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Banchō Sarayashiki (
Banchō Sarayashiki | |
---|---|
Folk tale | |
Name | Banchō Sarayashiki |
Country | Japan |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Yoshitoshi_Ogiku.jpg/220px-Yoshitoshi_Ogiku.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hokusai_Sarayashiki.jpg/220px-Hokusai_Sarayashiki.jpg)
History
editThe story of the death of Okiku (お
A one-act kabuki version was created in 1850 by Segawa Joko III, under the title Minoriyoshi Kogane no Kikuzuki, which debuted at the Nakamura-za theater and starred Ichikawa Danjūrō VIII and Ichikawa Kodanji IV in the roles of Tetsuzan and Okiku. This one-act adaptation was not popular, and quickly folded, until it was revived in June 1971 at the Shinbashi Enbujō theater, starring the popular combination of Kataoka Takao and Bando Tamasaburō V in the roles of Tetsuzan and Okiku.
The most familiar and popular adaptation of Banchō Sarayashiki, written by Okamoto Kido, debuted in February 1916 at the Hongō-za theater, starring Ichikawa Sadanji II and Ichikawa Shōchō II in the roles of Lord Harima and Okiku. It was a modern version of the classic ghost story in which the horror tale was replaced by a psychological study of the two characters' motivations.
Plot summary
editFolk version
editThere was a beautiful dishwashing servant named Okiku who worked at Himeji Castle. Her master attempted to make her his lover but she rejected him each time. He grew impatient and wanted to trick her into becoming his, so he hid one of ten precious dishes that she was responsible for. When he called for her, he told her one of the plates was missing. In a frenzy, she counted and recounted the nine plates many times. The samurai offers to overlook the matter if she finally becomes his lover, but she rejects him again. Enraged, Aoyama has his servants beat her, tie her up and suspend her above a well. He tortures Okiku before again demanding that she marry him. Aoyama then slashes her with his sword and drops her body into the well.[3]
Okiku becomes a vengeful spirit (Onryō) who torments her murderer by counting to nine and then making a terrible shriek to represent the missing tenth plate – or perhaps she had tormented herself and was still trying to find the tenth plate but cried out in agony when she never could. In some versions of the story, this torment continued until an exorcist or neighbor shouted "ten" in a loud voice at the end of her count. Her ghost, finally relieved that someone had found the plate for her, haunted the samurai no more.[3]
Ningyō Jōruri version
editHosokawa Katsumoto, the lord of Himeji Castle, has fallen seriously ill. Katsumoto's heir, Tomonosuke, plans to give a set of 10 precious plates to the shōgun to ensure his succession. However, chief retainer Asayama Tetsuzan plots to take over. Tomonosuke's retainer, Funase Sampei Taketsune is engaged to marry a lady in waiting, Okiku. Tetsuzan plans to force Okiku to help him murder Tomonosuke.
Tetsuzan, through the help of a spy, steals one of the 10 plates and summons Okiku to bring the box containing the plates to his chamber. There, he attempts to seduce Okiku. She refuses due to her love for Taketsune. Rejected, Tetsuzan then has Okiku count the plates to find only nine. He blames her for the theft and offers to lie for her if she will be his mistress. Okiku again refuses and Tetsuzan has her beaten with a wooden sword.
Tetsuzan then has her suspended over a well and, erotically enjoying her torture, has her lowered into the well several times, beating her himself when she is raised. He demands that she become his lover and assist in the murder of Tomonosuke. She refuses again, whereupon Tetsuzan strikes her with his sword, sending her body into the well.
While wiping clean his sword, the sound of a voice counting plates comes from the well. Tetsuzan realizes that it is the ghost of Okiku but is entirely unmoved. The play ends with the ghost of Okiku rising from the well, Tetsuzan staring at her contemptuously.
Okamoto Kido version
editSet in Edo in 1655, a vassal of the Shogun, Harima Aoyama, has fallen in love with a young servant girl, Okiku. They have promised to marry, but Aoyama receives a marriage proposal through an aunt. In order to test Aoyama's intentions, Okiku breaks one of ten heirloom plates that passed through generations of his household. The traditional punishment for breaking such an heirloom was beheading. When Aoyama hears of the incident and is told that Okiku broke it by accident, he pardons her, and reaffirms his love for her. However, when she later confesses, Aoyama is enraged and breaks the remaining plates, kills her, and throws her down a well.[4]
From then after, Okiku's yūrei (ghost) is seen to enter the house and count the plates, one through nine. Encountering her in the garden, Aoyama sees that her ghostly face is not one of vengeance, but beauty and calm. Taking strength from this, he commits seppuku and joins her in death.
Okamoto's version premiered in February 1916 at the Hongōza in Bunkyō, Tokyo, starring Sadanji Ichikawa II and Shōchō Ichikawa II.[4] It is notable for being a much more romantic adaptation of the story, similar to the kabuki version of Botan Dōrō. This was an influence of the Meiji Restoration, which brought Western plays to Japan for the first time. Western plays were much more noticeable for romantic elements, and this was adapted into a style of theater known as Shin Kabuki, or New Kabuki. Shin Kabuki was ultimately an unsuccessful merger of East and West[citation needed], although Okamoto's Banchō Sarayashiki remains as one of the few classics.
Variations
editIn some versions of the tale, Okiku is a maid who incurs her mistress' jealousy. Her mistress breaks one of the dishes that Okiku is responsible for and Okiku commits suicide. Similar to the other versions, her ghost is heard counting the plates, but her mistress goes insane and dies.[5]
Okiku and ukiyo-e
editLike many kabuki plays, Okiku was a popular subject matter for ukiyo-e artists. In 1830, Katsushika Hokusai included her as one of the kaidan in his One Hundred Ghost Stories (Hyaku monogatari) series. Ekin, a somewhat notorious artist who had troubles with the law, painted a byōbu-e[i] of Okiku being accused by Tetsuzan Aoyama and his brother Chuta.
Most notably, she appeared as one of the New Forms of Thirty-Six Ghosts by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi. His portrayal of Okiku is unusually sympathetic, particularly as ghosts were viewed as fearsome apparitions by nineteenth-century Japanese, reflecting a general trend in his later work.
Influences on Japanese culture
editIn 1795, old wells in Japan suffered from an infestation of byasa larvae that became known as the "Okiku insect" (お
Adaptations
editManga artist Rumiko Takahashi included a parody of the legend of Okiku in her romantic comedy Maison Ikkoku. As part of an Obon event, the residents of Ikkoku-kan take part in a summer festival; Kyoko dresses up as Okiku and is supposed to hide in a shallow well.[6]
The noted fiction writer Yūko Tsushima refers to the legend in her novel The Chrysanthemum Beetle (
Another adaptation was made in 2002, in Story 4 of the Japanese television drama Kaidan Hyaku Shosetsu.[8]
Okiku and her legend also appear in Rin Chupeco's 2014 horror novel The Girl From the Well and its sequel, The Suffering. In this adaptation, Okiku is a vengeful spirit who punishes child murderers.
The Ring is a horror-film franchise featuring Sadako (or Samara). Sadako is a girl that died in a well and seeks revenge by making a haunted videotape and killing whoever views it.[original research?] Her appearance and traits are based on the Okiku legend.[9] Sadako is depicted as meeting Okiku in the manga series Sadako at the End of the World.
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ Monnet (1993).
- ^ Monnet (1993), p. 202.
- ^ a b "Okiku". Yokai. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ a b Watanabe, Hisao. Blair, Jeff (ed.). "BANCHÔ SARAYASHIKI". Kabuki21. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ a b Iwasaka & Toelken (1994), p. 83.
- ^ Takahashi, Rumiko (1984). "Ido no Naka". Maison Ikkoku (in Japanese). Vol. 6. Tokyo: Shogakukan. pp. 165–184.
- ^ Monnet (1993), p. 200–202.
- ^ "Kaidan Hyaku Shosetsu [
怪談 百 物語 ]". Jdorama. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023. - ^ Frey, Mark. "Sadako's Secrets: Explaining "Ringu" at the Asian Art Museum". Japan Exchange & Teaching Program Alumni Association of Northern California. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018.
Bibliography
edit- Addiss, Stephen (2005). Japanese Ghosts and Demons: Art of the Supernatural. George Braziller. ISBN 9780807611265.
- Iwasaka, Michiko; Toelken, Barre (1994). Ghosts and the Japanese: Cultural Experience in Japanese Death Legends. Utah State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87421-179-5.
- Monnet, Livia (1993). "Connaissance Délicieuse or the Science of Jealousy: Tsushima Yūko's Story 'Kikumushi' (The Chrysanthemum Beetle)". Japan Review. 4: 199–239.
- Ross, Catrien (1996). Supernatural and Mysterious Japan: Spirits, Hauntings and Paranormal Phenomena. Tokyo, Japan: Yenbooks. ISBN 9784900737372.
- "Okiku". Asian Horror Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 18, 2006.
External links
edit- Folk version of the story (in Japanese)