Phosphor thermometry is an optical method for surface temperature measurement. The method exploits luminescence emitted by phosphor material. Phosphors are fine white or pastel-colored inorganic powders which may be stimulated by any of a variety of means to luminesce, i.e. emit light. Certain characteristics of the emitted light change with temperature, including brightness, color, and afterglow duration. The latter is most commonly used for temperature measurement.
History
editThe first mention of temperature measurement utilizing a phosphor is in two patents originally filed in 1932 by Paul Neubert.[1]
Time dependence of luminescence
editTypically a short duration ultraviolet lamp or laser source illuminates the phosphor coating which in turn luminesces visibly. When the illuminating source ceases, the luminescence will persist for a characteristic time, steadily decreasing. The time required for the brightness to decrease to 1/e of its original value is known as the decay time or lifetime and signified as . It is a function of temperature, T.
The intensity, I of the luminescence commonly decays exponentially as:
Where I0 is the initial intensity (or amplitude). The 't' is the time and is parameter which can be temperature dependent.
A temperature sensor based on direct decay time measurement has been shown to reach a temperature from 1000 to as high as 1,600 °C.[2] In that work, a doped YAG phosphor was grown onto an undoped YAG fiber to form a monolithic structure for the probe, and a laser was used as the excitation source. Subsequently, other versions using LEDs as the excitation source were realized. These devices can measure temperature up to 1,000 °C, and are used in microwave and plasma processing applications.[3]
If the excitation source is periodic rather than pulsed, then the time response of the luminescence is correspondingly different. For instance, there is a phase difference between a sinusoidally varying light-emitting diode (LED) signal of frequency f and the fluorescence that results (see figure). The phase difference varies with decay time and hence temperature as:
Temperature dependence of emission lines: intensity ratio
editThe second method of temperature detection is based on intensity ratios of two separate emission lines; the change in coating temperature is reflected by the change of the phosphorescence spectrum.[4][5] This method enables surface temperature distributions to be measured.[6] The intensity ratio method has the advantage that polluted optics has little effect on the measurement as it compares ratios between emission lines. The emission lines are equally affected by 'dirty' surfaces or optics.
Temperature dependence
editSeveral observations are pertinent to the figure on the right:
- Oxysulfide materials exhibit several different emission lines, each having a different temperature dependence. Substituting one rare-earth for another, in this instance changing La to Gd, shifts the temperature dependence.
- The YAG:Cr material (Y3Al5O12:Cr3+) shows less sensitivity but covers a wider temperature range than the more sensitive materials.
- Sometime decay times are constant over a wide range before becoming temperature dependent at some threshold value. This is illustrated for the YVO4:Dy curve; it also holds for several other materials (not shown in the figure). Manufacturers sometimes add a second rare earth as a sensitizer. This may enhance the emission and alter the nature of the temperature dependence. Also, gallium is sometimes substituted for some of the aluminium in YAG, also altering the temperature dependence.
- The emission decay of dysprosium (Dy) phosphors is sometimes non-exponential with time. Consequently, the value assigned to decay time will depend on the analysis method chosen. This non-exponential character often becomes more pronounced as the dopant concentration increases.
- In the high-temperature part, the two lutetium phosphate samples are single crystals rather than powders. This has minor effect on decay time and its temperature dependence though. However, the decay time of a given phosphor depends on the particle size, especially below one micrometer.
There are further parameters influencing the luminescence of thermographic phosphors, e.g. the excitation energy, the dopant concentration or the composition or the absolute pressure of the surrounding gas phase. Therefore, care has to be taken in order to keep constant these parameters for all measurements.
Thermographic phosphor application in a thermal barrier coating
editA thermal barrier coating (TBC) allows gas turbine components to survive higher temperatures in the hot section of engines, while having acceptable life times. These coatings are thin ceramic coatings (several hundred micrometers) usually based on oxide materials.
Early works considered the integration of luminescent materials as erosion sensors in TBCs.[7] The notion of a "thermal barrier sensor coating" (sensor TBC) for temperature detection was introduced in 1998. Instead of applying a phosphor layer on the surface where the temperature needs to be measured, it was proposed to locally modify the composition of the TBC so that it acts as a thermographic phosphor as well as a protective thermal barrier. This dual functional material enables surface temperature measurement but also could provide a means to measure temperature within the TBC and at the metal/topcoat interface, hence enabling the manufacturing of an integrated heat flux gauge.[8] First results on yttria-stabilized zirconia co-doped with europia (YSZ:Eu) powders were published in 2000.[9] They also demonstrated sub-surface measurements looking through a 50
Applications for thermographic phosphors in TBCs
editWhile the previously mentioned methods are focusing on the temperature detection, the inclusion of phosphorescent materials into the thermal barrier coating can also work as a micro probe to detect the aging mechanisms or changes to other physical parameters that affect the local atomic surroundings of the optical active ion.[8][16] Detection was demonstrated of hot corrosion processes in YSZ due to vanadium attack.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Allison, S. W. (2019). A brief history of phosphor thermometry. Measurement Science and Technology, 30(7), 072001.
- ^ J.L. Kennedy and N. Djeu (2002), "Operation of Yb:YAG fiber optic temperature sensor up to 1,600°C", Sensors and Actuators A 100, 187-191.
- ^ Commercialized by MicroMaterials, Inc. under US Patents 6,045,259 and 9,599,518 B2.
- ^ J. P. Feist & A. L. Heyes (2000). "The characterization of Y2O2S:Sm powder as a thermographic phosphor for high temperature applications". Measurement Science and Technology. 11 (7): 942–947. Bibcode:2000MeScT..11..942F. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/11/7/310. S2CID 250917066.
