Tonyukuk (Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸, romanized: Bilgä Tuňuquq, lit. 'Tunyuquq the Wise',[3] Chinese: 暾欲
Tonyukuk | |
---|---|
Tarkhan of the Second Turkic Khaganate | |
Reign | 681–716 or 717 |
Full name | |
Native name | 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀 𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸 𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰞𐰀 𐰉𐰍𐰀 𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣 (in Old Turkic) |
Other titles | Apa Tarkan |
Born | Ashide Yuanzhen c. 646 Yulin, Tang dynasty (modern day Inner Mongolia)[1] |
Died | c. 726 (aged 79–80) |
Noble family | Ashide |
Issue | Po Beg |
Occupation | Counsellor[2] Grand vizier Commander-in-chief |
Memorials | Tonyukuk inscriptions |
Name
editThe name is spelled as t1-o-ɲ-uq1-uq1 (𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸) in the Old Turkic script, variously interpreted as Tunuquq, Tonuquq, Tuj-uquq, Toɲ Yuguq, Tujun-oq, Tojuquq, Tuɲoqoq with a number of suggestions for its etymology. According to Sertkaya, Tunuk means "clear, pure, abyss, who reached the depth" or "pure, penetrative", and uq or oq means "idea, wise, well-informed". Thus, Tonuquq is the owner of deep and pure idea.[7][8] His title "Bilge" means wise or master.[9] According to Klyashtorny, the element yuquq means "hidden, protected thing, value, treasure, jewelry", which is derived from the verb "yoq/yuq" meaning "to hide, to protect" (used in Uyghur legal documents); meanwhile, the other ton means "first"; thus his Chinese name
Life
editEarly years
editHe was born around 646, near Tuul River in Ashide tribe. He fled the Tang dynasty in 679 and joined Elteriš in 681.
𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀
Bilge
𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸
Toñuquq
𐰋𐰤
bän
𐰇𐰕𐰢
özüm
𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲
Tab
𐰃𐰠𐰭𐰀
eliŋä
𐰶𐰠𐰦𐰢
qılıntım
𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚
Türk
𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣
bodun
𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰴𐰀
Tab
𐰝𐰇𐰼𐰼
körür
𐰼𐱅𐰃
ärti.
I myself, wise Tonyukuk, born in Tabgach [i.e. Tang China] country. (As the whole) Turk people was under Chinese subjection.[13][14]
Chinese sources state that Tonyuquq's name was Yuanzhen, and he learned all Chinese traditions and was aware of the gaps in the borders and the Chinese wall. While he was supervising the surrendered clans in Chanyü military governorship, he was dismissed and jailed by the military governor Changshih.[15]
During Elteriš's reign
editAlthough he lost early wars against Xue Rengui, he was formidable force in establishing Turkic Khaganate. In 687, another invasion of Tang by Elteriš and Ashide Yuanzhen began. Empress Dowager Wu commissioned the ethnically Baekje general Heichi Changzhi, assisted by Li Duozuo, to defend against Turkic attack and they were able to defeat Turk forces at Huanghuadui (modern day Shuozhou, Shanxi) causing Turk forces to flee.
During Qapγ an's reign
edit
In 703, he was sent by qa
In 712, he commanded Tujue army during Battle of Bolchu which proved disastrous for Turgesh army.
During Inäl's reign
editHe was not in active politics during Inäl's reign and accepted him as a legitimate ruler.[16] Although this did not cost him his life and was spared, perhaps because of his great authority and his age. Another reason would the fact that he was Bilge Qaghan's father-in-law.[17]
During Bilgä's reign
editIn 716 he was appointed to be Master Strategist (Bagha Tarkhan) by his son-in-law Bilgä Qa
Chinese sources state that Bilgä Qa
In 720 Tang chancellor Wang Jun proposed a plan to attack Bilgä Qa
He died around 726.
Family
editHe was father to Eletmiš Bilgä Qatun and a father-in-law to Bilgä Qa
Legacy
editHis biography, achievements and advice for state administration were carved in the so-called Orkhon-Turkic script on two stele erected around 716 (before his death) at a site known as Bayn Tsokto, in Ulaanbataar's Nalaikh district.[24] Yuan era Uyghur official Xie Wenzhi (
He was mentioned and remembered in some Uyghur Manichaean texts later in Qocho.[26]
The Berlin Manichaean manuscript found in Qocho read as follows:[26]
Then the wise Toñuk(uk) spoke as follows: The Turk (nation) is ruined and has lost its chance of (salvation).
