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'''John D. Musa''' (1933-009)  was a pioneering researcher at [[AT&T Bell labs]] during 1958-.<ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6312856  ]</ref> He spent more than 35 years experience as a manager of software development projects, and was responsible for collecting data from actual projects that continue to be used by researchers in [[Software Reliability Engineering]]. He was elected Fellow of the IEEE in 1986 for his contributions to software reliability.<ref>[https://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/m/Musa:John_D=  John D. Musa, Bibliography, 1975-2006]</ref>  He was well known as a cofounder and long-term advisor of the  [[ISSRE|International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering]] held annually.

==Education==
He obtained his BA and MS summa cum laude, in 1954 and 1955 from the Darthmouth College.<ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6312856  John D. Musa, A theory of software reliability and its application, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering ( Volume: SE-1, Issue: 3, Sept. 1975, pp. 312-327]</ref>

==Contributions==
His research includes investigations on probabilistic aspects of testing,<ref>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1672882  P. Agrawal and V. D. Agrawal, "Probabilistic Analysis of Random Test Generation Method for Irredundant Combinational Logic Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. C-24, no. 7, pp. 691-695, July 1975.]</ref> and original contributions in combinational ATPG method for partial-scan circuits,<ref>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=54847&tag=1   K. T. Cheng and V. D. Agrawal, "A partial scan method for sequential circuits with feedback," in IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 544-548, Apr 1990.]</ref>  spectral testing methods,   adaptive and asynchronous clock testing, hazard-free low-power design,  high-speed testing methods.

International Conference on VLSI Design was founded in 1985 and 

==Career==
 His book, Essentials of Electronic Testing for Digital,
Memory and Mixed-Signal VLSI Circuits co-authored with M. L. Bushnell,  published in 2000, is a widely used text in hardware testing.

His recent research has focused on optimizing testing in the context of varying clock frequencies and supply voltages.<ref>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6472651&isnumber=6472603  Optimum Test Schedule for SoC with Specified Clock Frequencies and Supply Voltages," VLSI Design and 2013 12th International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID), 2013 26th International Conference on, Pune, 2013, pp. 267-272.]</ref>

===Awards===
Awards received by him include the 2012 Lifetime Contribution Medal from the Test Technology Technical Council of the IEEE Computer Society, and the 2006 Lifetime Achievement Award of the VLSI Society of India, "in recognition of his contributions to the area of VLSI test and for founding and steering the International Conference on VLSI Design in India",   1998  Harry H. Goode Memorial Award of the IEEE Computer Society for "innovativecontributions to the field of electronic testing," 2014 James Monzel Award from the IEEE North Atlantic Test Workshop and 1993 Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "in recognition of his outstanding contributions in design and test of VLSI systems."  He was made a fellow of IEEE in 1986 and of ACM in 2002.



==Personal life==
He was born 1933 in Farmingdale, on Long Island. Hisf father was a professor and department chair at the State University of New York.
He did a summer internship at Brookhaven Laboratory. He eventually became a supervisor of software quality at tAT&T Bell Labs at Whippney, NJ. 


==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~agrawvd/ Official website at Auburn]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Musa,John}}





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{{Infobox settlement
| official_name           =  Shalatur
| name                    =  
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'''Shalatura'''  (Śalātura) was the birthplace of the [[Sanskrit]] [[grammarian]]  [[Pāṇini]] who is considered to the oldest grammarian whose work has come down to modern times.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q=salatura&f=false Grammatical Literature,  History of Indian literature, Volume 2; Volume 5 of Scientific and technical literature : Pt. 2.; Fasc. 2, Hartmut Scharfe, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1977 p. 88]</ref> In an inscription of Siladitya VII of Valabhi, he is called ''Śalāturiya'', which means "man from Salatura". This means Pāṇini lived in [[Salatura]] of ancient [[Gandhara]], which likely was near modern [[Lahor]], a small town at the junction of the [[Indus River|Indus]] and [[Kabul River]]s, 20 miles north west of the Attock Bridge.<ref name=harmut88>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Grammatical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&pg=PA88|year=1977|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01706-0|pages=88 with footnotes}}</ref> 

According to his 646 book''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]'' (大唐西域記) of 7th-century Chinese scholar [[Xuanzang]], there was a town called ''Suoluoduluo'' on the Indus where Pāṇini was born, and he composed the ''Qingming-lun'' (Sanskrit: [[Vyākaraṇa]]).<ref name=harmut88/><ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Singh | editor-first = Nagendra Kr. | title = Encyclopaedia of Hinduism | pages = 1983–2007 | isbn = 978-81-7488-168-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl8_VgikeLcC&pg=PA1988&dq=statue | year = 1997 | publisher = Centre for International Religious Studies : Anmol Publications | location = New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="arapv">{{cite book | first=Giridhar | last=Mishra | authorlink=Rambhadracharya | title=अध्यात्मरामायणेऽपाणिनीयप्रयोगाणां विमर्शः | trans_title=Deliberation on non-Paninian usages in the Adhyatma Ramayana | publisher=Sampurnanand Sanskrit University | place=Varanasi, India | language=Sanskrit | year=1981 | chapter= प्रस्तावना | trans_chapter=Introduction | chapter-url=http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/arapv/prastavana.php | accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> He mentioned that a statue of Panini was in existence there.<ref>YUAN CHWAIG'S TRAVELS IN INDIA 629—645 A. D.,THOMAS WATTERS, LONDON  ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY p. 222</ref>
<blockquote>
Within the city of F'o (or Sha)-lo-tu-lo was a tope where  an arhat had converted a disciple of Panini. Five hundred 
years after the Buddha's decease a great arhat from Kashmir in  his travels as an apostle arrived at this place. Here he saw a  brahmin teacher chastising a young pupU : in reply to the arhat's  question the teacher said he beat the boy for not making progress in Etymology. The arhat smiled pleasantly and in explanation said — You must have heard of the treatise on Etymology made by the rishi Panini and given by him to the world for  its instruction. The brahmin replied— "He was a native of this  city; his disciples admire his excellences, and his image is still  here". To this the arhat answered — This boy of yours is that rishi. He added that in his previous existence Panini had. devoted all his energies to worldly learning but that from some good Karma he was now the teacher's son. 
</blockquote>

Panini describes in great detail the local accents used for the names of wells north and south of [[Beas River|Vipasha]] (modern Beas) river. He also mentions the Yavanas, which is taken to be Greeks (Ionians).

==Region==
The region is well known for ancient remains.  [[Bakhshali manuscript]] was found in nearby [[Bakhshai]]. T

==See also==
*[[Bakhshali manuscript]]
*[[Baghdada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mardan-Union-Councils}}

[[:Category:Union councils of Mardan District]]
[[:Category:Populated places in Mardan District]]


{{Coord|41.891512|N|12.515144|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
[[File:Stucchi della volta della basilica sotterranea di porta maggiore.jpg|thumb|vault of the Porta Maggiore Basilica]]

The '''Porta Maggiore Basilica''' is an underground basilica <ref>[Jérôme Carcopino. Etudes romaines. La basilique pythagoricienne de la Porte Majeure. Paris, l'Artisan du livre, 1927]</ref> discovered in 1917 near  near [[Porta Maggiore]]. It is dated to first century BC <ref>[http://www.romeandart.eu/en/art-neo-pythagorean.html NEO-PYTHAGOREAN BASILICA OF PORTA MAGGIORE]</ref>. It is believed to the meeting place of the  [[neo-Pythagorean]]s, and is the only historical site that has been associated with the [[neo-Pythagorean]] movement. This school of mystical Hellenistic philosophy  preached asceticism and was based on the works of [[Pythagoras]] and [[Plato]].

==Discovery==
The underground chamber was discovered by accidentally in 1917 during the construction of a railway line from Rome to Cassino. An underground passage  caved in, revealing the hidden chamber.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/12005864/Secret-pagan-basilica-in-Rome-emerges-from-the-shadows-after-2000-years.html  Secret pagan basilica in Rome emerges from the shadows after 2,000 years,  Nick Squires, RThe Telegraph, 19 Nov 2015]</ref> 

==History==
The structure is thought to have been constructed by the Statilius family. The then head of the family, Titus Statilius Taurus, was accused by the Senate for what Tacitus in his Annals called “addiction to magical superstitions”. He protested his innocence but eventually committed suicide in CE53.

==Architecture==

The basilica has three naves lined by six rock pillars and an apse.  They are decorated with stucco images of centaurs, griffins and satyrs. Classical heroes such as Achilles, Orpheus, Paris and Hercules are also represented.<ref>[http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/underground-pagan-basilica-dark-history-revealed-public-first-time-004631   Underground Pagan Basilica with Dark History Revealed to the Public for the First Time, MARK MILLER, Ancient Origins, 21 NOVEMBER]</ref>

==Opening==
It has undergone a  restoration that has taken several years. The 40ft-long basilica is now opened to visitors. The visiting groups are kept small because of the fragility of the monument. The temperature and humidity must be kept within a narrow range. It is open during 2nd and 4th Sunday of every month, and the tour must be prearranged.<ref>[http://www.coopculture.it/heritage.cfm?id=184 
Underground Basilica of Porta Maggiore, società cooperativa culture]</ref> 



== External links ==
{{commons|Porta Maggiore|Porta Maggiore}}
*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Porta_Praenestina.html Information on the Porta Prenestina from the LacusCurtius website.]
* [http://www.romeartlover.it/Vasi07.html Pictures of the gate]
* [http://www.activitaly.it/monument/pmaggiore.htm Porta Maggiore information] {{in lang|it}} 
* [http://www.archeoroma.com/area_di_santa_croce.htm Further information, and a map] {{in lang|it}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[:Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century]]
==

{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Navagarh (Nabai Nandpur)
| native_name             = नवागढ (नाबई नंदपुर)
| native_name_lang        = hi
| other_name              = Jain Atishaya Kshetra Navagarh
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| subdivision_name1       = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
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| subdivision_name2       = [[Lalitpur district|Lalitpur]]
| established_title       = <!-- Established -->
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}}
[[File:NavagarhArnath.jpg|thumb|Lord Arnath image in Navagarh bhoyra]]
'''Navagarh''' is a [[Tirtha (Jainism)|Jain Tirth]] (pilgrimage site for [[Jainism]]) in India. It is located at the Nabai village near [[Sojna]] in central India in  [[Uttar Pradesh]], just across the border from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is 65 KM east from Lalitpur and 110 KM north from Sagar. This ancient cite was excavated in 1959. It is the only tirth in India where the main deity is the ancient image of Lord [[Arnath]], preserved in the ancient underground chamber.

==Navagarh Tirth==
[[File:NavagarhSojnaStambha.jpg|thumb|Sojna Stambhas with Upadhyaya images]]
[[File:NavagarhGolapurva.jpg|thumb|Mahavira image installed by Golapurva Mahichandra]]
[[File:NavagarhSangrahalaya.jpg|thumb|Ancient artifacts in the sangrahalaya]]
Navagarh is a place full of natural attractive beauty being surrounded by rocky wilderness. It is famous for the exceptionally crafted life size image of Lord ([[Aranatha]]) in standing (Kayotsarga) posture. <ref>[http://www.virarjun.com/news-359689 नवागढ़ में आस्था का महाकुम्भ 29 से होगा शुरू, Vir Arjun, 21 Jan 2016]</ref>

Read more at: http://www.virarjun.com/news-359689]</ref>Navagarh Nandpur Itihas, Ed. Br. Jai Kumar Jain Nishant, Shri Dig. Jain Yuvak Sangh Indore, 2016</ref>. It is in the Chandella style and finely polished. It does not have an inscription, but a fragment of a Shantinath image from the same chamber has the date samvat 1202.

In 1940s the site was noted as a collection of ruined sculptures and a set of columns inscribed with Samvat 1203.<ref>Shri Akhil Bharatvarshiya Golapurva Directory, Ed. Pt. Mohanlal Jain Kavyatirth, Baraitha, 1941, p. 22, 198</ref>. It was explored by Pt. Gulabchandra Pushpa, an Ayurvedic physician (later famous as a Pratishthacharya) while visiting nearby Mainwar village. The exploration yielded the image of Lord Arnath in an underground chamber, along with a number of intact as well as damages idols. In 1959, systematic development was initiated with the advice of note jain archaeology expert [[Niraj Jain]] of Satna. Since the spot was in a forest, it was decided that the main image should be transported to nearby town, however it was opposed by local villagers. In 1990, an initial structure was built with a boundary wall. [[Gajrath]] festivals organized in 1985 and 2011.

It was decided that the image of Lord Arnath should be kept in the same underground chamber (bhoyra) which was accessible only though narrow staircases. A spacious chamber was excavated in front of the bhoyra allowing a large space for the worshippers. 

