Tengu (/ˈtɛŋɡuː/ TENG-goo; Japanese:
Buddhism long held that the Tengu were disruptive demons and harbingers of war. Their image gradually softened, however, into one of protective, if still dangerous, spirits of the mountains and forests. Tengu are associated with the ascetic practice of Shugendō, and they are usually depicted in the garb of its followers, the yamabushi.[2]
Image
editThe tengu in art appears in a variety of shapes. It usually falls somewhere in between a large, monstrous bird and a wholly anthropomorphized being, often with a red face or an unusually large or long nose. Early depictions of tengu show them as kite-like beings who can take a human-like form, often retaining avian wings, heads, or beaks. The tengu's long nose seems to have been conceived in the 14th century, likely as a humanization of the original bird's bill.[3] This feature allies them with the Sarutahiko Ōkami, who is described in the 720 CE text the Nihon Shoki with a similar nose measuring seven hand-spans in length.[4] In village festivals, the two figures are often portrayed with identical red phallic-nosed mask designs.[5]
Some of the earliest representations of tengu appear in Japanese picture scrolls, such as the Tenguzōshi Emaki (
Tengu are often pictured as taking the shape of some sort of priest. Beginning in the 13th century, tengu came to be associated in particular with yamabushi, the mountain ascetics who practice Shugendō.[7] The association soon found its way into Japanese art, where tengu are most frequently depicted in the yamabushi's unique costume, which includes a distinctive headwear called the tokin and a pompom sash (
Tengu are commonly depicted holding a magical feather fan (
Origins
editThe term tengu and the characters used to write it are borrowed from the name of a fierce demon from Chinese folklore called tiāngǒu though this still has to be confirmed. Chinese literature assigns this creature a variety of descriptions, but most often it is a fierce and anthropophagous canine monster that resembles a shooting star or comet. It makes a noise like thunder and brings war wherever it falls. One account from the Shù Yì Jì (
The 23rd chapter of the Nihon Shoki, written in 720, is generally held to contain the first recorded mention of tengu in Japan. In this account a large shooting star appears and is identified by a Buddhist priest as a "heavenly dog", and much like the tiāngǒu of China, the star precedes a military uprising. "9th year, Spring, and month, 23rd day. A great star floated from East to West, and there was a noise like that of thunder. The people of that day said that it was the sound of the falling star. Others said that it was earth-thunder. Hereupon the Buddhist Priest Bin said:—"It is not the falling star, but the Celestial Dog, the sound of whose barking is like thunder.". When it appeared, there was famine".—(Nihon Shoki) Although the Chinese characters for tengu are used in the text, accompanying phonetic furigana characters give the reading as amatsukitsune (heavenly fox). M. W. de Visser speculated that the early Japanese meaning for the characters used to write Tengu may represent a conglomeration of two Chinese spirits: the tiāngǒu and the fox spirits called huli jing before the nuances of meaning were expanded to include local Japanese kami, therefore the true Tengu in appearance.[12]
Some Japanese scholars have speculated that the tengu's image derives from that of the Hindu eagle deity Garuda, who was pluralized in Buddhist scripture as one of the major races of non-human beings. Like the tengu, the garuda are often portrayed in a human-like form with wings and a bird's beak. The name tengu seems to be written in place of that of the garuda in a Japanese sutra called the Emmyō Jizō-kyō (
A later version of the Kujiki, an ancient Japanese historical text, writes the name of Amanozako, a monstrous female deity born from the god Susanoo's spat-out ferocity, with characters meaning tengu deity (
Evil spirits and angry ghosts
editThe Konjaku Monogatarishū, a collection of stories published in the late Heian period, contains some of the earliest tales of tengu, already characterized as they would be for centuries to come. These tengu are the troublesome opponents of Buddhism, who mislead the pious with false images of the Buddha, carry off monks and drop them in remote places, possess women in an attempt to seduce holy men, rob temples, and endow those who worship them with unholy power. They often disguise themselves as priests or nuns, but their true form seems to be that of a kite.[15]
Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, accounts continued of tengu attempting to cause trouble in the world. They were now established as the ghosts of angry, vain, or heretical priests who had fallen on the "tengu-realm" (
