a July daily average of 29 °C (84 °F).
Climate data for Ningxiang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
32.8 (91.0) |
35.7 (96.3) |
35.7 (96.3) |
37.6 (99.7) |
39.6 (103.3) |
41.2 (106.2) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.2 (95.4) |
31.6 (88.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
41.2 (106.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
26.8 (80.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.6 (90.7) |
28.3 (82.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
17.3 (63.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.7 (53.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.9 (78.6) |
29.2 (84.6) |
28.3 (82.9) |
23.9 (75.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
8.7 (47.7) |
14.4 (57.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.2 (77.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
14.4 (58.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.6 (18.3) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.1 (35.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 75.8 (2.98) |
88.0 (3.46) |
155.8 (6.13) |
178.4 (7.02) |
202.4 (7.97) |
218.6 (8.61) |
165.4 (6.51) |
117.5 (4.63) |
86.1 (3.39) |
66.0 (2.60) |
78.3 (3.08) |
54.6 (2.15) |
1,486.9 (58.53) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.6 | 14.2 | 17.3 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 14.4 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 9.8 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 11.4 | 155.3 |
Average snowy days | 5.1 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 10.7 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 79 | 80 | 78 | 78 | 80 | 74 | 76 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 78 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 72.9 | 73.5 | 91.3 | 124.6 | 148.9 | 153.2 | 234.8 | 211.8 | 158.6 | 137.1 | 118.6 | 105.0 | 1,630.3 |
Percent possible sunshine | 22 | 23 | 24 | 32 | 35 | 37 | 56 | 53 | 43 | 39 | 37 | 33 | 36 |
Source: China Meteorological Administration[11][12] |
Rivers
editThe Wei River flows through Ningxiang County and has seven major tributaries: Huangjuan River, Duan River, Mei River, Tiechong River, Yutang River, Chu River and Wu River.
The Jin River flows through Ningxiang County to Xiangtan, is one of the largest tributaries of the Xiang River.
Lakes and reservoirs
editThe Huangcai Reservoir, also known as "Qingyang Lake", is a large reservoir located in the northwestern part of Ningxiang County. It is the largest body of water in Ningxiang County and the largest reservoir in Ningxiang County.
The Tianping Reservoir, also known as "Qingshan Lake", is a large reservoir located in the western part of Ningxiang County. It is the second largest body of water in Ningxiang County and the second largest reservoir in Ningxiang County.
Mountains
editThe highest natural elevation in Ningxiang County is 1071m at Wazizhai (
Government
editThe current CPC Party Secretary of Ningxiang is Yu Xinfan and the current Mayor is Fu Xuming. He Yinghui is the Chairmen of Ningxiang People's Congress, which is the equal of Head of Parliament. The Chairmen of CPPCC Ningxiang Committee is Deng Jieping.[13]
Economy
editNingxiang is one of the most developed counties in Hunan, it ranked the 18th in the Top100 of counties and county-level cities of China by comprehensive strength in 2020.[14] It is one of the best developed manufacturing counties and county-level cities in the province, the manufacturing industry is its economic pillar. Ningxiang's economic engines are food and beverage, Advanced equipment manufacturing, new materials, modern services industry, machinery manufacture and clothing. For example, of 2015, the gross domestic product of Ningxiang County was CN¥100.22 billion (US$16.09 billion), Of this total, the value added of the manufacturing industry was CN¥61.31 billion (US$9.84 billion), shares 61.18 percentage of its GDP.[15]
Ningxiang County has a variety of industries, such as the Wangbuliao Clothing, Sundance Clothing, Tsingtao Brewery, Jiajia Food , and Sany. The county's manufacturing products include paper, technological equipment, automobiles, food, clothing and other goods. The service sector of the county's economy includes things like banking, health care, construction, communications, education, tourism and government. Tourism comprises a large part of Ningxiang County's economy, with 20 million visitors spending ¥2 billion in 2014.
According to preliminary accounting of the statistical authority, the gross domestic product of Ningxiang City in 2017 was 122,445 million yuan (18,135 million US dollars), up by 10.3 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the value added of the primary industry was 12,382 million yuan (1,834 million US dollars), up by 3.9 percent, that of the secondary industry was 80,666 million yuan (11,947 million US dollars), up by 10.6 percent and that of the tertiary industry was 29,397 million yuan (4,354 million US dollars), up by 12.5 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 10.11 percent of the GDP; that of the secondary industry accounted for 65.88 percent; and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 24.01 percent. The per capita GDP in 2017 was 96,118 yuan (14,236 US dollars).[16]
Development zone
editThe Ningxiang Economic and Technological Development Zone (NETZ) consists of parts of Chengjiao, Shuangjiangkou and Jinghuapu of Ningxiang County. It was created on 10 January 1998 and upgraded to an ETZ at state level On 11 November 2010. The main industries in the zone consists of Food and Drink, Advanced Material, advanced equipment manufacturing, health product and cosmetics. As of 2016, its builtup area covers 25 km2 (9.7 sq mi), the total gross output of scale-sized industries hits 97.07 billion yuan (US$14.61 billion).[17]
Demographics
editPopulation
editAs of 2012, the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China estimates the county's population now to be 1,368,117.
Language
editMandarin is the official language. The local people speak both Changsha dialect and Ningxiang dialect .
Religion
editThe county government supports all religions. As of 2015, the majority of people in Ningxiang are atheists. Of those who are religious, most follow Chinese folk religion. Only 3% of Ningxiang people are Buddhists, 1% are Taoists, and 1% are Roman Catholics or Protestants.
Education
editNingxiang County has its own laws regulating education. The county government require young people to attend school. The age limits vary: six to fifteen. Every child in the county is guaranteed up to 9 years of education (Chinese:
Ningxiang County's students pass through several levels of schooling, and thus, several curricula, on their way to a high school diploma. They attend:
- Elementary School. The Elementary School usually means grade 1 through 6. And grades 7, 8, and 9 make up what is called an "Elementary Middle School". Ningxiang County has more than 200 public schools and more than 100 public middle schools. Almost every elementary school provides instruction in these subjects: Chinese language (it includes reading, grammar, composition, and literature), English language, mathematics, science, history, geography, biology, ideological and political, computer, art, music, and physical education.
- Secondary School. The Secondary School generally means grade 10-12. These grades are popularly called "High School". Secondary schools offer these subjects: Chinese language, English language, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, political, computer, and physical education. Ningxiang County has 16 public high schools.
Transportation
editRail
editThe Luoyang–Zhanjiang Railway, more commonly known as "Luzan Railway", from Luoyang City, Henan Province to Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, through Ningxiang.[18]
The Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway passes through the southeastern Ningxiang's Datunying Town and Daolin Town.[18]
The Shimen–Changsha railway passes across the northeastern Ningxiang's Jinzhou Town and Chengjiao Subdistrict.[18]
Expressway
editThe G5513 Changsha–Zhangjiajie Expressway runs west to east through Chengjiao Subdistrict and Jinzhou Town.[18]
The S71 Yiyang–Loudi–Hengyang Expressway, also popularly known as "Yilouheng Expressway", runs north-south through western Ningxiang, passing through the towns of Qingshanqiao, Liushahe, Laoliangcang, Hengshi, Yujia'ao to Yiyang connects to S50 Changsha–Shaoshan–Loudi Expressway at Fanjiang Town of Xiangxiang.[18]
The S50 Changsha–Shaoshan–Loudi Expressway, locally known as "Changshaolou Expressway", travels through the southern Ningxiang, leading eastwards to Yuelu District of Changsha and westwards to Louxing District of Loudi.[18]
The Shaoshan Expressway passes north through Datunying Town and connects to S50 Changsha–Shaoshan–Loudi Expressway at Huaminglou Town.[18]
National Highway
editThe National Highway G319, commonly abbreviated as "G319", is a northwest-southeast highway passing through the city’s downtown, commercial, and industrial districts in the eastern part of the city.[18]
Provincial Highway
editThe Provincial Highway S206 passes through the northern Ningxiang's Jinghuapu Township and Meitanba Town.[18]
The Provincial Highway S208 runs north to south through the eastern Ningxiang's Lijingpu Subdistrict, Xiaduopu Town, Batang Town, Donghutang Town, and Datunying Town.[18]
The Provincial Highway S209 is a major northeast-southwest highway that runs through many of towns and subdistricts in Ningxiang, such as Yutan Subdistrict, Baimaqiao Subdistrict, Huilongpu Town, Dachengqiao Town, Shuangfupu Town, Hengshi Town, Laoliangcang Town, Liushahe Town, and Qingshanqiao Town.[18]
The Provincial Highway S311, runs southeast to northwest through southwestern Ningxiang, and is connected to Provincial Highway S209 at Qingshanqiao Town.[18]
Culture
editNingxiang has four famous characteristic cultures. They are:
- Huaguxi(
花 鼓 戏) - Weiguzixi(围鼓
子 戏) - GuanyindianExi(观音
殿 额戏) - Gushihui(
故事 会 )
Tourism
editNingxiang County's most visited Buddhist temple is Miyin Temple, which was built in Tang dynasty (618–907) in Weishan Township, the county is also known for Puji Temple and Shangliu Temple in Qingshanqiao Town, and Baiyun Temple in Huilong Mountain.
Huitang Hot Spring is a popular attraction.
Former Residence of Liu Shaoqi, Former Residence of Xie Juezai and Former Residence of He Shuheng are well known tourist spots.
Notable people
editNingxiang County is the birthplace of:
- Gan Siqi - one of only 57 generals bestowed the honour of being a "founding general" of the People's Republic of China.
- He Shuheng - a proletarian revolutionary in modern China.
- Huang Yali - a pop singer who earned sixth place in the 2006 Super Girl contest.
- Ray Huang - a historian and philosopher best known in his later years for the idea of macro-history.
- Li Zehou - a scholar of philosophy and intellectual history who currently resides in the United States.
- Liu Shaoqi - a former president of the People's Republic of China. His former residence is now a museum.
- Liu Yuan - one of sons of Liu Shaoqi, a general and the political commissar of the People's Liberation Army General Logistics Department.
- Lu Diping - a military general and politician.
- Lu Li - a gymnast best known for her gold medal on the uneven bars in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
- Qi Xueqi - a famous Anti-Japanese commander of the Kuomintang (KMT).
- Tang Sulan - a writer and politician.
- Tao Zhiyue - a Kuomintang general during the Second Anti-Japanese War.
- Tong Enzheng - an archaeologist, historian, designer, and science fiction author.
- Xiang Zhejun - a jurist and prosecutor at International Military Tribunal for the Far East.
- Xie Juezai - former Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.
- Xie Fei - son of Xue Juezai, a world-recognized Chinese film director.
- Ye Xiaowen - former director of the State Administration for Religious Affairs
- Zhou Guangzhao - former President of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
- Zhou Shuguang - a blogger and citizen journalist best known for traveling around China to document injustice done to citizens.
Footnotes
edit- ^ 宁乡县第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报. Ningxiang Government (in Chinese). 2012-08-30. Archived from the original on 2015-04-11. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
- ^ 宁乡县
十 六届人大四次会议开幕. Red.net. Changsha. 2015-01-14. - ^ a b 长沙统计
年 鉴2015 (in Chinese (China)). Changsha Bureau of Statistics. - ^ a b 《长沙
市 人民 政府 关于调整望 城 区 部分 乡镇区 划的通知 》. changshamca.gov (in Chinese (China)). 2015-11-27. Archived from the original on 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2017-01-05., 《湖南 省 民政 厅关于同意 长沙市 望 城 区 乡镇区 划调整 方案 的 批复》(湘民行 发〔2015〕39号 ). rednet (in Chinese (China)). 2015-11-19., also see: 《长沙正式 对有关区县市下 发通知 调整乡镇行政 区 划》. rednet (in Chinese (China)). 2015-12-03. - ^ Cambridge History of Ancient China, 1999:209
- ^ "Ruins from the Western Zhou Period, Tanheli, Ningxiang County, Hunan Province". www.china.org. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Huang Haichao; Jiang Hongzhao (2002). 宁乡
史 地 [History and geography of Ningxiang] (in Chinese). Hainan: Nanfang Publishing House. ISBN 7-80660-538-X. - ^
重 磅!国 务院批准 宁乡撤县改 市 !. iFeng (in Chinese). 2017-04-12. - ^ Kuang Chunlin (2017-04-13).
国 务院批准 宁乡撤县设市由 湖南 省 直 辖长沙 市代 管 . rednet (in Chinese). - ^ 《
湖南 省 民政 厅关于同意 宁乡县乡镇区划调整 方案 的 批复》(湘民行 发〔2015〕40号 ). rednet (in Chinese (China)). 2015-12-04. also see: 《长沙昨日 下 发通知 调整乡镇行政 区 划合 并乡镇20个》. rednet (in Chinese (China)). 2015-12-03. - ^
中国 气象数 据 网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 11 June 2023. - ^
中国 气象数 据 网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023. - ^ "
市 委 理 论学习中心 组(扩大)开展2023年 第 13次 集 体 学 习深入 学 习领会 习近平 总书记重要 论述 统筹兼 顾全力 推进现代化 新 宁乡建 设" [en:Municipal Party Committee Theoretical Study Center Group (Enlarged) carries out the 13th collective study in 2023 In-depth study and comprehension of the important exposition of General Secretary Xi Jinping to promote the construction of modernized new Ningxiang with full force in a comprehensive manner.]. NXCITY. 2023-11-21. Retrieved 2024-03-18. - ^ Wang Jingdong (
王 敬 东), ed. (10 May 2020). 百强县榜单来了!看 不 懂,这个经济大 省 竟只有 三 席 . CCTV.COM (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 July 2020. - ^ 宁乡县2015
年 国民 经济和 社会 发展统计公 报 (in Chinese (China)). Ningxiang People's Government. - ^ According to 宁乡
市 2017年 国民 经济和 社会 发展统计公 报 see hntj.gov (2018-04-02) or changsha.gov (2018-04-03) - ^ About Ningxiang ETZ - 宁乡经济
技 术开发区 (in Chinese (China)). Ningxiang Economic and Technological Development Zone. - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Zhang Hong, ed. (2018). "Ningxiang" 《宁乡
市 》. 《中国 分 省 系列 地 图册:湖南 》 [Maps of Provinces in China: Hunan] (in Chinese). Xicheng District, Beijing: SinoMaps Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-7-5031-8949-4.