- ^ L. P. Goss, A. A. Smith and M. E. Post (1989). "Surface thermometry by laser-induced fluorescence". Review of Scientific Instruments. 60 (12): 3702–3706. Bibcode:1989RScI...60.3702G. doi:10.1063/1.1140478.
- ^ J. P. Feist, A. L. Heyes and S. Seefeldt (2003). "Thermographic phosphor thermometry for film cooling studies in gas turbine combustors". Journal of Power and Energy. 217 (2): 193–200. Bibcode:2003PIMEA.217..193F. doi:10.1243/09576500360611227. S2CID 95454730.
- ^ K. Amano, H. Takeda, T. Suzuki, M. Tamatani, M. Itoh and Y. Takahashi (1987), "Thermal barrier coating" U.S. patent 4,774,150
- ^ a b K-L. Choy, A. L. Heyes and J. Feist (1998), "Thermal barrier coating with thermoluminescent indicator material embedded therein" U.S. patent 6,974,641
- ^ J. P. Feist & A. L. Heyes (2000). "Europium-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia for high-temperature phosphor thermometry". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 214, Part L: 7–11.
- ^ K-L. Choy; J. P. Feist; A. L. Heyes; B. Su (1999). "Eu-doped Y2O3 phosphor films produced by electrostatic-assisted chemical vapor deposition". Journal of Materials Research. 14 (7): 3111–3114. Bibcode:1999JMatR..14.3111C. doi:10.1557/JMR.1999.0417. S2CID 98365100.
- ^ J. P. Feist, A. L. Heyes and J. R. Nicholls (2001). "Phosphor thermometry in an electron beam physical vapour deposition produced thermal barrier coating doped with dysprosium". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 215 Part G (6): 333–340. doi:10.1243/0954410011533338. S2CID 137294920.
- ^ X. Chen; Z. Mutasim; J. Price; J. P. Feist; A. L. Heyes; S. Seefeldt (2005). "Industrial sensor TBCs: Studies on temperature detection and durability". International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 2 (5): 414–421. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7402.2005.02042.x.
- ^ A. L. Heyes; S. Seefeldt; J. P Feist (2005). "Two-colour thermometry for surface temperature measurement". Optics and Laser Technology. 38 (4–6): 257–265. Bibcode:2006OptLT..38..257H. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.06.012.
- ^ J. P. Feist, J. R. Nicholls, M. J. Fraser, A. L. Heyes (2006) "Luminescent material compositions and structures incorporating the same" Patent PCT/GB2006/003177
- ^ R.J.L. Steenbakker; J.P. Feist; R.G. Wellmann; J.R. Nicholls (2008). Sensro TBCs: remote in-situ condition monitoring of EB-PVD coatings at elevated temperatures, GT2008-51192. Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea and Air, June 9–13, Berlin, Germany. doi:10.1115/GT2008-51192.
- ^ A. M. Srivastava, A. A. Setlur, H. A. Comanzo, J. W. Devitt, J. A. Ruud and L. N. Brewer (2001)"Apparatus for determining past-service conditions and remaining life of thermal barrier coatings and components having such coatings" U.S. patent 6730918B2
- ^ J. P. Feist and A. L. Heyes (2003) "Coatings and an optical method for detecting corrosion process in coatings" GB. Patent 0318929.7
Further reading
edit- K. T. V. Grattan; Z. Y. Zhang (1995). Fiber optic fluorescence thermometry. Springer. ISBN 0-412-62470-2.
- S. W. Allison & G. T. Gillies (1997). "Remote thermometry with thermographic phosphors: instrumentation and applications". Review of Scientific Instruments. 68 (7): 2615–2650. Bibcode:1997RScI...68.2615A. doi:10.1063/1.1148174.
- A. H. Khalid & K. Kontis (2008). "Thermographic phosphors for high temperature measurements: Principles, current state of the art and recent applications". Sensors. 68 (8): 5673–5744. Bibcode:2008Senso...8.5673K. doi:10.3390/s8095673. PMC 3705526. PMID 27873836.
- M. D. Chambers & D. R. Clarke (2009). "Doped Oxides for High-Temperature Luminescence and Lifetime Thermometry". Annual Review of Materials Research. 39 (7): 325–359. Bibcode:2009AnRMS..39..325C. doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-112408-125237.
- M. Aldén; A. Omrane; M. Richter & G. Sarner (2011). "Thermographic phosphors for thermometry: A survey of combustion applications". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 37 (4): 422–461. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2010.07.001.
- J. Brübach; C. Pflitsch; A. Dreizler & B. Atakan (2011). "On Surface Temperature Measurements with Thermographic Phosphors: A Review". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 39: 37–60. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2012.06.001.
- Brites, C. D. S.; Millan, A.; Carlos, L. D. (2016). "Chapter 281: Lanthanides in Luminescent Thermometry". In Bünzli, Jean-Claude; Pecharsky, Vitalij K. (eds.). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. Elsevier. pp. 339–427. doi:10.1016/bs.hpcre.2016.03.005. ISBN 978-0-444-63699-7.
- Dramićanin, Miroslav (2018). Luminescence Thermometry: Methods, Materials, and Applications (1st ed.). Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-08-102029-6. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
- S. W. Allison (2019). "A brief history of phosphor thermometry". Measurement Science and Technology. 30 (7): 072001. Bibcode:2019MeScT..30g2001A. doi:10.1088/1361-6501/ab1d02. S2CID 150322424.