One notorious tengu from the 12th century was himself the ghost of an emperor. The Hōgen Monogatari tells the story of Emperor Sutoku, who was forced by his father to abandon the throne. When he later raised the Hōgen Rebellion to take back the country from Emperor Go-Shirakawa, he was defeated and exiled to Sanuki Province in Shikoku. According to legend he died in torment, having sworn to haunt the nation of Japan as a great demon, and thus became a fearsome tengu with long nails and eyes like a kite's.[17]
In stories from the 13th century, tengu began to abduct young boys as well as the priests they had always targeted. The boys were often returned, while the priests would be found tied to the tops of trees or other high places. All of the tengu's victims, however, would come back in a state near death or madness, sometimes after having been tricked into eating animal dung.[7]
The tengu of this period were often conceived of as the ghosts of the arrogant, and as a result, the creatures have become strongly associated with vanity and pride. Today the Japanese expression tengu ni naru ("becoming a tengu") is still used to describe a conceited person.[18]
Great and small demons
editIn the Genpei Jōsuiki, written in the late Kamakura period, a god appears to Go-Shirakawa and gives a detailed account of tengu ghosts. He says that they fall onto the tengu road because, as Buddhists, they cannot go to Hell, yet as people with bad principles, they also cannot go to Heaven. He describes the appearance of different types of tengu: the ghosts of priests, nuns, ordinary men, and ordinary women, all of whom in life possessed excessive pride. The god introduces the notion that not all tengu are equal; knowledgeable men become daitengu (
The philosopher Hayashi Razan lists the greatest of these daitengu as Sōjōbō of Kurama, Tarōbō of Atago, and Jirōbō of Hira.[20] The demons of Kurama and Atago are among the most famous tengu.[18]
A section of the Tengu Meigikō, later quoted by Inoue Enryō, lists the daitengu in this order:
- Sōjōbō (
僧正 坊 ) of Mount Kurama - Tarōbō (
太郎坊 ) of Mount Atago - Jirōbō (
二郎 坊 ) of the Hira Mountains - Sanjakubō (
三 尺 坊 ) of Mount Akiha - Ryūhōbō (
笠 鋒 坊 ) of Mount Kōmyō - Buzenbō (
豊前 坊 ) of Mount Hiko - Hōkibō (
伯耆 坊 ) of Mount Daisen - Myōgibō (
妙義 坊 ) of Mount Ueno (Ueno Park) - Sankibō (
三鬼 坊 ) of Itsukushima - Zenkibō (
前鬼 坊 ) of Mount Ōmine - Kōtenbō (
高 天坊 ) of Katsuragi - Tsukuba-hōin (
筑波 法印 ) of Hitachi Province - Daranibō (
陀羅尼 坊 ) of Mount Fuji - Naigubu (
内 供奉 ) of Mount Takao - Sagamibō (
相模 坊 ) of Shiramine - Saburō (
三郎 ) of Mount Iizuna - Ajari (
阿闍梨 ) of Higo Province[21]
Daitengu are often pictured in a more human-like form than their underlings, and due to their long noses, they may also be called hanatakatengu (
Creatures that do not fit the classic bird or yamabushi image are sometimes called tengu. For example, tengu in the guise of wood-spirits may be called guhin (occasionally written kuhin) (
Protective spirits and deities
editIn Yamagata Prefecture among other areas, thickets in the mountains during summer, there are several tens of tsubo of moss and sand that were revered as the "nesting grounds of tengu," and in mountain villages in the Kanagawa Prefecture, they would cut trees at night and were called "tengu daoshi" (
The Shasekishū, a book of Buddhist parables from the Kamakura period, makes a point of distinguishing between good and bad tengu. The book explains that the former are in command of the latter and are the protectors, not opponents, of Buddhism – although the flaw of pride or ambition has caused them to fall onto the demon road, they remain the same good, dharma-abiding persons they were in life.[29]
The tengu's unpleasant image continued to erode in the 17th century. Some stories now presented them as much less malicious, protecting and blessing Buddhist institutions rather than menacing them or setting them on fire. According to a legend in the 18th-century Kaidan Toshiotoko (
In the 18th and 19th centuries, tengu came to be feared as the vigilant protectors of certain forests. In the 1764 collection of strange stories Sanshu Kidan (
Tengu are worshipped as beneficial kami (gods or revered spirits) in various regions. For example, the tengu Saburō of Izuna is worshipped on that mountain and various others as Izuna Gongen (
In popular folk tales
editTengu appear frequently in the orally transmitted tales collected by Japanese folklorists. As these stories are often humorous, they tend to portray tengu as ridiculous creatures who are easily tricked or confused by humans. Some common folk tales in which tengu appear include:
- "The Tengu's Magic Cloak" (
