نجم
Arabic
editEtymology 1
editRoot |
---|
ن ج م (n j m) |
5 terms |
Verb
editنَجَمَ • (najama) I (non-past يَنْجُمُ (yanjumu), verbal noun نُجُوم (nujūm))
Conjugation
editverbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
نُجُوم nujūm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
نَاجِم nājim | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مَنْجُوم manjūm | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | نَجَمْتُ najamtu |
نَجَمْتَ najamta |
نَجَمَ najama |
نَجَمْتُمَا najamtumā |
نَجَمَا najamā |
نَجَمْنَا najamnā |
نَجَمْتُمْ najamtum |
نَجَمُوا najamū | |||
f | نَجَمْتِ najamti |
نَجَمَتْ najamat |
نَجَمَتَا najamatā |
نَجَمْتُنَّ najamtunna |
نَجَمْنَ najamna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أَنْجُمُ ʔanjumu |
تَنْجُمُ tanjumu |
يَنْجُمُ yanjumu |
تَنْجُمَانِ tanjumāni |
يَنْجُمَانِ yanjumāni |
نَنْجُمُ nanjumu |
تَنْجُمُونَ tanjumūna |
يَنْجُمُونَ yanjumūna | |||
f | تَنْجُمِينَ tanjumīna |
تَنْجُمُ tanjumu |
تَنْجُمَانِ tanjumāni |
تَنْجُمْنَ tanjumna |
يَنْجُمْنَ yanjumna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أَنْجُمَ ʔanjuma |
تَنْجُمَ tanjuma |
يَنْجُمَ yanjuma |
تَنْجُمَا tanjumā |
يَنْجُمَا yanjumā |
نَنْجُمَ nanjuma |
تَنْجُمُوا tanjumū |
يَنْجُمُوا yanjumū | |||
f | تَنْجُمِي tanjumī |
تَنْجُمَ tanjuma |
تَنْجُمَا tanjumā |
تَنْجُمْنَ tanjumna |
يَنْجُمْنَ yanjumna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أَنْجُمْ ʔanjum |
تَنْجُمْ tanjum |
يَنْجُمْ yanjum |
تَنْجُمَا tanjumā |
يَنْجُمَا yanjumā |
نَنْجُمْ nanjum |
تَنْجُمُوا tanjumū |
يَنْجُمُوا yanjumū | |||
f | تَنْجُمِي tanjumī |
تَنْجُمْ tanjum |
تَنْجُمَا tanjumā |
تَنْجُمْنَ tanjumna |
يَنْجُمْنَ yanjumna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اُنْجُمْ unjum |
اُنْجُمَا unjumā |
اُنْجُمُوا unjumū |
||||||||
f | اُنْجُمِي unjumī |
اُنْجُمْنَ unjumna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | — | — | نُجِمَ nujima |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | — | — | يُنْجَمُ yunjamu |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | — | — | يُنْجَمَ yunjama |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | — | — | يُنْجَمْ yunjam |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — |
References
edit- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “نجم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[1], London: W.H. Allen
Etymology 2
editVerb
editنَجَّمَ • (najjama) II (non-past يُنَجِّمُ (yunajjimu), verbal noun تَنْجِيم (tanjīm))
- to observe the stars
- to predict the future from the stars, to practice astrology
- to pay in installments
Conjugation
editverbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
تَنْجِيم tanjīm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
مُنَجِّم munajjim | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مُنَجَّم munajjam | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | نَجَّمْتُ najjamtu |
نَجَّمْتَ najjamta |
نَجَّمَ najjama |
نَجَّمْتُمَا najjamtumā |
نَجَّمَا najjamā |
نَجَّمْنَا najjamnā |
نَجَّمْتُمْ najjamtum |
نَجَّمُوا najjamū | |||
f | نَجَّمْتِ najjamti |
نَجَّمَتْ najjamat |
نَجَّمَتَا najjamatā |
