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{{Short description|Text at the top of a newspaper article}}
{{about|newspaper headlines|other uses|Headlines (disambiguation)}}
The '''headline''' is the text indicating the content or nature of the article below it, typically by providing a form of brief summary of its contents.

The large type ''front page headline'' did not come into use until the late 19th century when increased competition between [[newspaper]]s led to the use of attention-getting headlines.

It is sometimes termed a news ''hed'', a deliberate misspelling that dates from production flow during [[hot type]] days, to notify the composing room that a written note from an editor concerned a headline and should not be [[Typesetting|set in type]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/18/magazine/on-language-hed-folo-my-lede-unhed.html NY Times: On Language: HED]</ref>

Headlines in English often use a set of grammatical rules known as '' [[headlinese]]'', designed to meet stringent space requirements by, for example, leaving out forms of the verb "to be" and choosing short verbs like "eye" over longer synonyms like "consider".

==Production==
[[File:NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg|thumb|250px|''The New York Times'' uses an unusually large headline to announce the [[Armistice with Germany]] at the end of [[World War I]].]]
A headline's purpose is to quickly and briefly draw attention to the story. It is generally written by a [[copy editor]], but may also be written by the writer, the page layout designer, or other editors. The most important story on the front page [[above the fold]] may have a larger headline if the story is unusually important. ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'s}} 21 July 1969 front page stated, for example, that "[[Apollo 11|MEN WALK ON MOON]]", with the four words in gigantic size spread from the left to right edges of the page.<ref name="wilford20090714">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/14/science/space/14mission.html?pagewanted=all | title=On Hand for Space History, as Superpowers Spar | work=The New York Times | date=14 July 2009 | access-date=24 April 2011 | author=Wilford, John Noble}}</ref>

In the United States, headline contests are sponsored by the [[American Copy Editors Society]], the [[National Federation of Press Women]], and many state press associations; some contests consider created content already published,<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://aceseditors.org/awards/headline-contest
|title=Headline Contest}}</ref> others are for works written with winning in mind.<ref>A NYTimes contest to write a NYPost-style headline{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/11/readers-offer-tabloid-titles-for-bloomberg-term
|title=After Winning N.Y. Times Contest
|date=November 11, 2011}}</ref>

== Typology ==
Research in 1980 classified newspaper headlines into four broad categories: [[question headlines|questions]], commands, statements, and explanations.{{sfn|Davis|Brewer|1997|p=56}} Advertisers and marketers classify advertising headlines slightly differently into questions, commands, benefits, news/information, and provocation.{{sfn|Arens|1996|p=285}}

==Research==
{{See also|Media studies|Misinformation}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
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| width             = 220
| image1            = Emotionality in news articles headlines since 2000.png
| caption1          = Emotionality in news articles headlines since 2000<ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0276367"/>
| image2            = Average yearly sentiment of headlines across 47 popular news media outlets.png
| caption2          = Average yearly sentiment of headlines across 47 popular news media outlets<ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0276367"/>
}}
A study indicates there has been a substantial increase of [[sentiment analysis|sentiment]] negativity and decrease of emotional neutrality in headlines across written popular U.S.-based [[news media]] since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brooks |first1=David |title=Opinion {{!}} The Rising Tide of Global Sadness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/opinion/global-sadness-rising.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=21 November 2022 |date=27 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0276367">{{cite journal |last1=Rozado |first1=David |last2=Hughes |first2=Ruth |last3=Halberstadt |first3=Jamin |title=Longitudinal analysis of sentiment and emotion in news media headlines using automated labelling with Transformer language models |journal=PLOS ONE |date=18 October 2022 |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=e0276367 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0276367 |pmid=36256658 |pmc=9578611 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1776367R |language=en |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{clarify span|Skilled|date=September 2023}} newspaper readers "spend most of their reading time scanning the headlines—rather than reading [all or most of] the stories".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dor |first1=Daniel |title=On newspaper headlines as relevance optimizers |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |date=May 2003 |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=695–721 |doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00134-0|s2cid=8394655 }}</ref>

Headlines can bias readers toward a specific interpretation and readers struggle to update their memory in order to correct initial misconceptions in the cases of misleading or inappropriate headlines.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ecker |first1=Ullrich K. H. |last2=Lewandowsky |first2=Stephan |last3=Chang |first3=Ee Pin |last4=Pillai |first4=Rekha |title=The effects of subtle misinformation in news headlines. |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied |date=December 2014 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=323–335 |doi=10.1037/xap0000028 |pmid=25347407 |language=en}}</ref>

