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Northam, Western Australia - Wikipedia
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Northam, Western Australia

Northam is a town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, situated at the confluence of the Avon and Mortlock Rivers. It is the largest town and regional centre in the Avon Valley region of the Central Wheatbelt. It is located approximately 97 kilometres (60 miles) north east of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia. At the time of the 2021 census, Northam had a population of 6,679.[3]

Northam
Western Australia
Northam Town Hall
Northam is located in Western Australia
Northam
Northam
Map
Coordinates31°39′11″S 116°39′58″E / 31.65306°S 116.66611°E / -31.65306; 116.66611
Population6,679 (SAL 2021)[1][2]
Established1833
Postcode(s)6401
Elevation170 m (558 ft)
Area26.8 km2 (10.3 sq mi)
Location96 km (60 mi) from Perth
LGA(s)Shire of Northam
RegionWheatbelt
State electorate(s)Central Wheatbelt
Federal division(s)Durack
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
25.2 °C
77 °F		 10.9 °C
52 °F		 429.3 mm
16.9 in

History

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The area around Northam was first explored in 1830 by a party of colonists led by Ensign Robert Dale, and subsequently founded in 1833. It was named by Governor Stirling, probably after a village of the same name in Devon, England. Almost immediately it became a point of departure for explorers and settlers who were interested in the lands which lay to the east.

This initial importance declined with the growing importance of the nearby towns of York and Beverley, but the arrival of the railway made Northam the major departure point for prospectors and miners heading east towards the goldfields.

The town has had three newspapers over the years, all now defunct, namely The Northam Advertiser,[4] Northam Courier,[5] and the Northam News.[6]

A number of older buildings have heritage significance and still serve the community.

Camps and centres

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Northam Migrant Accommodation Centre

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During the 1940s and 1950s in Northam there were extensive camps for displaced persons and immigrants from continental Europe.

The Northam Migrant Accommodation Centre closed in September 1951. It had been the first place of residence in Western Australia for approximately 15,000 immigrants from the Baltic states, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Belarus and Bulgaria.[7] During the peak immigration period, Northam had the largest immigrant receiving facilities within the State and the third largest in Australia.[8] By 1950, the camp housed 4,000 people and two new blocks of huts were built to accommodate them all.[9] By May 1954, 23,000 migrants had passed through the Northam Camp once the Accommodation Centre had closed. A significant number of these post-war arrivals eventually settled in the Northam area.

Yongah Hill Immigration Detention Centre

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On 18 October 2010 the Yongah Hill (YHIDC) centre was announced as being established at the former Northam Army Training Camp.[10][11][12][13] It was not opened until early 2012, however, and, after it was downsized from the original 1500 expected occupancy, talk of expansion has been happening.

It is run by Serco for the Department of Home Affairs.[14]

Australian Border Force officers are also present at the centre.[15]

In September 2018 a riot broke out at the centre and some buildings were set on fire, after a detainee was reportedly found in his cell injured after a suicide attempt.[16] The detainee, who was a refugee, later died.[17]

Also in September 2018, a guard was alleged to have sexually assaulted a detainee.[14]

Geography

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The town and hinterland of Northam are located in the Avon Valley - so named after the river the Avon River. It has been periodically flooded, and man-made banks protect the town from inundation. The Avon is a name commonly used by organisations, newspapers and sporting groups.

The river is spanned by a pedestrian suspension bridge; at 117 metres (384 ft),[18] it is the longest such bridge in Australia.[19]

Burlong Pool a pool just south of the town was known as the Burlong swimming pool, and in the 1890s the location of the source of water for the Goldfields water trains.[20]

Climate

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Northam has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters.