نَجَّمْتُنَّ najjamtunna |
نَجَّمْنَ najjamna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أُنَجِّمُ ʔunajjimu |
تُنَجِّمُ tunajjimu |
يُنَجِّمُ yunajjimu |
تُنَجِّمَانِ tunajjimāni |
يُنَجِّمَانِ yunajjimāni |
نُنَجِّمُ nunajjimu |
تُنَجِّمُونَ tunajjimūna |
يُنَجِّمُونَ yunajjimūna | |||
f | تُنَجِّمِينَ tunajjimīna |
تُنَجِّمُ tunajjimu |
تُنَجِّمَانِ tunajjimāni |
تُنَجِّمْنَ tunajjimna |
يُنَجِّمْنَ yunajjimna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُنَجِّمَ ʔunajjima |
تُنَجِّمَ tunajjima |
يُنَجِّمَ yunajjima |
تُنَجِّمَا tunajjimā |
يُنَجِّمَا yunajjimā |
نُنَجِّمَ nunajjima |
تُنَجِّمُوا tunajjimū |
يُنَجِّمُوا yunajjimū | |||
f | تُنَجِّمِي tunajjimī |
تُنَجِّمَ tunajjima |
تُنَجِّمَا tunajjimā |
تُنَجِّمْنَ tunajjimna |
يُنَجِّمْنَ yunajjimna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُنَجِّمْ ʔunajjim |
تُنَجِّمْ tunajjim |
يُنَجِّمْ yunajjim |
تُنَجِّمَا tunajjimā |
يُنَجِّمَا yunajjimā |
نُنَجِّمْ nunajjim |
تُنَجِّمُوا tunajjimū |
يُنَجِّمُوا yunajjimū | |||
f | تُنَجِّمِي tunajjimī |
تُنَجِّمْ tunajjim |
تُنَجِّمَا tunajjimā |
تُنَجِّمْنَ tunajjimna |
يُنَجِّمْنَ yunajjimna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | نَجِّمْ najjim |
نَجِّمَا najjimā |
نَجِّمُوا najjimū |
||||||||
f | نَجِّمِي najjimī |
نَجِّمْنَ najjimna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | — | — | نُجِّمَ nujjima |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | — | — | يُنَجَّمُ yunajjamu |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | — | — | يُنَجَّمَ yunajjama |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | — | — | يُنَجَّمْ yunajjam |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — |
Etymology 3
editNoun
editنَجْم • (najm) m (plural نُجُوم (nujūm))
- installment, partial payment
Declension
editSingular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نَجْم najm |
النَّجْم an-najm |
نَجْم najm |
Nominative | نَجْمٌ najmun |
النَّجْمُ an-najmu |
نَجْمُ najmu |
Accusative | نَجْمًا najman |
النَّجْمَ an-najma |
نَجْمَ najma |
Genitive | نَجْمٍ najmin |
النَّجْمِ an-najmi |
نَجْمِ najmi |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | نَجْمَيْن najmayn |
النَّجْمَيْن an-najmayn |
نَجْمَيْ najmay |
Nominative | نَجْمَانِ najmāni |
النَّجْمَانِ an-najmāni |
نَجْمَا najmā |
Accusative | نَجْمَيْنِ najmayni |
النَّجْمَيْنِ an-najmayni |
نَجْمَيْ najmay |
Genitive | نَجْمَيْنِ najmayni |
النَّجْمَيْنِ an-najmayni |
نَجْمَيْ najmay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نُجُوم nujūm |
النُّجُوم an-nujūm |
نُجُوم nujūm |
Nominative | نُجُومٌ nujūmun |
النُّجُومُ an-nujūmu |
نُجُومُ nujūmu |
Accusative | نُجُومًا nujūman |
النُّجُومَ an-nujūma |
نُجُومَ nujūma |
Genitive | نُجُومٍ nujūmin |
النُّجُومِ an-nujūmi |
نُجُومِ nujūmi |
Noun
editنَجْم • (najm) m (plural نُجُوم (nujūm) or أَنْجُم (ʔanjum) or نُجُم (nujum) or أَنْجَام (ʔanjām))
- (astronomy) celestial body, star, planet, luminary
- تُضْفِي ٱلنُّجُومُ ٱللَّامِعَةُ فِي ٱلسَّمَاءِ جَمَالًا خَاصًّا عَلَى اللَّيْلِ.
- tuḍfī n-nujūmu l-lāmiʕatu fī s-samāʔi jamālan ḵāṣṣan ʕalā l-layli.
- The bright stars in the sky add a special beauty to the night.
- (astronomy) constellation, asterism
- lucky star
Declension
editSingular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نَجْم najm |
النَّجْم an-najm |
نَجْم najm |
Nominative | نَجْمٌ najmun |
النَّجْمُ an-najmu |
نَجْمُ najmu |
Accusative | نَجْمًا najman |
النَّجْمَ an-najma |
نَجْمَ najma |
Genitive | نَجْمٍ najmin |
النَّجْمِ an-najmi |
نَجْمِ najmi |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | نَجْمَيْن najmayn |
النَّجْمَيْن an-najmayn |
نَجْمَيْ najmay |
Nominative | نَجْمَانِ najmāni |
النَّجْمَانِ an-najmāni |
نَجْمَا najmā |
Accusative | نَجْمَيْنِ najmayni |
النَّجْمَيْنِ an-najmayni |
نَجْمَيْ najmay |
Genitive | نَجْمَيْنِ najmayni |
النَّجْمَيْنِ an-najmayni |
نَجْمَيْ najmay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نُجُوم; أَنْجُم; نُجُم; أَنْجَام nujūm; ʔanjum; nujum; ʔanjām |
النُّجُوم; الْأَنْجُم; النُّجُم; الْأَنْجَام an-nujūm; al-ʔanjum; an-nujum; al-ʔanjām |
نُجُوم; أَنْجُم; نُجُم; أَنْجَام nujūm; ʔanjum; nujum; ʔanjām |
Nominative | نُجُومٌ; أَنْجُمٌ; نُجُمٌ; أَنْجَامٌ nujūmun; ʔanjumun; nujumun; ʔanjāmun |
النُّجُومُ; الْأَنْجُمُ; النُّجُمُ; الْأَنْجَامُ an-nujūmu; al-ʔanjumu; an-nujumu; al-ʔanjāmu |
نُجُومُ; أَنْجُمُ; نُجُمُ; أَنْجَامُ nujūmu; ʔanjumu; nujumu; ʔanjāmu |
Accusative | نُجُومًا; أَنْجُمًا; نُجُمًا; أَنْجَامًا nujūman; ʔanjuman; nujuman; ʔanjāman |
النُّجُومَ; الْأَنْجُمَ; النُّجُمَ; الْأَنْجَامَ an-nujūma; al-ʔanjuma; an-nujuma; al-ʔanjāma |
نُجُومَ; أَنْجُمَ; نُجُمَ; أَنْجَامَ nujūma; ʔanjuma; nujuma; ʔanjāma |
Genitive | نُجُومٍ; أَنْجُمٍ; نُجُمٍ; أَنْجَامٍ nujūmin; ʔanjumin; nujumin; ʔanjāmin |
النُّجُومِ; الْأَنْجُمِ; النُّجُمِ; الْأَنْجَامِ an-nujūmi; al-ʔanjumi; an-nujumi; al-ʔanjāmi |
نُجُومِ; أَنْجُمِ; نُجُمِ; أَنْجَامِ nujūmi; ʔanjumi; nujumi; ʔanjāmi |
Descendants
editNoun
editنَجْم • (najm) m (collective, singulative نَجْمَة f (najma), plural نُجُوم (nujūm) or أَنْجُم (ʔanjum) or نُجُم (nujum) or أَنْجَام (ʔanjām))
Declension
editCollective | basic collective triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نَجْم najm |
النَّجْم an-najm |
نَجْم najm |
Nominative | نَجْمٌ najmun |
النَّجْمُ an-najmu |
نَجْمُ najmu |
Accusative | نَجْمًا najman |
النَّجْمَ an-najma |
نَجْمَ najma |
Genitive | نَجْمٍ najmin |
النَّجْمِ an-najmi |
نَجْمِ najmi |
Singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نَجْمَة najma |
النَّجْمَة an-najma |
نَجْمَة najmat |
Nominative | نَجْمَةٌ najmatun |
النَّجْمَةُ an-najmatu |
نَجْمَةُ najmatu |
Accusative | نَجْمَةً najmatan |
النَّجْمَةَ an-najmata |
نَجْمَةَ najmata |
Genitive | نَجْمَةٍ najmatin |
النَّجْمَةِ an-najmati |
نَجْمَةِ najmati |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | نَجْمَتَيْن najmatayn |
النَّجْمَتَيْن an-najmatayn |
نَجْمَتَيْ najmatay |
Nominative | نَجْمَتَانِ najmatāni |
النَّجْمَتَانِ an-najmatāni |
نَجْمَتَا najmatā |
Accusative | نَجْمَتَيْنِ najmatayni |
النَّجْمَتَيْنِ an-najmatayni |
نَجْمَتَيْ najmatay |
Genitive | نَجْمَتَيْنِ najmatayni |
النَّجْمَتَيْنِ an-najmatayni |
نَجْمَتَيْ najmatay |
Paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نَجْمَات najmāt |
النَّجْمَات an-najmāt |
نَجْمَات najmāt |
Nominative | نَجْمَاتٌ najmātun |
النَّجْمَاتُ an-najmātu |
نَجْمَاتُ najmātu |
Accusative | نَجْمَاتٍ najmātin |
النَّجْمَاتِ an-najmāti |
نَجْمَاتِ najmāti |
Genitive | نَجْمَاتٍ najmātin |
النَّجْمَاتِ an-najmāti |
نَجْمَاتِ najmāti |
Plural of variety | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نُجُوم; أَنْجُم; نُجُم; أَنْجَام nujūm; ʔanjum; nujum; ʔanjām |
النُّجُوم; الْأَنْجُم; النُّجُم; الْأَنْجَام an-nujūm; al-ʔanjum; an-nujum; al-ʔanjām |
نُجُوم; أَنْجُم; نُجُم; أَنْجَام nujūm; ʔanjum; nujum; ʔanjām |
Nominative | نُجُومٌ; أَنْجُمٌ; نُجُمٌ; أَنْجَامٌ nujūmun; ʔanjumun; nujumun; ʔanjāmun |
النُّجُومُ; الْأَنْجُمُ; النُّجُمُ; الْأَنْجَامُ an-nujūmu; al-ʔanjumu; an-nujumu; al-ʔanjāmu |
نُجُومُ; أَنْجُمُ; نُجُمُ; أَنْجَامُ nujūmu; ʔanjumu; nujumu; ʔanjāmu |
Accusative | نُجُومًا; أَنْجُمًا; نُجُمًا; أَنْجَامًا nujūman; ʔanjuman; nujuman; ʔanjāman |
النُّجُومَ; الْأَنْجُمَ; النُّجُمَ; الْأَنْجَامَ an-nujūma; al-ʔanjuma; an-nujuma; al-ʔanjāma |
نُجُومَ; أَنْجُمَ; نُجُمَ; أَنْجَامَ nujūma; ʔanjuma; nujuma; ʔanjāma |
Genitive | نُجُومٍ; أَنْجُمٍ; نُجُمٍ; أَنْجَامٍ nujūmin; ʔanjumin; nujumin; ʔanjāmin |
النُّجُومِ; الْأَنْجُمِ; النُّجُمِ; الْأَنْجَامِ an-nujūmi; al-ʔanjumi; an-nujumi; al-ʔanjāmi |
نُجُومِ; أَنْجُمِ; نُجُمِ; أَنْجَامِ nujūmi; ʔanjumi; nujumi; ʔanjāmi |
References
edit- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “نجم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[2], London: W.H. Allen
Etymology 4
editNoun
editنُجُم • (nujum) m pl
- plural of نَجْم (najm)
Related terms
edit- تَنْجِيم (tanjīm, “astrology”)
- مَنْجَم (manjam, “source, mine, pit”)
- مُنَجِّم (munajjim, “astrologer”)
- مَنْجَمِيّ (manjamiyy, “mining”)
- مَنْجُوم (manjūm, “starred”)
- نَجَّام (najjām, “astrologer”)
- نَجْمَة (najma, “star, asterisk”)
- نَجْمِيّ (najmiyy, “starlike, stellar”)
- نُجَيْمَة (nujayma, “small star”)
Egyptian Arabic
editEtymology
editNoun
editنجم • (nigm) m (plural نجوم (nugūm))
Noun
editنجم • (nigm/nagm) m (plural نجوم (nugūm), feminine نجمة (nigma))
- movie star, star performer
Ottoman Turkish
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Arabic نَجْم (najm, “star, celestial body”).
Noun
editنجم • (necm) (plural نجوم (necum))
- (astronomy) star, a luminous celestial body made up of plasma
- (astronomy) asterism, an unofficial constellation like the Orion's Belt
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Turkish: necm
Further reading
edit- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “necm”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3509
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “نجم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français[3], Constantinople: Mihran, page 1270
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Stella”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum[4], Vienna, column 1595
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “نجم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum[5], Vienna, column 5142
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “نجم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[6], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 2074
Persian
editEtymology
editNoun
editنجم • (najm)
Related terms
edit- نجوم (nojum)
Tunisian Arabic
editVerb
editUrdu
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Classical Persian نجم (najm), from Arabic نَجْم (najm).
Pronunciation
edit- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /nəd͡ʒm/
- (colloquial) IPA(key): /nə.d͡ʒəm/
Noun
editنَجْم • (najm) m (formal plural نُجُوم (nujūm), Hindi spelling नज्म)
- star, planet
- (astrology) fortune, fate
- horoscope
- (botany) any plant without a stalk or trunk, such as grass
- white pearl
Declension
editDeclension of نجم | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
direct | نَجْم (najm) | نَجْم (najm) | ||||||
oblique | نَجْم (najm) | نَجْموں (najmõ) | ||||||
vocative | نَجْم (najm) | نَجْمو (najmo) |
Synonyms
editDerived terms
edit- نَجْمی (najmī, “starry, stellar”)
- بَینَ النُجُوم (bainal-nujūm, “interstellar”)
- نَجْمُ الثّاقِب (najmus-sāqib)
- نَجمِ سَحَر (najm-i sahar, “morning star”)
- نُجُوم پَرَسْتی (nujūm parastī, “astrolatry”)
- نُجُومِ مُزْدَوَجَہ (nujūm-i muzdavaja, “double star”)
References
edit- Platts, John T. (1884) “نجم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
- “نجم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
- John Shakespear (1834) “نجم”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC
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