In addition to the bhoyra, the compound includes two additional shrines with modern and ancient images and a sangrahalaya, where a large number of historical idols and fragments are preserved. These include  idols of Lord Adinath and Lord Parshvanath from early middle age (500-1000 AD).<ref>Niraj Jain, Navagarh, Ek Mahatvapurna Madhyayugin Jain Tirth, Anekanta, year 15, Issue 6, 1962, p. 177-79</ref>. Lower fragment of a finely polished black schist Mahavira image dated samvat 1195 (1138 AD) mentions Golapurva Mahichandra, his son Delhan and their family members. Four columns dated samvat 1202 once reused in a reservoir at Sojna are also preserved. 

The tirth has been visited by Acharyas Vidyasagar, Vardhmansagar, Devnandi, Padmanandi, Viragsagar, Gyansagar, Vishuddhasagar, vibhavasagar as well as a number of other munis and aryikas. 

The tirth has been developed by Pt. Gulabchandra Pushpa, who has served as a Pratishthacharya for numerous Jain temple installations,<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-SAG-MAT-latest-sagar-news-042517-1140294-NOR.html?seq=1   गुलाबचंद पुष्प का निधन, संस्कार आज, Bhaskar News Network, Jan 06, 2015]</ref> and is now overseen by his son Br. Jaikumar Jain Nishant, who is also a noted Pratishthacharya.<ref>[http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/lalitpur/10-per-cent-of-the-income-donate-acharyashri-hindi-news  आय की 10 प्रतिशत राशि दान दें: आचार्यश्री, Amar Ujala, 03 Feb 2016]</ref>

==Facilities==
There 20 rooms in the dharmashala dharmashalas. There is a bhojanalaya. 

==Location and nearby tirths==
Atishaya Kshetra: [[Papora]] 30 Kms, Siddha Kshetra [[Aharji]] 55 Kms, Siddha Kshetra Drongiri 55 Kms, Siddha Kshetra [[Badagaon]] 15 Kms.

==See also==
{{portal|Jainism}}
* [[Tirtha (Jainism)|Tirtha]]
* [[Jainism in Bundelkhand]]


==References==
{{reflist}}

==Gallery==

==External links==
* [http://hi.encyclopediaofjainism.com/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2    श्री दिगम्बर जैन अतिशय क्षेत्र नवागढ (नन्दपुर)मु. नन्दपुर, Encyclopedia of Jainism]
* [http://jain-tirth.blogspot.com/2017/02/6-12-6.html श्री दिगंबर जैन अतिशय क्षेत्र नवागढ़ (नाबई), जिला ललितपुर, 6 February 2017] 
* [http://www.jainnewstimes.com/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%9D-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B6/   अतिशय क्षेत्र नवागढ़ में श्री पंचकल्याणक प्रतिष्ठा का भव्य आयोजन
jain News Times, July 8, 2015]

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[:Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[:Category:Tikamgarh]]
[[:Category:Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[:Category:12th-century Jain temples]]
[[:Category:Chhatarpur district]]


'''Indian Cook Books''' are cook-books written in India, or about Indian cooking. Some of the oldest cook-books were written in India<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9qxHySM4lFMueViQqWb1HK/Bread-and-beer-the-worlds-first-recipes.html  The world’s first cookbooks, Bhaskar Dasgupta, Live Mint, Apr 09 2016]</ref> Indian cooking varies regionally and has evolved over the centururies due to various influences. Vegetarianism has made a significant impact on Indian cooking.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/life/food-drink/chitra-agrawals-south-indian-home-cooking-classics-are-light-fresh-and-vibrant   Chitra Agrawal’s South Indian home cooking classics are light, fresh and vibrant, National Post, Laura Brehaut, May 3, 2017]</ref>. Spices play a major role in Indian cooking.<ref>[http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink-news/meet-yarm-dad-whose-indian-12980908  Meet the Yarm dad whose Indian cookbook is a bestseller - before it has even been released, BYLAURA LOVE, GazetteLive 3 MAY 2017]</ref>

==History==

Foods and drinks in ancient India, 1961

==Early Recipes==

[[Sushruta Samhita]] written between 2nd and 4th century BC, is a medical text that  prescribes seasonal foods and flavours.

[[Manasollas]], is one of the earliest texts compiled during the rule of  [[Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara_III|Someshwar III]] in the
1130AD. It includes several recipes including  "iddarika" thought to refer to [[idli]], although there is disagreement about that. It has been suggested that Vaddaradhane, the Kannada text of Jain Acharya Sivakoti written in 920 AD, the mention of iddalige may be the earliest mention of Idali. <ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/490030/kitchen-chronicles.html Kitchen chronicles,
Lakshmi Palecanda, DEccan Herald, July 19, 2015]</ref>.

==Indic and Islamic cookbooks of Sultanate and Mughal Period==

The '''Ni'matnama''' is a fifteenth-century collection of the recipes during the rule of  Sultan of [[Mandu]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]]), Ghiyath Shahi, and his son and successor, Nasir Shah. It contains recipes for cooking as well as providing remedies and aphrodisiacs. It also includes a sections on the preparation of betel leaves.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QlONJ_XYOeIC&dq=india+sultanate+cook+book&source=gbs_navlinks_s  The Ni'matnama Manuscript of the Sultans of Mandu: The Sultan's Book of Delights, Norah M. Titley, Routledge, Nov 30, 2004]</ref> 

'''Soopa Shastra''', (1508 A.D.) composed during the rule of  [[Mangarasa III]], a follower of Jainism, is exclusively  vegetarianism.  The ingredients and cooking methods are given detail, and even the types of utensils and ovens needed are mentioned. King Mangarasa III belonged to the Chengalvu dynasty, and  was under the suzerainty of Hoysala kings The first chapter describes  thirty five breads, sweets and snacks, now mostly obsolete. The second chapter describes  drinks, salty, sour and sweet in taste. Third chapter discusses nine types of payasa ([[kheer]]), eight types of cooked rice and 24 mixed rice dishes. The remaining three chapters include recipes for 20 dishes with eggplant, 16 dishes with jackfruit and 25e dishes made with raw bananas (plantains) and banana flowers.  The last chapter contains recipes using bamboo shoots and myrobalan. <ref>[http://www.peppertrail.com/inner.php?menu_id=19&sm1_id=95&index_id=3  SOOPA SHASTRA OF MANGARASA: CULINARY TRADITIONS OF MEDIEVAL KARNATAKA (1508 A.D.)]</ref> Even though it was composed during the rule of a Jain ruler, some of the vegetarian ingredients mentioned, such as onions, are regarded inappropriate for strict Jains.

In the chapter, Pishtakadhyaya, food items made with flour like rotti, mandige, garige, dose, iddali have been mentioned.  It shopuld be noted that inncient Kannada poetry has used ‘rotika’ even earlier.<ref>[http://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=117662  Did soup flow from Karnataka?, Ratnadeep Banerji, Press Information Bureau, 25-March, 2015]</ref> It is notable that the word Soopa is used in the same sense as the english term "[[soup]]".

The first book of '''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'''  (the third volume of the Akbarnama), written in 1590, gives several recipes, mainly those prevailing among the Mughal elite.

'''Bhojana Kutuhala''' written by Raghunatha<ref>http://www.jstor.org/stable/43975952?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents A Topical Analysis of the Bhojana-kutuhala, a Work on Dietetics, composed by Raghunatha — Between A. D. 1675 and 1700, P. K. Gode
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Vol. 22, No. 3/4 (July - October 1941), pp. 254-263</ref> between 1675 and 1700 discusses numerous ingredients and dishes then prevailing in the Maharashtra region.

==British Period== 
The British rule saw publication of several cookbooks, some intended for the British elite, others for locals, often in languages like Gujarati, bangla and Hindi. These include
 
* Pak-Shastra, 1878, Gujarati 
* Culinary Jotting for Madras, 1891, later republished as Vwyer's Indian Cookery 
* Mistanna Pak, 1904, Bengali
* Indian Cooking, Savitri Chawdhary 1914, written by an Indian housewife migrating to England.
* Bengal Sweets, Haldar  1921. 
* Recipes-Of-All-Nations 1923, Countess Morphy, has an Indian section  which mentions Gulgula, Halwa and khoa etc. 
* Pak Chandrika, Maniram Sharma  192, Hindi
* Indian Cookery, [[Veerasamy]] 1930s, who established the first Indian restaurant in England.
* Pak Vigyan, 1939.
* Navin-Pak shastra

==During freedom struggle and After Indian Independence==

* Modern Cookery Vol I,  [[Thangam Philip]],  1946 
* Pak Ratnakar,  1958

* An Invitation to Indian Cooking, Madhur Jaffery, (1973), <ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/madhur-jaffrey-the-doyenne-of-curry-is-back-but-tikkas-not-9774961.html]</ref>
* Classic Indian Cooking, by Julie Sahni, 1980,   she is the founder of the Indian Cooking School, established 1973 in New York City.
* Lord Krishna's Cuisine: The Art of Indian Vegetarian Cooking Hardcover, Yamuna Devi, 1987



===Since India's liberalization===

With the advent of TV and the internet, new food authors have emerged in the past few decades.

GLR, The-Economical-Indian-Cookery-Book Ed 9th


http://www.memoriesofbengal.co.uk/history_of_bengal.html
http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/4Hb4wLaNjUuFYcQ6rhAgAK/Kitchen-archaeology.html?facet=print

==Types of cookbooks==
[[File:Betty Crocker's Cook Book for Boys and Girls.djvu|thumb|upright|''Betty Crocker's Cook Book for Boys and Girls'', 1957]]


===




{{Infobox scientist
| name              =
| native_name       =
| native_name_lang  =
| image             = vishwani.jpg
| image_size        =
| alt               =
| caption           =
| birth_date        = {{birth date and age|1943|02|07}}
| birth_place       = [[Agra]], India
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| alma_mater        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] (BS, MS, PhD)
}}
| thesis_title      = <!--(or | thesis1_title     = and | thesis2_title     = )-->
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| awards            = 2014 James Monzel Award from the IEEE North Atlantic Test Workshop<br />2012 Lifetime Contribution Medal from the Test Technology Technical Council of the IEEE Computer Society<br />2006 Lifetime Achievement Award of the VLSI Society of India,
for founding and steering the International Conference on VLSI Design in India<br /> 1998, Harry H. Goode Memorial Award of the IEEE Computer Society.
| spouse            = <!--(or| spouses           = )-->
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}}

'''Vishwani D. Agrawal''' (born December 7, 1957)  is the James J. Danaher Professor of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at [[Auburn University]]. He has over forty decades
of industry and university experience, including working at Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ;
Rutgers University TRW, IIT, Delhi.
==Education==
He obtained his BE from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee in 1964, ME from the Indian Institute of Science, 
Bangalore,  in 1966; and PhD degree in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in 1971.

==Contributions==
His research includes investigations on probabilistic aspects of testing, and original contributions in combinational ATPG method for partial-scan circuits,  spectral testing methods   Adaptive and asynchronous clock testing, hazard-free low-power design,  high-speed testing methods.
==Career==
He is a co-founder of the International Conference on VLSI Design<ref>[http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=51577_%20The%2025th%20International%20conference%20on%20VLSI%20Design 25th International VLSI Design & 11th Embedded Systems Conference to Bring Back VLSI Industry into Spotlight, Hyderabad, September 27, 2011]</ref><ref>[http://news.siliconindia.com/technology/Technology-for-Safe-World-Highlight-of-Global-Electronics-Conference-nid-190803-cid-2.html  Technology for Safe World Highlight of Global Electronics Conference
Sunday, SiliconIndia, 03 January 2016]</ref>, and the VLSI Design and Test Symposium,
held annually in India. 

International Conference on VLSI Design was founded in 1985 and influenced the development of electronics industry 
in India by bringing both top global researchers and practitioners in VLSI. India eventually became a major center 
of the semiconductor design industry. Intel arrive in 1988 and Microsoft in 1990.
<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xaHonZv5dfIC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=India+Development+Centre+(IIDC)&source=bl&ots=aR9AelVd4J&sig=m_ddW5wPrd2lx6YuY2WO-1-eg60&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz2KTrzKDKAhWK4SYKHdU9CQcQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=India%20Development%20Centre%20(IIDC)&f=false  Business Environment
Author	A.C. Fernando, Pearson Education India, 2011, pp. 62]</ref>


He is the founder and Consulting Editor of the Springer's Frontiers in Electronic Testing Book Series. 
He is the founder and Editor-in-Chief  of the Journal of Electronic
Testing: Theory and Applications (since 1990), and a past Editor-in-Chief  of the IEEE
Design & Test of Computers magazine. He has published over 350 papers, has coauthored five books 
and holds thirteen US patents.  His book, Essentials of Electronic Testing for Digital,
Memory and Mixed-Signal VLSI Circuits co-authored with M. L. Bushnell,  published in 2000, is a widely
used text in hardware testing. 