Climate data for Northam (31º45'S, 116º41'E, 166 m AMSL) (1902-2024 normals and extremes, sunshine 1931-1981)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 46.3
(115.3) 		48.1
(118.6) 		43.9
(111.0) 		39.5
(103.1) 		35.2
(95.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		25.2
(77.4) 		29.7
(85.5) 		34.7
(94.5) 		40.0
(104.0) 		44.1
(111.4) 		45.6
(114.1) 		48.1
(118.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 34.3
(93.7) 		33.7
(92.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.3
(70.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		24.2
(75.6) 		28.6
(83.5) 		32.2
(90.0) 		25.4
(77.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		5.4
(41.7) 		5.6
(42.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.0
(51.8)
Record low °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		7.9
(46.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		2.1
(35.8) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−3.9
(25.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 11.7
(0.46) 		13.8
(0.54) 		19.3
(0.76) 		23.1
(0.91) 		54.5
(2.15) 		77.6
(3.06) 		81.5
(3.21) 		61.3
(2.41) 		37.0
(1.46) 		24.5
(0.96) 		12.3
(0.48) 		9.0
(0.35) 		424.3
(16.70)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 1.9 2.1 3.1 5.5 10.4 14.2 15.9 13.8 10.7 7.1 4.0 2.3 91.1
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 31 34 37 45 54 62 64 60 55 44 35 32 46
Average dew point °C (°F) 12.4
(54.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		9.5
(49.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		9.4
(48.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		10.6
(51.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 344.1 282.5 272.8 198.0 189.1 150.0 167.4 198.4 219.0 279.0 306.0 362.7 2,969
Mean daily sunshine hours 11.1 10.0 8.8 6.6 6.1 5.0 5.4 6.4 7.3 9.0 10.2 11.7 8.1
Percent possible sunshine 80 76 72 58 58 49 52 58 61 70 74 82 66
Source: Bureau of Meteorology (1902-2024 normals and extremes),[21] (sunshine from Muresk Institute 1931-1981)[22]

2011

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A severe thunderstorm lashed the town and surrounding areas on 27 January 2011 resulting in roofs being ripped off, trees being uprooted and power lines being brought down.[23] About 50 houses were damaged in the town as a result of the storm but no injuries were reported.[24]

2021

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A flash flood occurred in the town and surrounding areas on 2 March 2021, with 40 millimetres of rainfall occurring in just half an hour. This resulted in many houses being damaged, as well as the Jubilee oval flooding, leaving silt all over the busy road of Peel Terrace.[25]

Government

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Originally, the town and surrounding area was split into two municipalities, the Town of Northam handling the affairs of the town, and the Shire of Northam which also manages other towns, such as Bakers Hill and Wundowie. After 53 years of debates and failed attempts, the two councils finally merged as of the 1 July 2007 to form a conglomerate council, simply known as the Shire of Northam.

The public sector is a large employer for residents of Northam and surrounding areas. The town of Northam is the main regional centre for the Central Wheatbelt region, and as such many local and state government departments choose to operate out of the town.[26][27][28]

Services Australia operates a Centrelink office in the town.[29]

Tourism

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Northam has a number of tourist attractions, including hot air ballooning, wineries, cafes and restaurants, museums, hotels and motels.

Transport

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Northam is connected to Perth via coach services N3 and N5, and rail services Prospector and MerredinLink provided by Transwa.

Railways

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Old Northam Railway Station

Northam is a major railway junction, and serves as the commercial centre for much of the western Wheatbelt. The dual gauge Eastern Railway terminates here and becomes the standard gauge Eastern Goldfields Railway. Narrow gauge radiates both south of the town to York and beyond (Great Southern Railway), and north to Goomalling, another rural railway junction.

Current railway station

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Northam railway station is served by Transwa's AvonLink, MerredinLink and Prospector rural train services, and Great Southern Rail's Indian Pacific to Sydney.[30]

Original railway station

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The original station on Fitzgerald Street was opened in 1900 and closed in 1966 when the new Eastern Railway route became operational.[31]

The layout of the pre-1966 narrow gauge railway also had a busy junction at East Northam; this was removed on the completion of the new standard gauge railway.[32]

Avon Yard

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The Western Australian Government Railways originally created it as the Avon Marshalling Yard, and more recent operators in the yards such as Australian Railroad Group have named it the Avon Yard.