One approach investigated as a potential [[Misinformation#Countermeasures|countermeasure to online misinformation]] is "attaching warnings to headlines of news stories that have been disputed by third-party fact-checkers", albeit its potential problems include e.g. that false headlines that fail to get tagged are considered validated by readers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pennycook |first1=Gordon |last2=Bear |first2=Adam |last3=Collins |first3=Evan T. |last4=Rand |first4=David G. |title=The Implied Truth Effect: Attaching Warnings to a Subset of Fake News Headlines Increases Perceived Accuracy of Headlines Without Warnings |journal=Management Science |date=November 2020 |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=4944–4957 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.2019.3478|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Criticism==

===Sensationalism, inaccuracy and misleading headlines===
{{See also|#Research|Clickbait}}
{{Expand section|date=December 2022}}
===="Slam"====

The use of "slam" in headlines has attracted criticism on the grounds that the word is overused and contributes to media [[sensationalism]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ann-Derrick Gaillot|title=The Outline "slams" media for overusing the word|url=https://theoutline.com/post/5405/slam-media-trend-overuse|journal=[[The Outline (website)|The Outline]]|date=2018-07-28|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kehe|first=Jason|title=Colloquialism slams language|url=http://dailytrojan.com/2009/09/09/colloquialism-slams-language/|work=[[Daily Trojan]]|date=9 September 2009}}</ref> The violent imagery of words like "slam", "blast", "rip", and "bash" has drawn comparison to [[professional wrestling]], where the primary aim is to titillate audiences with a conflict-laden and largely predetermined narrative, rather than provide authentic coverage of spontaneous events.<ref>{{cite web|last=Russell|first=Michael|title=Biden 'Rips' Trump, Yankees 'Bash' Twins: Is Anyone Going to 'Slam' the Press?|website=PolitiChicks|url=https://politichicks.com/2019/10/biden-rips-trump-yankees-bash-twins-is-anyone-going-to-slam-the-press/|date=8 October 2019}}</ref> Journalists who use such words are widely considered to be lazy, uncreative, and unintelligent.

===Crash blossoms===
{{main|Syntactic ambiguity#In headlines}}

"Crash blossoms" is a term used to describe headlines that have unintended ambiguous meanings, such as ''[[The Times]]'' headline "Hospitals named after sandwiches kill five". The word 'named' is typically used in headlines to mean "blamed/held accountable/named [in a lawsuit]",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pérez |first1=Isabel |title=Newspaper Headlines |url=http://www.isabelperez.com/module4_tesis/headlines.htm |website=English as a Second or Foreign Language |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> but in this example it seems to say that the hospitals' names were related to sandwiches. The headline was subsequently changed in the electronic version of the article to remove the ambiguity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=David |title=Hospital trusts named after sandwiches kill five |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hospital-trusts-named-after-sandwiches-kill-five-sfsklntwb |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=The Times |date=18 June 2019}}</ref> The term was coined in August 2009 on the Testy Copy Editors [[web forum]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Ben |title=Crash Blossoms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/magazine/31FOB-onlanguage-t.html |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=New York Times Magazine |date=Jan 31, 2010}}</ref> after the ''[[Japan Times]]'' published an article entitled "Violinist Linked to JAL Crash Blossoms"<ref>{{cite web |last1=subtle_body |last2=danbloom |last3=Nessie3 |title=What's a crash blossom? |url=http://www.testycopyeditors.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=11134 |website=Testy Copy Editors |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> (since retitled to "Violinist shirks off her tragic image").<ref>{{cite news |last1=Masangkay |first1=May |title=Violinist shirks off her tragic image |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/08/18/national/violinist-shirks-off-her-tragic-image/#.XoOXCHIpCUk |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=The Japan Times |date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

==Headlinese==
{{seealso|Journalese}}
[[File:Los Angeles Herald, Number 180, 29 May 1916 front page.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Old newspaper featuring headlinese like "WOMAN MYSTERY-DEATH VICTIM" and "Drop 150 Teachers Tonight, Board Plan".|Headlinese has a long history. This example is the front page of the ''[[Los Angeles Herald]]'' issue of May 29, 1916.]]
'''Headlinese''' is an abbreviated form of [[News style|news writing style]] used in [[newspaper]] headlines.<ref>[http://www.wordnik.com/words/headlinese Headlinese] Collated definitions via ''www.wordnik.com''</ref> Because space is limited, headlines are written in a compressed [[Telegram style|telegraphic style]], using special syntactic conventions,<ref>[http://www.isabelperez.com/module4_tesis/headlines.htm Isabel Perez.com: "Newspaper Headlines"]</ref> including:
* [[Zero copula|Forms of the verb "to be"]] and [[Article (grammar)|articles]] (''a'', ''an'', ''the'') are usually omitted.
* Most [[verb]]s are in the [[Simple present (English)|simple present]] tense, e.g. "Governor signs bill", while the future is expressed by an [[Infinitive#English|infinitive]], with ''to'' followed by a verb, as in "Governor to sign bill"
* The [[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]] "and" is often replaced by a comma, as in "Bush, Blair laugh off microphone mishap".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/07/18/bush.tape.reaction/index.html |title=Bush, Blair laugh off microphone mishap |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=July 21, 2006 |access-date=July 17, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070816181203/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/07/18/bush.tape.reaction/index.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = August 16, 2007}}</ref>
* Individuals are usually specified by surname only, with no [[honorific]]s.
* Organizations and institutions are often indicated by [[metonymy]]: "Wall Street" for the US financial sector, "Whitehall" for the UK government administration, "Madrid" for the government of Spain, "Davos" for World Economic Forum, and so on.
* Many [[abbreviation]]s, including [[Contraction (grammar)|contraction]]s and [[acronyms]], are used: in the UK, some examples are ''Lib Dems'' (for the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]), ''[[Tory|Tories]]'' (for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]); in the US, ''Dems'' (for "[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]") and ''GOP'' (for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], from the nickname "Grand Old Party"). The period (full point) is usually omitted from these abbreviations, though ''U.S.'' may retain them, especially in all-caps headlines to avoid confusion with the word ''us''.
* Lack of a terminating [[full stop]] (period) even if the headline forms a complete sentence.
* Use of [[Quotation mark|single quotation marks]] to indicate a claim or allegation that cannot be presented as a fact. For example, an article titled "Ultra-processed foods 'linked to cancer{{' "}} covered a study which suggested a link but acknowledged that its findings were not definitive.<ref name="bad-news"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-43064290|title=Ultra-processed foods 'linked to cancer'| work=BBC News |date=2018-02-15|accessdate=2021-02-26}}</ref>  Linguist [[Geoffrey K. Pullum]] characterizes this practice as deceptive, noting that the single-quoted expressions in newspaper headlines are often not actual quotations, and sometimes convey a claim that is not supported by the text of the article.<ref name=PullumLL>{{cite web|last=Pullum|first=Geoffrey|title=Mendacity quotes|url=https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1017|work=[[Language Log]]|date=2009-01-14|accessdate=2021-02-26}}</ref> Another technique is to present the claim as a question, hence [[Betteridge's law of headlines]].<ref name="bad-news">{{cite book |last=Pack |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Pack |date=2020 |title=Bad News: What the Headlines Don't Tell Us|publisher=Biteback|page=100-102}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mbwqyq/the-secrets-you-learn-working-at-celebrity-gossip-magazines|title=The Secrets You Learn Working at Celebrity Gossip Magazines|date=2018-09-12|accessdate=2021-02-26}}</ref>

Some periodicals have their own distinctive headline styles, such as ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' and its entertainment-jargon headlines, most famously "[[Sticks Nix Hick Pix]]".

===Commonly used short words===
To save space and attract attention, headlines often use extremely short words, many of which are not otherwise in common use, in unusual or idiosyncratic ways:<ref>{{cite web |website=Social Media Today
|url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/which-types-of-headlines-drive-the-most-content-engagement-post-click-new/549681
|title=Which Types of Headlines Drive the Most Content Engagement Post-Click?
|author=Chad Pollitt |date=March 5, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
   |url=https://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2014/07/17/headline-writing
   |title=19 Headline Writing Tips for More Clickable Blog Posts
   |date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://buffer.com/resources/how-to-write-a-headline/
|title=There's No Perfect Headline: Why We Need to Write Multiple Headlines for Every Article
|author=Ash Read |date=August 24, 2016}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''ace'' (a professional, especially a member of an elite sports team, e.g. "[[England national football team|England]] ace")
* ''axe'' (to eliminate)
* ''bid'' (to attempt)
* ''blast'' (to heavily criticize)
* ''cagers'' (basketball team – "cage" is an old term for indoor court)<ref>[https://www.si.com/vault/1991/11/11/125381/when-the-court-was-a-cage-in-the-early-days-of-pro-basketball-the-players-were-segregated-from-the-fans "When the Court was a Cage"], ''Sports Illustrated''</ref>
* ''chop'' (to eliminate)
* ''coffer(s)'' (a person or entity's financial holdings)
* ''confab'' (a meeting){{CN|date=June 2023}}
* ''eye'' (to consider)
* ''finger'' (to accuse, blame)
* ''fold'' (to shut down)
* ''gambit'' (an attempt)
* ''hail'' (to praise)
* ''hike'' (to increase, raise)
* ''ink'' (to sign a contract)
* ''jibe'' (an insult)
* ''laud'' (to praise)
* ''lull'' (a pause)
* ''mar'' (to damage, harm)
* ''mull'' (to contemplate)
* ''nab'' (to acquire, arrest)
* ''nix'' (to reject)
* ''parley'' (to discuss)
* ''pen'' (to write)
* ''probe'' (to investigate)
* ''rap'' (to criticize)
* ''romp'' (an easy victory or a sexual encounter)
* ''row'' (an argument or disagreement)
* ''rue'' (to lament)
* ''see'' (to forecast)
* ''slay'' (to murder)
* ''slam'' (to heavily criticize)
* ''slump'' (to decrease)
* ''snub'' (to reject)
* ''solon'' (to judge)
* ''spat'' (an argument or disagreement)
* ''star'' (a [[celebrity]], often modified by another noun, e.g. "[[soap opera|soap]] star")
* ''tap'' (to select, choose)
* ''tot'' (a child)
* ''tout'' (to put forward)
* ''woe'' (disappointment or misfortune){{div col end}}

== Famous examples ==

Some famous headlines in periodicals include:
* [[Wall Street Lays An Egg|WALL ST. LAYS AN EGG]] – ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' on [[Black Monday (1929)|Black Monday]] (1929)
* [[Sticks Nix Hick Pix|STICKS NIX HICK PIX]] – ''Variety'' writing that rural moviegoers preferred urban films (1935)
* [[Dewey Defeats Truman|DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN]] – ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' reporting the wrong election winner (1948)
* [[Ford to city: drop dead|FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD]] – ''[[New York Daily News]]'' reporting the denial of a federal bailout for bankrupt [[New York City]] (1975)
* [[Mush from the Wimp|MUSH FROM THE WIMP]] – ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' in-house joke headline for an editorial, which was not changed before 161,000 copies had been printed. Theo Lippman Jr. of the ''[[Baltimore Sun]]'' declared "Mush from the Wimp" the second most famous newspaper headline of the 20th century, behind "Wall St. Lays an Egg" and ahead of "Ford to City: Drop Dead".<ref name="globe-now">{{cite news | url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/666646561.html?FMT=ABS&date=Nov%206,%201982 | title = Now It Can Be Told . . . The Story Behind Campaign '82's Favorite Insult | first = Kirk | last = Scharfenberg | page = 1 | date = 1982-11-06 | work = [[The Boston Globe]] | location = [[Boston, Massachusetts]] | access-date = 2011-01-20 | archive-date = 2011-05-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054034/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/666646561.html?FMT=ABS&date=Nov%206,%201982 | url-status = dead }}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
* [[Headless body in topless bar|HEADLESS BODY IN TOPLESS BAR]] – ''[[New York Post]]'' on a local murder (1983)<ref name="fox20150609">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/10/business/media/vincent-musetto-74-author-of-headless-headline-of-ageless-fame.html |title=Vincent Musetto, 74, Dies; Wrote 'Headless' Headline of Ageless Fame |last=Fox |first=Margalit |date=2016-06-09 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[Sic transit gloria mundi|SICK TRANSIT'S GLORIOUS MONDAY]] – ''New York Daily News'' front-page caption on a photo (1979) reporting an agreement to avoid fare increases on city transit services, making a multi-word pun on the Latin phrase [[Sic transit gloria mundi]]<ref>Daily News (New York), 9/25/1979, p. 1</ref>
* [[ARA General Belgrano#"Gotcha" headline|GOTCHA]] – The UK ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|Sun]]'' on the torpedoing of the Argentine ship ''[[ARA General Belgrano|Belgrano]]'' and sinking of a gunboat during the [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Freddie Starr ate my hamster|FREDDIE STARR ATE MY HAMSTER]] – The UK ''Sun'' (1986), claiming that the comedian had eaten a fan's pet [[hamster]] in a sandwich. The story was later proven false, but is seen as one of the classic [[tabloid newspaper]] headlines.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/4973880.stm#hamster | publisher=BBC News | title=Telegraph wins newspaper vote | date=25 May 2006}}</ref>
* GREAT SATAN SITS DOWN WITH THE AXIS OF EVIL – ''[[The Times]]'' (UK) on US-Iran talks (2007)<ref>
[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1851791.ece Great Satan sits down with the Axis of Evil]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* SUPER CALEY GO BALLISTIC CELTIC ARE ATROCIOUS – ''Sun'' on [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle]] beating [[Celtic F.C.]] in the Scottish Cup;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_div_1/2875957.stm|title=Super Caley dream realistic?|publisher=BBC | date=22 March 2003}}</ref> a pun on "[[Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious]]"
* WE ARE POPE (in German: [[:de:Wir sind Papst|Wir sind Papst]]); ''[[Bild]]'' after a German was voted to become [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2005.

''[[The New Republic]]'' editor [[Michael Kinsley]] began a contest to find the most boring newspaper headline.<ref name="kinsley19860602">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.tnr.com/article/83792/dont-stop-the-presses | author=Kinsley, Michael | title=Don't Stop The Press | magazine=The New Republic | date=1986-06-02 | access-date=April 26, 2011}}</ref> According to him, no entry surpassed the one that had inspired him to create the contest: "WORTHWHILE CANADIAN INITIATIVE",<ref name="worthwhile">{{cite news | last = Lewis | first = Flora | title = Worthwhile Canadian Initiative | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = 4 October 1986 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/10/opinion/foreign-affairs-worthwhile-canadian-initiative.html | access-date = 9 March 2013}}</ref> over a column by ''The New York Times''{{'}} [[Flora Lewis]].<ref name="kinsley20100728">{{cite web | url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/entertainment/2010/07/boring-article-contest/17657/ | title=Boring Article Contest | work=The Atlantic | date=28 July 2010 | access-date=26 April 2011 | author=Kinsley, Michael}}</ref> In 2003, ''[[New York Magazine]]'' published a list of eleven "greatest tabloid headlines".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/anniversary/35th/n_8568/|title=Greatest Tabloid Headlines|publisher=Nymag.com|date=March 31, 2003|access-date=February 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122082148/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/anniversary/35th/n_8568/|archive-date=January 22, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[A-1 Headline]]'', a 2004 Hong Kong film
* {{annotated link|Betteridge's law of headlines}}
* [[Bus plunge]], a type of news story, and accompanying headline
* [[Copy editing]]
* [[Corporate jargon]]
* [[Crosswordese]], words common in crosswords that are otherwise rarely used
* {{annotated link|Dateline}}
* [[Ellipsis (linguistics)]], omission of words
* [[Headlines (The Tonight Show)|Headlines]] (from ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'')
* [[Lead paragraph]]
* {{annotated link|Nut paragraph}}
* [[Syntactic ambiguity]], leads to multiple humorous possible alternative interpretations of written headline
* {{annotated link|Title (publishing)}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Arens |first1=William F. |title=Contemporary Advertising |date=1996 |publisher=Irwin |isbn=978-0-256-18257-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4cXAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Boyd H. |last2=Brewer |first2=Jeutonne |title=Electronic Discourse: Linguistic Individuals in Virtual Space |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3475-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz11jvHsed4C |language=en}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Harold Evans]] (1974). ''News Headlines'' (Editing and Design : Book Three) Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-434-90552-2}}
* [[Fritz Spiegl]] (1966). ''What The Papers Didn't Mean to Say''. Scouse Press, Liverpool {{ISBN|0901367028}}
* Mårdh, Ingrid (1980); ''Headlinese: On the Grammar of English Front Page headlines''; "Lund studies in English" series; Lund, Sweden: Liberläromedel/Gleerup; {{ISBN|91-40-04753-9}}
* Biber, D. (2007); "Compressed noun phrase structures in newspaper discourse: The competing demands of popularization vs. economy"; in W. Teubert and R. Krishnamurthy (eds.); ''Corpus linguistics: Critical concepts in linguistics''; vol. V, pp. 130–141; London: Routledge

== External links ==
{{wiktionary|headline}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/homepage.html Front Page – The British Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722001100/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/homepage.html |date=2017-07-22 }} Exhibition of famous newspaper headlines

[[Category:Headlines| ]]
[[Category:Journalism terminology]]