In popular culture
edit- Portrayed by Kim Seong-hun in the 2006-2007 KBS TV series Dae Jo-yeong.
References
edit- ^ Schlegel, 1892, p. 13
- ^ Istanbul University Research Institute of Turkology (1979), I. Milletler Arası Türkoloji Kongresi: Türk dili ve edebiyatı, p. 381
- ^ İlhami DURMUŞ. "BİLGE TONYUKUK Tonyuquq the Wise" (in Turkish). 3 (1). Asya Araştırmaları Dergis.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Peter B. Golden, (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People, p. 137
- ^ Ülkü (in Turkish). Türkiye Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi. 1937. p. 352.
- ^ Peter B. Golden (2010). Central Asia in World History. p. 42.
- ^ O. F. Sertkaya (2003, p. 33)
- ^ Nadelyaev V.M. “Orhon–Eniseisk mark’s reading” and “Etymology of the name of Tonuquq”. // Turkology researches M.L. 1963 pp. 197–213; Amanzholov A.C. “Talas, Enisey and Orhon inscriptions’ graphics” /Kazakh language and literature, KAz SU, Almaty, 1973. Amanzholov A.C. “Old Turkic inscriptions History and Theory”, Almaty, 2003; pp. 56–57.
- ^ "Bahis Siteleri - En İyi ve Güvenilir 8 Sağlam Canlı Bahis Sitesi İncelemesi". Bahis Siteleri (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-10-22.
- ^ S. G. Klyashtorny 1966, pp. 202–205
- ^ Aydın, Erhan "On the name and titles of Tonyuquq", Türkbilig, 2019/37: 1–10
- ^ "National History Museum of Mongolia". 7 September 2019.
- ^ Atalay Besim (2006). Divanü Lügati't Türk. Turkish Language Association, ISBN 975-16-0405-2, p. 28, 453, 454
- ^ Aydın 2017, p. 104
- ^ Taşağıl 2004, p. 63
- ^ Dobrovits,M.:“Textological Structure and Political Message of the Old Turkic Runic Inscriptions”, Talât Tekin Armağanı, Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları 18 (2008), 149–153.
- ^ Denis Sinor (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Vol. 1. p. 312.
- ^ Denis Sinor (ed.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, vol.1, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9, 312–313.
- ^ Wenxian Tongkao, 2693a
- ^ New Book of Tang, vol 215-II
- ^ Golden 2002, p. 9
- ^ Ercilasun 2016, pp. 295–296
- ^ Old Book of Tang, Vol. 194-I
- ^ For the site see Sören Stark Die Alttürkenzeit in Mittel- und Zentralasien. Archäologische und historische Studien (Nomaden und Sesshafte, Band 6), Reichert: Wiesbaden 2008, pp. 75–76. Ross (1930): "About 48° N. and a little more 107° W. [sic] of Greenwich, near a place said to have the name of Bain Chokto, between the Nalaikha post-station and the right bank of the upper waters of the Tola."
- ^ Brose, Michael C. (2007). Subjects and masters : Uyghurs in the Mongol Empire. Bellingham, WA, USA. pp. 169, 183–185. ISBN 9780914584292. OCLC 235941570.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Marcel Erdal; Chen Hao
陳 浩 (2017). "The Khocho Toñukuk Tradition in Runiform, Uyghur and Chinese Sources //探 討高昌 突厥石碑 和 維吾爾 語 、中 文 文 獻上 的 暾欲谷記 ". Central Asiatic Journal. 60 (1–2): 109. doi:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0109. JSTOR 10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0109. S2CID 165707355.
- E. Denison Ross, The Tonyukuk Inscription, Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's final Danish Rendering, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 1930.
- Nathan Light. An 8th Century Turkic Narrative: Pragmatics, Reported Speech and Managing Information. Turkic languages. 10.2, 2006. pp 155–186.
External links
edit- Tonyukuk Inscriptions complete text
- Tonyukuk’s Memorial Complex, Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan