William Hooper (June 28, 1742 – October 14, 1790)[1] was an American Founding Father, lawyer, and politician.[2] As a member of the Continental Congress representing North Carolina, Hooper signed the Continental Association and the Declaration of Independence.
William Hooper | |
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| Born | June 17, 1742 Old Style |
| Died | October 14, 1790 (aged 48) |
| Resting place | Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, Greensboro (re-buried) Hillsborough Old Town Cemetery, Hillsborough (original) |
| Occupation(s) | lawyer, politician |
| Known for | Signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence |
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Early life
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Hooper was the first child of five, born in Boston, Massachusetts on June 28, 1742. His father, William Hooper, was a Scottish minister who studied at the University of Edinburgh prior to immigrating to Boston. His mother, Mary Dennie, was the daughter of John Dennie, a well-respected merchant from Massachusetts. Hooper's father had hoped that William would follow in his footsteps as an Episcopal priest[3] and placed his son at the age of seven in Boston Latin School headed by Mr. John Lovell, a highly distinguished educator. In 1757, at age 16, Hooper entered Harvard University where he was highly regarded as an industrious student.[4] In 1760, Hooper graduated from Harvard with honors, obtaining a Bachelor of Arts. However, after graduating, Hooper did not wish to pursue a career in the clergy as his father had hoped. Instead, he decided on a career in law, studying under James Otis, a popular Boston attorney who was regarded as a radical. Hooper studied under Otis until 1764 and once completing his bar exam decided to leave Massachusetts in part because of the city's abundance of attorneys.[citation needed]
Life in North Carolina
editIn 1764, Hooper moved temporarily to Wilmington, North Carolina, where he began to practice law and became the circuit court lawyer for Cape Fear. Hooper began to build a highly respected reputation in North Carolina among the wealthy farmers as well as fellow lawyers. Hooper increased his influence by representing the colonial government in several court cases. In 1767, Hooper married Anne Clark, the daughter of a wealthy early settler to the region and sheriff of New Hanover County.[5] They had three children: William (b. 1768), Elizabeth (b. 1770), and Thomas (b. 1772).[6] Hooper moved quickly up the ranks, first in 1769 when he was appointed as deputy attorney of the Salisbury District, and then in 1770 when he was appointed deputy Attorney General of North Carolina.
Initially, Hooper supported the British colonial government of North Carolina. As deputy attorney general, in 1768 Hooper worked with Colonial Governor William Tryon to suppress a rebellious group known as the Regulators who participated in the War of the Regulation. The Regulators had been operating in North Carolina for some time, and in 1770 it was reported that the group dragged Hooper through the streets in Hillsborough during a riot. Hooper advised that Governor Tryon use as much force as was necessary to stamp out the rebels and even accompanied the troops at the Battle of Alamance in 1771.[7] He served in the Province of North Carolina House of Burgesses in 1775.[8]
American Revolution involvement
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Hooper's support of the colonial governments began to erode, causing problems for him because of his past support of Governor Tryon. Hooper had been labeled a Loyalist and therefore he was not immediately accepted by Patriots. Hooper eventually was elected to the North Carolina General Assembly in 1773, where he became an opponent to colonial attempts to pass laws that would regulate the provincial courts. This in turn helped to sour his reputation among Loyalists. Hooper recognized that independence was likely to occur and mentioned this in a letter to his friend James Iredell, saying that the colonies were "striding fast to independence, and ere long will build an empire upon the ruins of Great Britain."[9]
During his time in the assembly Hooper slowly became a supporter of the American Revolution and independence. After the governor disbanded the assembly, Hooper helped to organize a new colonial assembly. Hooper was also appointed to the Committee of Correspondence and Inquiry. In 1774, Hooper was appointed a delegate to the First Continental Congress, where he served on numerous committees. Hooper was again elected to the Second Continental Congress, but much of his time was split between the congress and work in North Carolina, where he was assisting in forming a new government. This caused him to miss the vote approving the Declaration of Independence; however, he arrived in time to sign it on August 2, 1776.[10]