Airport and roads

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Northam airport, at the junction of Great Eastern Highway with Route 115, near the bridge over Mortlock River North

Education

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See also: Northam Senior High School
See also: Muresk Institute

Northam has three public primary schools, a public high school, and a TAFE campus. It also has a private Catholic school, St Josephs which conducts classes from Kindergarten to Year 12, across two campuses.

Primary School

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The original Northam Primary School was established in 1890, making it one of the states oldest primary schools.[33] The current school opened in 1978 replacing the original structure, it is located on Duke Street. It was the first primary school of the area and has approximately over 300 students.[33] West Northam Primary School is located on Habgood Street and has approximately 140 students.[34] Avon Vale Primary School opened in 1954. It is located on Hutt Street and has approximately 140 students.

High School

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Northam Senior High School is the public high school for the area. It is one of the oldest high schools in the state, opening in 1921. The main building is heritage listed, though the campus has had renovations and further additions added to it in 1986, 1996 and 2015[35][36] It has approximately 715 students. In Semester 2, 2020 the school became an Independent Public School.[37] It has several specialized programs to meet the diverse needs of its students, such as the Big Picture Program,[38] Clontarf Foundation, Wirrpanda Foundation, Deadly Sista Girlz and others. The school not only intakes students from the town of Northam, but also Year 10-12 students from the surrounding District High Schools, including the surrounding towns of Toodyay, York, Beverley, Goomalling and others. It also has a college for students that board that are from remote communities, Northam Residential College.[39]

Private Education

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Saint Josephs is a private Catholic school, with two campuses in Northam. It has approximately 600 students and teaches from Kindergarten to Year 12. The primary school campus, located on Lance Street, teaches students Kindergarten to Year 6. The high school campus, located on Wellington Street East, teaches students Year 7 to Year 12. This campus was opened in 1889 by the Sisters of Saint Joseph of the Apparition, while the Marist Brothers opened the Saint Pauls school in 1948 and 1971 before merging the schools together.[40]

Tertiary Education

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Northam has a TAFE campus, previously known as the C. Y. O'Connor Institute. It has since been merged with other regional TAFEs and trades under Central Regional TAFE.[41]

Northam is also home to the Muresk Institute, one of Western Australia's leading tertiary educators for agriculture.[42]

Sport

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Association Football (Soccer) has been played in Northam since just after World War Two. Due to the many European immigrants living at the Holden Camp a league was formed comprising nine teams from Northam and one from Wundowie. Many of the teams were based on ethnicity such as: Italian; Dutch; Polish; Hungarian; Romanian; Yugoslav; Austrian; German and Bulgarian. In recent years, Northam United FC was a men's team whilst Northam Springfield FC is a children's football club in its tenth season (2021). Springfield play in the winter against their rivals Toodyay Junior Soccer Club.

Northam has some very committed sporting teams. Australian rules football is an obsession with many of the people of Western Australia. Northam has two teams that play in the Avon Football Association competition, Federals and Railways.

Field and indoor hockey, cricket, and netball also attract significant numbers of players and spectators. Individual sports such as tennis and cycling including BMX are also popular.

The BMX State Championships were held in Northam in 2003 with 3,000 competitors and spectators attending the event for over a week with Northam competitors showing their dominance in the sport in the state. Three local riders who participated in this event (Dale Reynolds - then ranked 3WA for 18 Men's, Chris Marris - then ranked 1WA for 18 Men's, and Kyle Martin - then ranked 4WA for 18 Men's) have subsequently completed cross country rides from Adelaide to Perth demonstrating the interest in cycling in Northam.

Steve Fossett became the first person to fly around the world alone, non-stop, in a hot air balloon when he launched from Northam on 19 June 2002, and returned to Australia on 3 July, landing in Queensland.[43]

In July 2016 Russian adventurer and balloon pilot Fedor Konyukhov took off from Northam airfield to attempt a solo nonstop round the world balloon flight. He completed his circumnavigation, covering 33,521 kilometres (20,829 mi), in 11 days, 4 hours and 20 minutes, beating Fossett's record by 52 hours.[44]

Between 1952 and 1956 several motor racing events were held using streets within the town.[45] The first circuit used was on the south side of the Avon River, but this was considered too dangerous, so a new circuit was built in 1956 on the north side of the river.[46]

Thoroughbred horse racing is held at Northam Racecourse by the Northam Race Club.[47] The track held its first race in 1863 and has about 22 race meetings[48] during the year.

The town is also home to harness racing and greyhound racing.

Events

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The town of Northam is home to several iconic Western Australian events and activities.

The Avon Descent is an annual, two-day white water river race that begins in Northam, and travels 124 km down the Avon River, into the Swan River before finishing in Bayswater.[49] It occurs each year in August, and allows both power craft and peddle craft.

The Northam Motorsport Festival occurs annually between the months of March and April and is the spiritual successor to the historical Northam Flying 50s event.[50][51] It is a free event which incorporates three activities, the Mount Ommanney Hillclimb, the SCBC Motokhana and the iconic Northam Flying 50s, an event in which the main streets of Northam are used as a circuit in which classic cars may complete time trials and race. There also is a classic car show, and several other small promotions and specials put on by community members. The show attracts around 5,000 spectators annually.

The Northam Farmer's Show[52] is held annually on a Friday and Saturday in mid-September. It is an agricultural show similar to others held in the area, such as the York Show and the Toodyay Show.[53][54]

The Kep Ultra running race is held each year on the Western Australia Day long weekend in early June. The race starts in Northam and includes 100 km and 75 km events finishing at Mundaring Weir.[55][56]

Military history

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During World War I, Wilberforce, an area on the Spencers Brook to York Road was the area set up for the breeding and selection of horses to be transported to overseas theatres of war involving Australian horseman in particular the iconic 10th Light Horse Regiment.[57]

Also in November 1920, an area at Noggojerrring was purchased by the Federal Government for £7,000. It was an area of 875 acres(350 hectares) of farming land and was located four miles (6.5 kilometres) north of Northam on the Northam - Pithara Road. Of that area, 860 acres (344 hectares) were cleared and divided into 11 paddocks. The property was well watered, and carried a wind mill, two dwellings, three sheds, and a stable. The Goomalling railway bisected it. The Federal Government's purpose was the settlement of tubercular soldiers. The place was christened Anzac Farm.[58]

During World War II, Northam was the location of a number of important strategic military camps, depots and installations being the most concentrated of military activity areas in Western Australia. Due to its strategic geographical location and being close to water, the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, close to strategic railway junction,[59] as it was close to the coast but inland, Northam became an important military hub.

The installations, camps, and depots were some of those developed in the Wheatbelt during 1939–1945, located within the Shire of Northam, some of which still exist today.

  • Northam Army Camp including the 38th Camp Hospital, training and hospital
  • 6 Commonwealth Ammunition Depot (6CADきゃど) to become 51 Supply Company, Springhill, ammunition storage
  • US Navy 7 Naval Ammunition Depot (7 NAD), Springhill,[60] torpedo storage
  • RAAF No 10 Inland Aircraft Fuel Depot (RAAF 10IAFD), Burlong,[61] aircraft fuel storage
  • Muresk Agricultural College, Muresk, intelligence
  • Australian Army 7th Supply Depot (7SD), Spencers Brook, food, clothing storage and distribution
  • RAAF No 6 Replenishment Centre, Muresk, ammunition storage
  • 118th Australian General Hospital (118 AGH), Northam, hospital, later to become 71 Camp Hospital
  • Werribee Army Camp, near Wundowie, transport and anti-tank
  • RAAF Meenaar, Meenaar, RAAF airstrip
  •  
    No.1 Fuel Tank of the WWII RAAF No.10 Inland Aircraft Fuel Depot, Burlong, Northam
  •  
    Underground tank - RAAF No.10 IAFD, Burlong, Northam
  •  
    Ammunition Bunker - US Navy 7NAD, Springhill
  •  
    Ammunition Storage - RAAF No. 6 Replenishment Centre, Muresk
  •  
    Detonator Hut - US Navy 7NAD - Springhill

Notable people

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Northam is the birthplace of the following people:

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Northam (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.  
  2. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Northam (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021.  
  3. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Northam". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 22 April 2019.  
  4. ^ "The Northam Advertiser (WA : 1895 - 1955)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  5. ^ "Northam Courier (WA : 1909 - 1922)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  6. ^ "Northam News (WA : 1947 - 1954)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  7. ^ See for example, a biographical account of a migrant at the Northam Accommodation Centre
  8. ^ Peters, Nonja; Bush, Fiona; Gregory, Jenny (Jennifer Anne); Australian Heritage Commission; University of Western Australia. Centre for Western Australian History; Heritage Council of Western Australia (1993), The Holden Immigration Camp, Northam, Centre for Western Australian History; [East Perth, W.A. : distributed by the Heritage Council], retrieved 1 April 2013
  9. ^ Development, Cadmium Design &. "Storylines / Migrant: Northam Accommodation Centre - Northam Army Camp Heritage Association (NACHA)". Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  10. ^ "Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection". Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  11. ^ Proud, John (24 April 2012). "$1.4m sports grounds at detention centre". Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  12. ^ "The West Australian". Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  13. ^ "Events - eco - shout". Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  14. ^ a b Davidson, Helen (18 September 2018). "Serco guard at Western Australia immigration centre accused of sexual assault". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  15. ^ "Detention Facilities".
  16. ^ Carmody, James; Meachim, Laura (2 September 2018). "Detention centre set alight during riot after young man taken to hospital with serious injuries". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  17. ^ Davidson, Helen (6 September 2018). "Refugee who attempted suicide in WA detention centre dies in hospital". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  18. ^ Avon River Suspension Bridge (Sign on the bridge). Northam: Shire of Northam. 11 March 2018.
  19. ^ "Northam". Shire of Northam. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  20. ^ "Northam". Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954). Perth, WA: National Library of Australia. 17 December 1897. p. 24. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  21. ^ "Northam Climate Statistics". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  22. ^ "Muresk Institute Climate Statistics". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  23. ^ "Wheatbelt towns lashed by thunderstorms, but cyclone warning cancelled". The Sunday Times. 28 January 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  24. ^ "Houses damaged in trail of destruction across WA". The West Australian. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  25. ^ "'Incredible' rainfall turns streets into rivers as flash flooding strikes Wheatbelt centre". ABC News. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  26. ^ "Regional offices: Department of Finance". 6 December 2023.
  27. ^ "Contact Us | Main Roads Western Australia".
  28. ^ "Department for Child Protection - Western Australia - District Office Locations - Country". 22 April 2024.
  29. ^ "Northam Service Centre (Centrelink) - Find Us - Services Australia".
  30. ^ Timetables Archived 9 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Transwa
  31. ^ Breath of life for old railway station Avon Valley Advocate 11 September 2006
  32. ^ "H.O.W.A.R.A.S - East Northam Station". Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  33. ^ a b "School Overview Northam Primary School". www.det.wa.edu.au. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  34. ^ https://www.property.com.au/wa/northam-6401/schools/west-northam-primary-school-sid-48472/ [bare URL]
  35. ^ "inHerit - State Heritage Office". inherit.dplh.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  36. ^ "Wheatbelt Development Commission :: Northam SHS Performing Arts Centre opens". www.wheatbelt.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  37. ^ https://www.northamshs.wa.edu.au/source/Northam%20Senior%20High%20School%20Public%20School%20Review%20report%20October%202020.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  38. ^ "Big Picture Education school network | Big Picture Education Australia". www.bigpicture.org.au. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  39. ^ "Home - Northam Residential College - Department of Education". Northam Residential College. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  40. ^ https://sjsnortham.wa.edu.au/school-history [bare URL]
  41. ^ https://www.centralregionaltafe.wa.edu.au/campuses/northam [bare URL]
  42. ^ https://muresk.wa.gov.au/ [bare URL]
  43. ^ Limited, Fubra. "Famous Balloon Flights - First Successful Solo Around the World Flight". Retrieved 28 March 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  44. ^ "Fedor Konyukhov". World Air Sports Federation. 29 June 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  45. ^ Walker, Terry (1995). Fast Tracks - Australia's Motor Racing Circuits: 1904-1995. Wahroonga, NSW: Turton & Armstrong. p. 112. ISBN 0908031556.
  46. ^ Galpin, Darren. "Northam". GEL Motorsport Information Page. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  47. ^ Northam Race Club Website Northam Race Club Inc
  48. ^ "About (Northam Race Club)". Northam Race Club. 2018.
  49. ^ "About the Avon Descent". Avon Descent. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  50. ^ "Field For Northam 'Flying 50'". The West Australian. Vol. 68, no. 20, 506. Western Australia. 9 April 1952. p. 24. Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  51. ^ "S. Negus Wins "Flying 50" At Northam". The West Australian. Vol. 70, no. 21, 136. Western Australia. 20 April 1954. p. 4. Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  52. ^ https://www.northamshow.com.au/ [bare URL]
  53. ^ "NORTHAM AGRICULTURAL SHOW". The Inquirer and Commercial News. Vol. LI, no. 16, 431. Western Australia. 30 October 1891. p. 4. Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  54. ^ "Northam Show Will Be Bigger, Better". The Beverley Times. Vol. 2, no. 54. Western Australia. 29 August 1963. p. 11 (A DISTRICT NEWS SUPPLEMENT PREPARED FOR THE BEVERLEY TIMES). Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  55. ^ "National Trust of Australia (W.A.)". Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  56. ^ "Home - Kep Ultra". Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  57. ^ Hamilton, John (2013). The Triumph and Tragedy of a Gallipoli Hero, Hugo Throssell, VC. Pan Macmillan Australia. ISBN 9781742613369.
  58. ^ "Anzac Farm". West Australian. 19 August 1922.
  59. ^ The original Northam railway Station was a junction station for most of the state Gray, Laura; Heritage Council of Western Australia (2000), Northam Railway Station (fmr) West Northam : conservation works : final report, Heritage Council of W.A, retrieved 1 March 2017
  60. ^ Base Facilities Report, Commander US 7th Fleet dated 15 September 1944 p32.
  61. ^ Units of the Royal Australian Air Force - A Concise History ISBN 0-644-42792-2

Further reading

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  • Bidstrup, Eliza (29 April 2024). "Northam's 'Flying 50' helps preserve a piece of Australian racing history". ABC News. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  • Peters, Nonja, and Fiona Bush and Jenny Gregory The Holden Immigration Camp, Northam Nedlands, W.A. Centre for Western Australian History; East Perth, W.A: distributed by the Heritage Council, 1993. Nonja Peters
  • 2001: ‘Milk and Honey but no Gold’. by Dr. Nonja Peters. Published 2001 by University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 1 876268 56 5
  • 2010: ‘We came by Sea’, Western Australian Museum. ISBN 978 1 920843 62 5
  • 2006: ‘The Dutch Down-Under’ 1606–2002, Crawley: UWA Press.
  • 2016: ‘A Touch of Dutch: Maritime, Military, migration and Mercantile connections with the Western Third , Nonja Peters (coordinating author), Carina Hoang Communications. ISBN 978 0987158444
  • 2011: Selling a dream - expectation versus reality – post-war Dutch and other migration to Australia 1945 – 1970, AEMI Journal Volume 8, pp. 49-63.
  • 2010: Dutch Australians At A Glance: Acknowledging the Past, Preserving the Present and Future, AEMI Journal Volume 7, pp. 42-49.
  • 2010: N. Peters, ‘The Dutch migration to Australia: sixty years on’ in M. Schrovner and M van Faassen eds Its Time to Burn the Wooden Shoes in Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis, Year 7, No. 2.
  • 1996: Arriving in the Lucky Country' in On the Homefront: Western Australia and World War II, Jenny Gregory (ed.), University of Western Australia Press, Perth, 1997 pp. 257–264.
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