天狗 の隠 れみの, Tengu no Kakuremino): A boy looks through an ordinary piece of bamboo and pretends he can see distant places. A tengu, overwhelmed by curiosity, offers to trade it for a magic straw cloak that renders the wearer invisible. Having duped the tengu, the boy continues his mischief while wearing the cloak. Another version of this story tells of an ugly old man who tricks a tengu into giving him his magical cloak and causes mayhem for his fellow villagers. The story ends with the tengu regaining the coat through a game of riddle exchange and punishes the man by turning him into a wolf.[34] - "The Old Man's Lump Removed" (
瘤 取 り爺 さん, Kobu-tori Jiisan): An old man has a lump or tumor on his face. In the mountains he encounters a band of tengu making merry and joins their dancing. He pleases them so much that they want him to join them the next night, and offer a gift for him. In addition, they take the lump off his face, thinking that he will want it back and therefore have to join them the next night. An unpleasant neighbor, who also has a lump, hears of the old man's good fortune and attempts to repeat it, and steal the gift. The tengu, however, simply gives him the first lump in addition to his own, because they are disgusted by his bad dancing, and because he tried to steal the gift.[35] - "The Tengu's Fan" (
天狗 の羽団扇 , Tengu no Hauchiwa) A scoundrel obtains a tengu's magic fan, which can shrink or grow noses. He secretly uses this item to grotesquely extend the nose of a rich man's daughter and then shrinks it again in exchange for her hand in marriage. Later he accidentally fans himself while he dozes, and his nose grows so long it reaches heaven, resulting in painful misfortune for him.[36] - "The Tengu's Gourd" (
天狗 の瓢箪 , Tengu no Hyōtan): A gambler meets a tengu, who asks him what he is most frightened of. The gambler lies, claiming that he is terrified of gold or mochi. The tengu answers truthfully that he is frightened of a kind of plant or some other mundane item. The tengu, thinking he is playing a cruel trick, then causes money or rice cakes to rain down on the gambler. The gambler is of course delighted and proceeds to scare the tengu away with the thing he fears most. The gambler then obtains the tengu's magic gourd (or another treasured item) that was left behind.[37]
Martial arts
editDuring the 14th century, the tengu began to trouble the world outside of the Buddhist clergy, and like their ominous ancestors the tiāngǒu, the tengu became creatures associated with war.[38] Legends eventually ascribed to them great knowledge in the art of skilled combat.
This reputation seems to have its origins in a legend surrounding the famous warrior Minamoto no Yoshitsune. When Yoshitsune was a young boy going by the name of Ushiwaka-maru, his father, Yoshitomo, was assassinated by the Taira clan. Taira no Kiyomori, head of the Taira, allowed the child to survive on the grounds that he be exiled to the temple on Mount Kurama and become a monk. But one day in the Sōjō-ga-dani Valley, Ushiwaka encountered the mountain's tengu, Sōjōbō. This spirit taught the boy the art of swordsmanship so that he might bring vengeance on the Taira.[39]
Originally the actions of this tengu were portrayed as another attempt by demons to throw the world into chaos and war, but as Yoshitsune's renown as a legendary warrior increased, his monstrous teacher came to be depicted in a much more sympathetic and honorable light. In one of the most famous renditions of the story, the Noh play Kurama Tengu, Ushiwaka is the only person from his temple who does not give up an outing in disgust at the sight of a strange yamabushi. Sōjōbō thus befriends the boy and teaches him out of sympathy for his plight.[40]
Two stories from the 19th century continue this theme: In the Sōzan Chomon Kishū, a boy is carried off by a tengu and spends three years with the creature. He comes home with a magic gun that never misses a shot. A story from Inaba Province, related by Inoue Enryō, tells of a girl with poor manual dexterity who is suddenly possessed by a tengu. The spirit wishes to rekindle the declining art of swordsmanship in the world. Soon a young samurai appears to whom the tengu has appeared in a dream, and the possessed girl instructs him as an expert swordsman.[41]
In popular culture
editTengu continue to be popular subjects in modern fiction, both in Japan and other countries. They often appear among the many characters and creatures featured in Japanese cinema, animation, comics, role-playing games, and video games.[42]
- The Unicode emoji character U+1F47A (👺) represents a tengu, under the name "Japanese Goblin".[43]
- The Touhou Project series prominently features tengu as a species of youkai within the setting. No less than five named characters are tengu, three of which are recurring characters, and one of which is a major character.[44]
- In Gargoyles the gargoyles of the Ishimaru Clan are modeled after the Tengu and in-universe were their inspiration.
- In Yugioh the Great Long Nose card is modeled after the Tengu.
- Nuzleaf and Shiftry from the Pokémon franchise are based on the tengu.[45][46]
- The tengu featured in the 2013 movie 47 Ronin, with their lord played by Togo Igawa.[47]
- Tactics features a shinto onmyoji who spends his life searching for a tengu, whom he names Haruka and another tengu named Sugino. Each tengu represents a different type: Haruka is a "black" tengu who was born as such and is more powerful than "white" Sugino, who is noted to be a former human priest who grew too arrogant and is worshipped as a mountain god. They primarily appear as humans with wings.[48]
- In Around the World in Eighty Days, Passepartout joins a circus in Japan where he dresses as a tengu (spelled Tingou in the book).
- In Ghost of Tsushima, the "Mythic Quest" Curse of Uchitsune features a man with a tengu mask as the main antagonist of the Quest. In the "Legends Mode" Tengus are an enemy type that can also summon crows to attack players.
- Tengu Man is a boss in the 1996 video game Mega Man 8.
- In the 2003 television series of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, an ancient mystical sword wielded by the great Tengu Shredder came into the possession of modern Tokyo ninja clan of the Foot and ended up in the hands of the four title characters. An ancient amulet called the Heart of Tengu gave the Utrom Shredder, and later Karai, command over the five Mystic Foot ninja. In Season Five: Ninja Tribunal, the original demonic Tengu Shredder who had possessed the original ninja master Oroku Saki millennia ago, returned to remake the modern world in his twisted image, but was ultimately destroyed by the Ninja Turtles' combined strength as mystical dragons and the spirit of Hamato Yoshi.
- In Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, the sickly, elderly leader of the Ashina, Isshin Ashina, dresses up as a Tengu when sneaking out to kill the rival government's assassins and ninjas. While wearing this disguise, the game refers to him as "The Tengu of Ashina".
- In the 2020 video game Genshin Impact, the character Kujou Sara is a tengu, and other tengu (as well as other youkai) play a significant role in the history of the fictional nation of Inazuma, which is in turn based off of Japanese culture and mythology.
See also
edit- Eboshi-ori
- Matsuyama tengu
- Tiangou (China)
- Woodwose
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992). Myths and Legends. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 199. ISBN 1-55521-812-1. OCLC 27192394.
- ^
- Ashkenazi, Michael (2011). Handbook of Japanese mythology. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-84972-856-0. OCLC 755870995.
- Picken, Stuart D. B (2011). Historical dictionary of Shinto. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7172-4. OCLC 860389341.
- Roberts, Jeremy (2010). Japanese mythology A to Z. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60413-435-3. OCLC 1057125888.
- Köpping, Klaus-Peter; Leistle, Bernhard; Rudolph, Michael (2006). Ritual and identity: performative practices as effective transformations of social reality?. Münster; London: Lit; Global [distributor]. ISBN 978-3-8258-8042-2. OCLC 1063323536.
- Turnbull, Stephen (2015). Japan's sexual gods: shrines, roles and rituals of procreation and protection. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28891-1. OCLC 1089406931.
- Ashkenazi, Michael (2011). Handbook of Japanese mythology. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-84972-856-0. OCLC 755870995.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 61. The kite referred to here is tobi or tonbi (
鳶 ), the Japanese black kite (Milvus migrans lineatus). - ^ "Encyclopedia of Shinto:Sarutahiko".
- ^ Moriarty p. 109.
- ^ Fister p. 105. See images from this scroll here Archived 2007-01-23 at the Wayback Machine and here Archived 2007-01-23 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b de Visser, pp. 55–57.
- ^ Fister, p. 103. For images of the yamabushi's costume look here Archived 2007-03-28 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Blair, Gavin (2022). An Illustrated Guide to Samurai History and Culture: From the Age of Musashi to Contemporary Pop Culture. Foreword by Alexander Bennett. Tuttle Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-4-8053-1659-7. OCLC 1292361882.
- ^ Mizuki 2001, p. 122.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 27–30.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 34–35.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 87–90.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 43–44; Mizuki, Mujara 4, p.7.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 38–43.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 45–47. This tengu-ghost eventually appeared and admitted to riding on the emperor's back with his wings clasped over the man's eyes.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b Mizuki 2001.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 51–53.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 71.
- ^ de Visser, p. 82; most kanji and some name corrections retrieved from here Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Mizuki 2001
- ^ de Visser, p. 84; Mizuki 2003, p. 70. The term konoha-tengu is often mentioned in English texts as a synonym for daitengu, but this appears to be a widely repeated mistake which is not corroborated by Japanese-language sources.