===Awards===
Awards receivee by him include the 2014 James Monzel Award from the IEEE North Atlantic Test Workshop,
2012 Lifetime Contribution Medal from the Test Technology Technical Council of the IEEE
Computer Society, and the 2006 Lifetime Achievement Award of the VLSI Society of India,
"in recognition of his contributions to the area of VLSI test and for founding and
steering the International Conference on VLSI Design in India",   1998,  Harry H. Goode Memorial Award of the 
IEEE Computer Society for "innovativecontributions to the field of electronic testing,"  1993 Distinguished
Alumnus Award of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "in recognition of his
outstanding contributions in design and test of VLSI systems."

==Personal life==
He was born in [[Agra]], India. He moved from the United States in 1966, however he remains a citizen of India. 
He  lives in Auburn Alabama with his wife, Prathima Agrawal, formerly Samuel Ginn Distinguished Professor at Auburn University.
Their son Vikas Agrawal lives in San Francisco. Their daughter Chitra Agrawal is a cooking expert and a founder of 
Brooklyn Delhi, line of achaar.<ref>[http://lifeandthyme.com/profiles/chitra-agrawal-from-brooklyn-to-bangalore/  Chitra Agrawal: From Brooklyn to Bangalore (and back), DEEPI AHLUWALIA]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~agrawvd/ Official website at Auburn]
* [http://vlsidesignconference.org/index.php?l=conference_history&m=9 VLSI Design Conference History, Official site]

{{:DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Vishwani}}
[[:Category:Auburn University faculty]]
[[:Category:Auburn University]]
[[:Category:Electrical engineering]]
[[:Category:Computer engineering]]
[[:Category:ISI highly cited researchers]]
[[:Category:Living people]]
[[:Category:1943 births]]
[[:Category:Indians in the United States]]




==
'''Kalustyan’s''' is a oldest shop in New York City <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/25/nyregion/rising-rents-threatening-little-india.html RISING RENTS THREATENING 'LITTLE INDIA', MARVINE HOWE, New York Times, August 25, 1985]</ref>that has been selling Indian and Middle Eastern spices and foods on, Lexington between 28th and 29th Streets, originally run by Kalustyan, an Armenian. Founded in 1944,<ref>[http://www.ediblemanhattan.com/magazine/spices_of_life/ In Curry Hill, Variety- And Bargains- Abound,  Regina Schrambling,  Edible Manhattan, July 10, 2009 ]</ref> the presence of  Kalustyan's caused other Indian grocery stores and restuarants to cluster in the neighborhood, causing it to be termed "Curry Hill". 

Kalustyan’s is the only building in New York City still standing where a president of the United States was sworn in.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/nyregion/30forgotten.html A Historian Is on a Quest to Locate Lost Events, SAM ROBERTS,
New York Times, June 29, 2009 ]</ref>

==History==

Kalustyan's was established in 1944, initially  a supplier of Turkish and Middle Eastern spices, dried fruits, nuts, oils and grains, when the neighborhood was largely Areminian.
<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/25/nyregion/rising-rents-threatening-little-india.html RISING RENTS THREATENING 'LITTLE INDIA', MARVINE HOWE, New York Times, August 25, 1985 ]</ref> In late 1960s and 1970s, when New York become home a significant number of Indians, expanded to cater to the Indian market, even bringing out its own brand of chutney and mango pickles. 

Sinha Trading/Foods of India opened across the street run by an Indian family<ref>[http://www.ediblemanhattan.com/magazine/spices_of_life/ n Curry Hill, Variety- And Bargains- Abound,  Regina Schrambling,  Edible Manhattan, July 10, 2009]<ref>. Shaheen, the first Indian fast-food 
restaurant in New York at Lexington Avenue and 27th Street was opened in in 1976 <ref>[Hamid & Sons
An immigrant family’s 40-year quest for the American dream Comment, Jennifer Gonnerman, New York Magazine, Sep 29, 2008]</ref>by Salam Hamid. It was later closed when many competitors sprouted up in the neighborhood. Curry in a Hurry, which still exits, was the earliest Indian restaurants in Manhattan, established in 1975.
<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCegCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=new+york+curry+in+a+hurry&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqtIiF5rnKAhVrlYMKHWdoCbEQ6AEIMzAD#v=onepage&q=new%20york%20curry%20in%20a%20hurry&f=false Curry Hill by Farha Ternikar in 
Savoring Gotham: A Food Lovers Companion to New York City, Andrew F. Smith, Garrett Oliver, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 157]</ref>

The concentration of Indian restaurants and spice shops has caused the area to be nicknamed "Curry Hill"<ref>[http://www.usedyorkcity.com/2016/01/08/the-best-vegetarian-kosher-indian-food-in-curry-hill/  THE BEST VEGETARIAN KOSHER INDIAN FOOD IN CURRY HILL!, USED YORK CITY  EDIBLESJANUARY 8, 2016]</ref>

Madras Mahal, a Kosher Indian vegetarian restaurant was started in 1985.<ref>[http://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/rosenberg14/kosher-indian-restaurants/  Indian Kosherification, New York City’s Kosher Indian Restaurants]</ref>

Kalustyan’s was purchased by Sayedul Alam and Aziz Osmani, originally from Bangladesh bought it in 1988 and has continued the tradition.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[:Category:1979 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[:Category:Culture of New York City]]
[[:Category:Restaurants in New York City|*]]

'''Hindu Temple and Cultural Center of the Rockies''' in the Denver, Colorado (Hindu Temple, Denver) is the major Hindu Temple 
<ref>Ved Nanda, Hindu Diaspora in the United States, in Pluralism and Democracy in India: Debating the Hindu Right
Editors	Wendy Doniger, Martha C. Nussbaum, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 349</ref>in the Colorado and nearby region.  The Hindu Society of Colorado was incorporated in 1984.<ref>Major Milestones, Mandir Vani, Volume 19, No. 2, 1 Aug. 2015</ref><ref name="Milestones"><ref>[http://htc.vndevgroup.com/temple-history  Hindu Temple History and Accomplishments]]</ref> During 1966-2015 the temple was located in a former church building in Littleton.  The formally designed temple opened on July 3, 2015 <ref>[http://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/new-hindu-temple-and-cultural-center-opens-in-denver-colorado/article_a298490e-204d-11e5-a342-ab1547336019.html New Hindu Temple and Cultural Center Opens in Denver, Colorado, India West July 3, 2015]</ref> with Prana Pratishta on June 5-7, 2015.<ref></ref> The temple now has 1,500 families as members<ref>America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity, Robert Wuthnow, Princeton University Press, 2011, p. 39</ref>

The temple is both non-regional and non-sectarian.

==Overview==
The new facility on a 4.25 acre is locatd on a hill with a 360 degree view of the mountains and the plains.  The main floor has a prayer hall with seven shrines: Shiva Parvati, Durga, Venkateshwar (Vishnu), Laxmi Narayan (Visnu), Ram & Sita, Radha & Krishna,
and Saraswati.<ref>Grand Opening of New Temple and Prana Pratishtha Celebrations, Mahesh Jha, Mandir Vani, Volume 19, No. 2, 1 Aug. 2015, p. 3</ref> The deities were carved in marble at Jaipur, India, except for the Venkateswara  granite image was carved at Tirupati. In the front granite Shiva-Linga with Nandi and an image of Ganesha. The shrines are surrounded by a parikrama.  On the other side of the hall, there are smaller shrines for Hanuman, Jagannath (with Balram and Subhadra),  Iyappa, and Subramanya (Kartikeya) with Devyani and Valli. 

The lower level, when fully finished later this year,  will have a large multi-purpose hall with a stage and a kitchen for preparation and serving of food. The hall opens to a patio. 

==History==

Starting in 1960, planning meetings were held at the residances of Dr. Tripathi, Dr. Ahuja, Dr. Gangadharam, Dr. K.C. Gupta, Dr. Vedanthan, Drs. Sagar, Nawal Sharma, and Katharine Nanda. Intially a small house was purchased in Aurora, which could accommodate about 45
people.<ref>A vision is realized – a dream becomes a reality, Prof. Ved Nanda , Mandir Vani, Volume 19, No. 2, 1 Aug. 2015, p. 5</ref> Kauai’s Hindu Monastery donated a Ganesh murti as the main deity for the Temple. Later a former church was purchased at Wadsworth Boulevard and remodelled to serve as the temple. Priests Acharya Kailash Chandra Upadhyaya and later Pandit Raghavendra Iyer were invited to serve. The land for the new temple was purchased for $500,000 and the construction was thus far has been about $4.5 million. Some of the donor families contributed more than $100,000. Professional contributors included the real-estate agent and the legal expert.


==Inclusive character of The Hindu Temple==


==Location==
The temple is located 7201 S. Potomac St. Centennial, Colorado, in Denver area.

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>

</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Jainism|California}}
*[[Hinduism in America]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.hindutempleofcolorado.org/}}

{{Jainism topics}}


[[:Category:Hindu temples in the United States]]
[[:Category:1979 establishments in California]]
[[:Category:Denver]]
[[:Category:Religious buildings and structures in Denver]]
[[:Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 2015]]
[[:Category:Religious organizations established in 1979]]
[[:Category:Hinduism in the United States]]

===
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name              = Syadvad Mahavidyalaya
| native_name       = स्याद्वाद महाविद्यालय
| image_name        = Syadvad.jpg
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
| latin_name        = 
| motto             = विध्याऽमृत मश्नुते
| mottoeng          = Knowledge imparts immortality
| established       = 1905<ref name=bhu-history>{{cite web |title=History of BHU |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/history1.htm |date= |publisher=Banaras Hindu University website |page=}}</ref>
| closed            = 
| type              = [[Public university|Public]]
| affiliation       = 
| endowment         = 
| budget            = 
| officer_in_charge = Dinanath S. Pandey
| chairman          = 
| chancellor        = [[Karan Singh]]
| president         = 
| vice-president    = 
| superintendent    = 
| provost           = 
| vice_chancellor   = [[Lalji Singh]]
| rector            = 
| principal         = 
| dean              = 
| director          = 
| head_label        = 
| head              = 
| academic_staff    = 
| administrative_staff  = 
| students          = 30,000
| undergrad         = 
| postgrad          = 
| doctoral          = 
| other             = 
| city              = [[Banaras]] (Varanasi)
| state             = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| province          = 
| country           = [[India]]
| coor              = 
| campus            = Main campus: {{convert|1300|acre|km2|abbr=on}} <br> South campus: {{convert|2700|acre|km2}}
| former_names      = 
| free_label        = 
| free              = 
| colors            = 
| colours           = 
| athletics         = 
| sports            = 
| nickname          = 
| mascot            = 
| affiliations      = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
| website           = {{URL|bhu.ac.in}}
| logo              = 
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Syadvad Mahavidyalaya''' ([[Hindi]]: स्याद्वाद महाविद्यालय) (commonly referred to as '''BHU''') is a public [[Central University (India)|central university]] located in [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh. Established in 1905 by [[Ganeshprasad Varni]],<ref>पंडित कैलाशचन्द्र शास्त्री अभिनंदन ग्रन्थ </ref><ref>पूज्य वर्णीजी और स्याद्वाद महाविद्यालय – पं. अनिल जैन शास्त्री	२१</ref> 


==History==
[[File:BHU Entrance.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Statue of Pandit [[Madan Mohan Malviya]] at the entrance of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[File:New Vishwanath Temple at BHU 2007 (2).jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vishwanath temple on BHU campus]]
The Banaras Hindu University was established by Pandit [[Madan Mohan Malviya]]. A prominent lawyer and an [[Indian independence activist]], Malviya considered education as the primary means for achieving a national awakening.<ref name=bhu-founder-18>{{cite web|url=http://bhu.ac.in/MMMMM.pdf|title=Founder of Banaras Hindu University: Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya|publisher=Banarash Hindu University|page=18|year=2006|accessdate=2012-06-04}}</ref>



<blockquote>
"The millions mired in poverty here can only get rid (of it) when science is used in their interest. Such maximum application of science is only possible when scientific knowledge is available to Indians in their own country."<ref name=bhu-founder-19>{{cite web|url=http://bhu.ac.in/MMMMM.pdf|title=Founder of Banaras Hindu University: Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya|publisher=Banarash Hindu University|page=19|year=2006|accessdate=2012-06-04}}</ref>
</blockquote>


