とし

See also: とじ

Japanese

Etymology 1

Alternative spellings
年とし 歳とし

/to₂si/ → /tosi/ → /toɕi/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təsi. Originally referred to grain, particularly rice, and by extension, the year's harvest.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) とし [tòshíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [to̞ɕi]

Noun

とし • (toshi) ^{←とし (tosi)?}

1. (obsolete) grain, particularly rice
2. (obsolete) a grain harvest, a grain crop
3. a year
4. age
5. (specifically) used to describe the age of someone who should not do things inappropriate for their age

   Synonym: いいとし (ii toshi)

   歳とし(とし)なので

   toshi nanode

   because one is no longer young

Derived terms

• 年とし(とし)神かみ(がみ) (Toshigami): the spirit or god of the year
• 年とし(とし)を取と(と)る (toshi o toru): to pass New Years; to age

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of とし – see the following entries.

【都市とし】 [noun] city; town

【杜もり詩し】 [noun] (poetry) poetry of Du Fu

【妬視】 [noun] (literary, uncommon) looking with envy [verb] (literary, uncommon) to look enviously

【徒死とし】 [noun] dying in vain [verb] to die in vain

(This term, とし (toshi), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as とし, see Category:Japanese kanji read as とし.)

Etymology 3

Alternative spellings
利りし 鋭するどし 敏さとし 聆し 疾やまし 捷としし

Adjective

とし • (toshi) ^†-ku

1. 利りし, 鋭するどし: sharp
2. 敏さとし, 聆し: smart, clever
3. 疾やまし, 捷としし: fast, quick
4. 疾やまし, 鋭するどし: powerful, intense

Derived terms

• とうに (tō ni)
• とっくに (tokku ni)

Inflection

Classical conjugation of "とし" (ク活用かつよう, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然みぜん形がた)	とく[1] とから[2]		toku tokara
Continuative (連用形れんようけい)	とく[1] とかり[2]		toku tokari
Terminal (終止しゅうし形がた)	とし		tosi
Attributive (連体れんたい形がた)	とき とかる		toki tokaru
Realis (已然いぜん形がた)	とけれ		tokere
Imperative (命令めいれい形がた)	とかれ		tokare
Key constructions
Negative	とからず		tokarazu
Contrasting conjunction	とけれど		tokeredo
Causal conjunction	とければ		tokereba
Conditional conjunction	とくば		tokuba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	とかりき		tokariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	とかりけり		tokarikeri
Adverbial	とく		toku
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb.