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TMSR-LF1 - Wikipedia
Wikipedia

TMSR-LF1

For other uses of the acronym, see TMSR (disambiguation).

TMSR-LF1 (液えき态燃料ねんりょう钍基熔盐实验堆うずたか; "liquid fuel thorium-based molten salt experimental reactor") is a 2 MWt molten salt reactor (MSR) pilot plant located in northwest China.[3][4][5][6]

TMSR-LF1
TMSR project logo
GenerationIV
Reactor conceptMSR
StatusPending[1]
LocationChina[note]
Maps
TMSR-LF1 is located in China
TMSR-LF1
TMSR-LF1
class=notpageimage|
TMSR-LF1 (trefoil) in Gansu province (red). Shanghai campus also indicated.
TMSR-LF1 (trefoil) within Minqin county (orange) is roughly 120 km (75 miles) north of the city of Wuwei (star)[2]
Coordinates38°57′37″N 102°36′44″E / 38.9602°N 102.6122°E / 38.9602; 102.6122
Main parameters of the reactor core
Fuel (fissile material)HALEU
Fuel stateLiquid
Neutron energy spectrumThermal
Primary control methodRods
Primary moderatorGraphite
Primary coolantFLiBe
Reactor usage
Primary usePrototyping
Power (thermal)2 MW
Operator/ownerSINAP

The project was started in 2011 at a cost of ¥ 3 billion ($US 450 million). Construction of the reactor started in 2018 and was completed in 2021. In 2022, its commissioning plan was approved, and it plans to startup for the first 5–8 years running in batch mode, before converting to continuous mode.[1]

History

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The relative lack of water available for cooling pressurized water reactors west of the Hu line (shaded yellow) is seen as a limiting factor for them.
cf. Map of Chinese nuclear power plants

In January 2011, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) began the TMSR research and development project to create reactors which, among other advances, will use air cooling.[7] CAS assigned the project to its Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), which now has MSR research and design facilities in the Jiading District.[8] The liquid fuel ("LF") design is based on the 1960s Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the US.[9] The TMSR project is led by Xu Hongjie (徐じょ洪ひろし杰), who previously headed the construction of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.[10] The site selected for the TMSR-LF1 is part of an industrial park[11] in a sparsely populated, arid region.[location note]

Construction began in September 2018.[1] At the groundbreaking, a Taoist ceremony was held; after images of it went viral in China (an atheist state), CAS disciplined staff members, and issued a public apology.[12] Construction was expected to finish in August 2021, with testing to follow.[13][14] In August 2022, the Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment informed SINAP that its commissioning plan for the LF1 had been approved.[1] A ten-year operating license was issued in June 2023.[15][16]

Specifications

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The TMSR-LF1 is a Generation IV reactor being constructed with the following specifications:[17][18][19]

  • Thermal power: 2MW
  • Fuel salt: FLiBe (>99.95% Li-7) with fluorides of zirconium, uranium (HALEU: 19.75% U-235), and thorium
    • inlet temperature: 630 °C
    • outlet temperature: 650 °C
    • volume: 1.68 m3
    • flow rate: ~50 kg/s
  • Coolant salt: FLiBe
    • inlet temperature: 560 °C
    • outlet temperature: 580 °C
    • flow rate: ~42 kg/s
  • Cover gas: Argon (0.05 MPa)
    • volume: 1.6 m3
  • Moderator: nuclear graphite
  • Structural Material: UNS N10003 superalloy
  • Lifetime: 10 years
    • Equivalent full power days: 300
    • Max full power days per year: 60

Future plans

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A small modular reactor based on the LF1, as well as a fuel salt research facility, is planned for the same site. New reactor specifications include: core graphite 3 m tall x 2.2 m wide, 700 °C operating temperature, 60 MW thermal output, and an experimental supercritical carbon dioxide-based closed-cycle gas turbine to convert the thermal output to 10 MW of electricity. The referenced document mentions two pairs of dates for groundbreaking/criticality and full power in different sections for the 10MWe reactor; 2023/2026, and 2025/2029.[2]

Scaled-up commercial reactors based on the LF1 are likely in the 2030s in central and western China, and may also be built outside China in Belt and Road Initiative nations; as low-carbon power plants, they would help to achieve the Chinese government's 2060 goal of carbon neutrality.[13]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Chinese molten-salt reactor cleared for start up". World Nuclear News. World Nuclear Association. 9 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b "小型こがた模も块化钍基熔盐堆うずたか研究けんきゅう设施项目环境影かげ响报告つげ书（选址阶段）[Small Modular Thorium Molten Salt Reactor Research Facility Project Environmental Impact Report (site selection stage)]" (PDF). SINAP. August 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  3. ^ http://finance.eastmoney.com/news/1350,20180329850624284.html Archived 8 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine 实验平台ひらだい及配套项目め拟选址し于武威ぶい市民しみん勤つとむ县红砂すな岗工业集聚区，南みなみ侧紧邻纬七なな路ろ、东侧紧邻东环路ろ。
  4. ^ Tennenbaum, Jonathan (4 February 2020). "Molten salt and traveling wave nuclear reactors". Asia Times. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  5. ^ Liu, Yafen; Yan, Rui; Zou, Yang; Yu, Shihe; Zhou, Bo; Kang, Xuzhong; Hu, Jifeng; Cai, Xiangzhou (1 April 2020). "Sensitivity/uncertainty comparison and similarity analysis between TMSR-LF1 and MSR models". Progress in Nuclear Energy. 122: 103289. doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103289. ISSN 0149-1970. S2CID 213115060. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  6. ^ "The off-line installation and start-up of the thorium-based molten salt experimental reactor body and the first cooling salt discharge". SINAP (in Chinese (China)). 23 December 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  7. ^ Dai Zhimin, Zou Yang, and Chen Kun (4 November 2016). "Thorium Molten Salt Reactors (TMSR) Development in China" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "中国科学院ちゅうごくかがくいん上海しゃんはい应用物理ぶつり研究所けんきゅうじょ财务与资产处岗位い招聘しょうへい启事". Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022. 中国科学院ちゅうごくかがくいん上海しゃんはい应用物理ぶつり研究所けんきゅうじょ是ぜ国立こくりつ综合性せい核かく科学かがく技わざ术研究けんきゅう机つくえ构，以钍基もと熔盐堆うずたか核かく能のう系けい统、高こう效能こうのう源げん存そん储与转换等とう先さき进能源げん科学かがく技わざ术为主要しゅよう研究けんきゅう方向ほうこう，同どう时兼顾核技わざ术在环境、健康けんこう、材料ざいりょう领域的てき若干じゃっかん前ぜん沿应用よう研究けんきゅう，致力于熔盐堆、钍铀燃料ねんりょう循环、核かく能のう综合利用りよう等とう领域的てき关键技わざ术研发。研究所けんきゅうじょ总体发展目め标是用よう15年ねん左右さゆう时间，以提高だか核かく能のう安全あんぜん性せい、核かく燃料ねんりょう长期供きょう应及放射ほうしゃ性せい废物最小さいしょう化か为目标，在国ざいこく际上率先そっせん实现钍基熔盐堆うずたか核かく能のう系けい统（TMSR）的てき系けい统验证和工こう业应用よう。研究所けんきゅうじょ拥有两大园区，其中液えき态熔盐实验堆的てき研究けんきゅう与あずか设计总部坐すわ落在上海しゃんはい市し科技かぎ卫星城じょう嘉よしみ定じょう区く，实验堆うずたか坐すわ落在甘あま肃省武威ぶい市民しみん勤つとむ县，两园区分くぶん别占地面じめん积共约400和わ1000亩。
  9. ^ Richard Martin (2 August 2016). "Fail-Safe Nuclear Power". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  10. ^ "徐じょ洪ひろし杰：钍基熔盐堆うずたか核かく能のう系けい统（TMSR）现状与あずか展望てんぼう". 27 September 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  11. ^ "民みん勤つとむ红沙岗工业园区く". Website of Wuwei, Gansu. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2022. 民みん勤つとむ红沙岗工业园区く位い于民勤つとむ县红砂すな岗镇 ["Minqin Hongshagang Industrial Park is located in Hongshagang Town, Minqin County"...] 低てい碳新能のう源げん产业区く：位くらい于规划区东部，以第四代反应堆核能系统—钍基熔盐堆うずたか核かく能のう系けい统（TMSR）项目为基础，拓つぶせ展てん高温こうおん制せい氢、布ぬの雷かみなり顿循环发电和二氧化碳资源利用，建たて成しげる模も块化钍基熔盐示しめせ范堆、大だい规模低てい碳新能のう源げん示しめせ范系统等，形成けいせい以模块化钍基熔盐堆うずたか为核心的しんてき低てい碳高效こう复合能のう源げん系けい统研发、示しめせ范与产业化か基地きち。["Low-carbon new energy industrial zone: located in the east of the planning area, based on the fourth-generation reactor nuclear energy system-thorium-based molten salt reactor nuclear energy system (TMSR) project, to expand high-temperature hydrogen production, Brayton cycle power generation and carbon dioxide resource utilization, and build modules. A thorium-based molten salt demonstration reactor, a large-scale low-carbon new energy demonstration system, etc., have formed a low-carbon and high-efficiency composite energy system R&D, demonstration and industrialization base with a modular thorium-based molten salt reactor as the core."]
  12. ^ "2 nuclear scientists suspended for failing to stop Taoist ritual". China Daily. 2 May 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  13. ^ a b Stephen Chen (19 July 2021). "Could China's molten salt nuclear reactor be a clean, safe source of power?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  14. ^ Smriti Mallapaty (9 September 2021). "China prepares to test thorium-fuelled nuclear reactor". Nature. 597 (7876): 311–312. Bibcode:2021Natur.597..311M. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02459-w. PMID 34504330. S2CID 237471852. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  15. ^ "China's experimental molten salt reactor receives licence". Nuclear Engineering International. 20 June 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  16. ^ "关于颁发2MWt液えき态燃料ねんりょう钍基熔盐实验堆うずたか运行许可证的通知つうち". Ministry of Ecology and Environment (China). 7 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  17. ^ Hongjie Xu. Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (27 September 2018). "Progress of TMSR in China" (PDF). Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  18. ^ Yang Zou. SINAP, CAS (4–5 July 2019). "Research Progress of TMSR design" (PDF). Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  19. ^ Chen, Chang-Qi; Xia, Xiao-Bin; Zhang, Zhi-Hong; Cai, Jun; Li, Chang-Yuan (2019). "Radiological environmental impact analysis of a 2-MW thorium molten salt reactor during an accident". Nuclear Science and Techniques. 30 (5). doi:10.1007/s41365-019-0605-3. ISSN 1001-8042. S2CID 145927937.

Notes

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^Location: the LF1 reactor is sited within an industrial park located in Hongshagang (town), Minqin (county), Wuwei (prefecture), Gansu (province), China. As per official documentation, the TMSR-LF1 site is located at 38°57'31" N, 102°36'55" E. However, due to the China GPS shift problem, the reactor location using Western GPS coordinates is approximately 38°57'36.7" N, 102°36'43.7" E (about a third of a kilometer offset).

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