- ^ Mizuki, Mujara 4, p. 94
- ^ Mizuki, Mujara 1, p. 38; Kawatengu Archived 2006-10-06 at the Wayback Machine at the Kaii-Yōkai Denshō Database [permanent dead link]
- ^
高山 建吉 (1951). "遠 州 の天狗 囃子 ".民間 伝承 . 15巻 (第 2号 ).民間 伝承 の会 : 19. NCID AN10219431. - ^
大藤 時彦 他 (1955).民俗 学 研究所 編 (ed.).綜合 日本 民俗 語彙 . Vol.第 4巻 .柳田 國男 監修 .平凡社 . p. 1644. NCID BN05729787. - ^
千葉 幹夫 (1995).全国 妖怪 事典 .小学館 ライブラリー.小学館 . p. 116. ISBN 978-4-09-460074-2. - ^ de Visser, pp. 58–60.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 72–76.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 76–79. The okoze fish is known to science as Anema inerme, the mottled stargazer.
- ^ Folklore texts cited in the Kaii*Yōkai Denshō Database:
- ^ de Visser (Fox and Badger) p. 107–109. See also: Encyclopedia of Shinto: Izuna Gongen and Encyclopedia of Shinto: Akiha Shinkō, and Saijoji, a.k.a. Doryo-son Archived 2012-02-03 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Seki p. 170. Online version here Archived 2006-12-31 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Seki p. 128–129. Online version here. Oni often take the place of the tengu in this story.
- ^ Seki p. 171. A version of this story has been popularized in English as "The Badger and the Magic Fan". ISBN 0-399-21945-5
- ^ Seki p. 172. Online version here.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 67.
- ^ de Visser, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Outlined in Japanese here Archived 2008-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. For another example see the picture scroll Tengu no Dairi here Archived 2007-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, in which the tengu of Mount Kurama is working with a Buddha (who was once Yoshitsune's father) to overthrow the Taira clan. This indicates that the tengu is now involved in a righteous cause rather than an act of wickedness.
- ^ de Visser, p. 79.
- ^ "Fandom Facts you may not know - Tengu - Wattpad". www.wattpad.com. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
- ^ "👺 Japanese Goblin Emoji". Emojipedia. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
- ^ "Tengu". Touhou LostWord Wiki - GamePress. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ @DrLavaYT (December 2, 2019). "Shiftry's Inspiration: Shiftry is based on Tengu, creatures from Japanese mythology who protect forests and have long noses & white hair. Tengu are known to wield magical leaf fans and read people's minds -- attributes that help explain Shiftry's moveset and Pokedex entries" (Tweet). Retrieved December 24, 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Pokemon Fan Rediscovers One Monster's Spiritual Origins". Anime. comicbook.com. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
- ^ "47 Ronin (2013)". IMDb. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
- ^ "Tactics". Anime-Planet. 2004-10-06. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
General and cited references
edit- de Visser, M. W. (1908). "The Tengu". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. 36 (2): 25–99.
- de Visser, M. W. (1908). "The Fox and the Badger in Japanese Folklore". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. 36 (3): 107–116.
- Fister, Pat (1985). "Tengu, the Mountain Goblin". In Addiss, Stephen (ed.). Japanese Ghosts and Demons. New York: George Braziller, Inc. pp. 103–112. ISBN 978-0-8076-1126-5.
- Mizuki, Shigeru (2001). Mizuki Shigeru No Nihon Yōkai Meguri. Japan: JTB. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-4-533-03956-0.
- Mizuki, Shigeru (2003). Mujara 1: Kantō, Hokkaidō, Okinawa-hen. Japan: Soft Garage. ISBN 978-4-86133-004-9.
- Mizuki, Shigeru (2003). Mujara 2: Chūbu-hen. Japan: Soft Garage. ISBN 978-4-86133-005-6.
- Mizuki, Shigeru (2004). Mujara 4: Chūgoku/Shikoku-hen. Japan: Soft Garage. ISBN 978-4-86133-016-2.
- Moriarty, Elizabeth (1972). "The Communitarian Aspect of Shinto Matsuri". Asian Folklore Studies. 31 (2): 91–140. doi:10.2307/1177490. JSTOR 1177490.
- Seki, Keigo (1966). "Types of Japanese Folktales". Asian Folklore Studies. 25: 1–220. doi:10.2307/1177478. JSTOR 1177478.