In 1777, because of continued financial concerns, Hooper resigned from Congress and returned to North Carolina to resume his law career. Throughout the Revolution the British attempted to capture Hooper, and with his country home in Finian vulnerable to British attacks, Hooper moved his family to Wilmington. In 1781, the British captured Wilmington, to where Cornwallis and his forces fell back after the Battle of Guilford Court House,[11] and Hooper found himself separated from his family. In addition, the British burned his estates in both Finian and Wilmington, so Hooper was forced to rely on friends for food and shelter during this time, as well as nursing him back to health when he contracted malaria. Finally, after nearly a year of separation, Hooper was reunited with his family, and they settled in Hillsborough, North Carolina, where Hooper continued to work for the North Carolina assembly until 1783.[citation needed]
Post-Revolution years
editAfter the Revolution Hooper returned to his career in law, but he lost favor with the public because of his political stance. Hooper fell in line with the Federalist Party because of his influential connections, his mistrust of the lower class, and his widely criticized soft dealings with Loyalists,[12] toward whom he was generally forgiving. This kind and fair treatment made some even label him a Loyalist. Hooper was again called to public service in 1786, when he was appointed a federal judge in a border dispute between New York and Massachusetts, though the case was settled out of court. In 1787 and 1788, Hooper campaigned heavily for North Carolina to ratify the new United States Constitution, but by this time Hooper had become quite ill, and he died on October 14, 1790, at the age of 48.[13] He was laid to rest in the Presbyterian Churchyard in Hillsborough, North Carolina. His remains were later reinterred at Guilford Courthouse National Military Park.
His home at Hillsborough, the Nash-Hooper House, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.[14][15] It is located in the Hillsborough Historic District.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ B.J. Lossing, Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence (Aledo, Tex.: WallBuilders Press, 2007), p. 201
- ^ Bernstein, Richard B. (2009). "Appendix: The Founding Fathers, A Partial List". The Founding Fathers Reconsidered. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 176–180. ISBN 978-0199832576.
- ^ Dennis Brindell Fradin, The Signers: The 56 Stories Behind the Declaration of Independence (New York: Walker and Co., 2002), p. 112
- ^ Lossing, Lives of the Signers, p. 202
- ^ Fradin, The Signers, 112
- ^ A.C. Goodwin (December 2, 1998). "Brief Biography and Genealogy of William Hooper". www.ancestry.com. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Charles W. Snell, "Signers of the Declaration of Independence: Biographical Sketches," United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service (4 July 2004), accessed April 13, 2008).
- ^ Lewis, J.D. "Royal Colony of North Carolina, 27th House of Burgesses". Carolana.com. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
- ^ Harold D. Lowry, "William Hooper. Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 2006," "William Hooper Signer of the Declaration of Independence". Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009. (accessed April 13, 2008).
- ^ Fradin, The Signers, 112.
- ^ Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2002), 86
- ^ Snell, Signers of the Declaration.
- ^ Lossing, Lives of the Signers, 204.
- ^ "Nash-Hooper House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2008.
- ^ Charles W. Snell (March 27, 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Nash-Hooper House (William Hooper House)" (pdf). National Park Service. and Accompanying two photos, exterior, from 1969 and 1971 (32 KB)
Further reading
edit- Broadwater, Jeff and Troy L. Kickler (eds.), North Carolina's Revolutionary Founders. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.
- Fradin, Denis Brindell. The Signers: The 56 Stories Behind the Declaration of Independence. New York: Walker and Company, 2002.
- Goodwin, A.C. "Brief Biography and Genealogy of William Hooper." Ancestry.com (2 December 1998). Accessed April 13, 2008.
- Lossing, B.J. Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Aledo, Tex.: WallBuilders Press, 2007.
- Lowry, Harold D. "William Hooper." Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. 2006. Accessed April 13, 2008.
- Snell, Charles W. Signers of the Declaration of Independence: Biographical Sketches. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 4 July 2004. Accessed April 13, 2008.
- Wood, Gordon S. The American Revolution: A History. New York: Modern Library, 2002.