BHU was finally established in 1916, the first university in India that was the result of a private individual's efforts. The foundation for the main campus of the university was laid by [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], the then [[Viceroy of India]], on [[Vasant Panchami]] 4 February 1916.<ref name=bhu-mahamana/><ref name=cs-bhu>{{cite journal|url=http://cs-test.ias.ac.in/cs/Volumes/101/08/1091.pdf|title=Madan Mohan Malaviya and Banaras Hindu University|journal=Current Science|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|volume=101|issue=8|date=25 October 2011|accessdate=2012-06-06}}</ref> 

==Vice-Chancellors==
#Pandit Sunder Lal (1 April 1916 - 13 April 1918)
#Sir P.S. Sivaswami Iyer (13 April 1918 - 8 May 1919)

<ref>[http://www.bhu.ac.in/history1.htm List of Vice-Chancellors]</ref>

==Administration==

{{Empty section|date=December 2012}}

==Campus==

===Main campus===
[[File:Electrical Engg Deptt IT-BHU.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Rampur Hall of [[IT-BHU|IIT (BHU) Varanasi]], an example of [[Indo-Gothic]] architecture]]
[[File:Sir sundar lal hospital.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sir Sundarlal Hospital]]
BHU is located on the southern edge of Varanasi, near the banks of the River [[Ganges]]. Development of the main campus, spread over {{convert|1300|acre|km2}}, started in 1916 on land donated by the then Kashi Naresh [[Prabhu Narayan Singh]]. 

==Academics==
BHU is organised into four institutes and fourteen Faculties(Streams). The institutes are administratively autonomous, with their own budget, management and academic bodies.[http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/x/7H/8I/7H8I0201.htm]



===Affiliated schools and colleges===

====Colleges====
* D.A.V. College
* Arya Mahila Postgraduate College
* Vasant Kanya Mahavidyalaya
* Vasanta College, Rajghat



== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* Leah Renold, ''A Hindu Education: Early Years Of The Banaras Hindu University'' (Oxford University Press).

{{Commons category|Banaras_Hindu_University|Banaras Hindu University}}
{{IndianCentralUniv}}
{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[:Category:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[:Category:Banaras Hindu University| ]]
[[:Category:Central universities in India]]
[[:Category:Educational institutions established in 1916]]
[[:Category:Education in Varanasi]]
[[:Category:Hindu universities and colleges]]


{{Jainism}}
Akota Bronzes

The '''Akota Bronzes''' represent a rare and important set of  68 Jain images dating between 6th to 10-12 cent CE found in the vicinity of [[Akota]] near Baroda]]. It includes some rare Gupta period bronzes that have been widely used for comparison of with Gupta period art.<ref>Monolithic Jinas, Jose Pereira, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., Jan 1, 1977 p. 12</ref><ref>[ http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jais/hd_jais.htm Guy, John. "Jain Sculpture". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.(January 2012)]</ref>

Akota (formerly Ankottaka) was a major of Jainism in 5th century AD and is mentioned in some of the texts<ref>Akota Bronzes, Bombay State Board for Historical Records and Ancient Monuments, Archaeological Series. no. 1.]
Umakant Premanand SHAH, 1959</ref>.  The hoard provides information on metallic art and development of metal technology during Gupta, post-Gupta and medieval period. Archaeologist U.P. Shah collected most of hoard from by purchasing it and presenting this to M.S. University, which are now in the Baroda Museum.

The two images of Jivantsvami, (representation of Mahavira who was still a prince), are widely mentioned examples of the early western Indian school of art. One of them is specifically inscribed as jivantsvami installed by Nagisvari which represents early phase of the Gupta style. 
There are two images of Tri-Tirthika (with two images besides the main one) Parsvanatha of post-Gupta period. An image inscribed to have been gifted by Sadhu Sarvadeva there, are eight standing figures  representing the eight planets, on both sides of the dharmachakra. Notable  images of Ambika on Lion and Standing Sarasvatiare from the same period.

An Chamardharini  stands in tribhanga pose on a carefully carved lotus pedestal. It represents western India school of during the Solanki period between 11th and 12th century AD.

==See also==
* [[Jainism]]
* [[Tirthankara]]
* [[Indian art]]
*[[Chausa Hoard]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[:Category:Indian art]]
[[:Category:Treasure troves of India]]
[[:Category:Jain art]]

{{Asia-archaeology-stub}}


Nagendranath Basu (নগেন্দ্রনাথ বসু)

Nagendranath Basu (নগেন্দ্রনাথ বসু) (1866-1938)  was the compiler of the Bangla Bishwakosh, the first encyclopedia in Bangla <ref>Basu, Nagendranath, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/B_0387.htm</ref>and  Hindi Vishvakosh, the first encyclopedia in Hindi, <ref>Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh,  Om Gupta, Gyan Publishing House, 2006. 1676</ref> as well as a pioneering archaeologist and historian. The fist volume of Bangla Bishwakosh  was compiled by Rabgalal and Trailokyanath Mukhopadhyay, however the all the subsequent 22 volumes were compiled and published by  Nagendranath which took 27 years  until 1911.  The 24 volume  Hindi Vishvakosh  was published during 1916 and 1931. 

Nagendranath started his writing career with poems and novels,  but he soon became involved in editing. He edited two monthly publications Tapasvini and Bharat and 
the Sahitya Parisad Patrika,  of the Vangiya Sahitya Parishad<ref>ড. গোলাম কাদির : ছিলটী আত্মার আজীবন অনুসন্ধানী -সৈয়দ মোস্তফা কামাল http://www.dailysangram.com/news_details.php?news_id=56905</ref>. He founded  the Kayastha Sabha and edited its publication. He edited and published several  Bengali classics Bangiya Sahitya Parishat, including  as Aprakakshita Rachanabali of Chandidas, Rasamabjari of Pitambar Das,  Chaitanyamabgal of Jayananda,  Krishvaprematarabgini of Bhagavatacharya and Jaynarayan’s Kashi-Parikrama.<ref>Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis, Kunal Chakrabarti, Shubhra Chakrabarti, Scarecrow Press, 2013, p. 83</ref>
 
Nagendranath traveled widely to examine archaeological remnants. He collected ancient manuscripts in Bangla, sanskrit and Oriya, and compiled  inscriptions on rocks and  copper plates. His collection of manuscripts allowed University of Calcutta to initiate its Bangla Department.

==Works==
In addition to to the two massive encyclopedias and the Bangla classics, his original books on history and archaeology include

* Multivolume Banger Jatiya Itihas 
* Kayasther Varnaparichay, 
* Shunyapurana, 
* Archaeological Survey of Mayurbhanja, 
* Modern Buddhism and its Followers in Orissa and 
* Social History of Kamrup 

==Honors==
He was awarded the title "Prachyavidyamaharnav".  There is a street in Calcutta named Bishvakosh Lane, named after the massive efforts undertaken by Nagendranath Basu<ref>Calcutta: A Cultural History,  Krishna Dutta, Interlink Books, 2008, p. 44</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}


[[:Category:1866 births]]
[[:Category:1938 deaths]]
[[:Category:Bengali writers]]
[[:Category:People associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]
[[:Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[:Category:Vangiya Sahitya Parishad]]
[[:Category:Bengali poets]]
[[:Category:Indian essayists]]
[[:Category:People from Kolkata]]

{{Jainism}}
Acharya Tulsi

Acharya Tulsi (October 20, 1914-June 23, 1997) was a prominent [[Jain]] [[Acharya]]. <ref>Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence edited by Kurt Titze, Klaus Bruhn, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1998, p. 144</ref>He was the founder of the Anuvrata movement <ref>INDIA: Atomic Vows, Time Magazine, Monday, May 15, 1950 http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820578,00.html</ref>and the [[Jain Vishva Bharti Institute, Ladnun]] and the author of over one hundred books.

[[Acharya Mahapragya]] and [[Sadhvi Kanakprabha]] were his disciples.<ref>Introduction to World Religions, Christopher Hugh Partridge,
Fortress Press, 2005, p. 185</ref>

==Biography==

Tulsi was born in 1914 <ref>Haryana to celebrate Acharya Tulsi Jayanti, Sukhbir Siwach, TNN Oct 3, 2013, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-03/chandigarh/42663103_1_bhupinder-singh-hooda-noble-cause-monks</ref>in [[Ladnun]], India to Vadana and Jhumarmal Khated. Acharya Kalugani, then the leader of the [[Terapanth]] Sangh, greatly influenced Tulsi.  Tulsi took his monk’s vows at age 11 with remarkable dedication, and by the time he was 16, he had already started becoming prominent. In 1936, Kalugani nominated Tulsi to be his successor, making him head of Terapanth group. <ref>The Family and The Nation, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam,  Acharya Mahapragya
PHarperCollins Publishers, 2012,  p. 23</ref> Through his oversight, he initiated more than 776 monks and nuns.

==Anuvrat Movement==

Tulsi realized that the independence of India would be futile unless the national character was developed. On March 2, 1949 he launched the Anuvrat Movement <ref>The Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions, John R Hinnells, Penguin UK, 2010, p. 364</ref>to spearhead this idea (anu (small), vrat (vow)). Conceived in five principles (Truth, Nonviolence, Non-possession, Non-stealing and Celibacy), the Movement was inspired followers to practice purity and self-discipline in their personal lives. By experiencing self-transformation, citizens could move toward a nonviolent socio-political world order. The movement also held to the ideas that Dharma is not merely an instrument of ensuring happiness in the hereafter but is also a means to bring happiness to the present life, that he who was fails to make his present life better is unlikely to achieve happiness in the hereafter, and that the primary aims of Dharma is to purify character (its ritualistic practices are secondary).<ref> "600 PLEDGE HIGH ETHICS; New Religious Leader in India Effects One-Year Conversion, May 2, 1950, THE NEW YORK TIMES. May 2, 1950</ref>

The movement continued under the leadership of Acharya Mahapragya.

==Scholarship==

In the 1970s, Tulsi began researching, translating and annotating the Jain Agamas.  Tulsi was the first person who sought to rediscover Jain meditation. His work with Yuvacharya Mahapragya led to the Preksha Meditation.

==Institutions==

In 1948 Tulsi established the Parmarthik Shikshan Sanstha, a spiritual training centre for females aspirants who wanted to lead the Jain monastic lifestyle. nTulsi developed the Saman Order around 1980 in an effort to spread the preachings of Jainism worldwide. This order follows the lifestyle of Sadhus and Sadhvis with two exceptions: They are granted permission to use means of transportation. They are allowed to take food which is prepared for them. This order can be termed as the link between the normal households and the Jain monks and nun.

==As a Wandering Ascetic==

Jain Monks and nuns remain under a vow of moving on foot all their life. In Tulsi’s lifetime he covered more than 70,000 Km. <ref>Acharya Tulsi - A Peacemaker par Excellence, 
Acharya Mahaprajna, Jain Vishwa Bharati, Ladnun, India, Third Edition, 2000</ref>His major wanderings included:

* 1949 : From Bikaner to Jaipur, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and back to Rajasthan.
* 1955 : From Rajasthan to Gujarat, Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh and back to Rajasthan.
* 1958 : From Rajasthan to Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, again Bihar, Uttar pradesh, Delhi, Haryana and back to Rajasthan.
* 1966 : From Rajasthan to Gujarat, Maharastra, Tamilnadu, Pondicherry, Kerala, Karnataka, Andra Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and back to Rajasthan.
* 1974 : From Rajasthan to Haryana, Delhi, Punjab, and back to Rajasthan.
* 1981 : From Rajasthan to Haryana, Delhi and back to Rajasthan.
* 1987 : From Rajasthan to Haryana and Delhi and back to Rajasthan.

In the course of these marches, Tulsi had widespread contact with people and preached to Anuvrat-oriented life and abstinence from alcohol.

==Recognitions==

* Title of Yug Pradhan in 1971 by the president of India V. V. Giri
* Bharat Jyoti Award
* Vakpati Award
* The Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration in 1993

On 20 October 1998, the vice-president, Krishna Kant, released an Indian commemorative three-rupee postage stamp of Tulsi. <ref>Stamps 1998: A commemorative postage stamp on  ACHARYA TULSI 1914-1997  http://iic.ac.in/projects/nic/Contrivers/1998.html</ref>Kant said that the Tulsi gave a new and contemporary direction to the high ideals of Jainism.

==Memorial==

To preserve Tulsi’s teachings, followers built a memorial in the village of Todgarh named Mahashila Abhilekh.

== See also ==
* [[List of religious leaders in 2007]]
* [[List of Jains]]
* [[Acharya Bhikshu]]
* [[Sadhvi Kanakprabha]]
* [[Jain Vishva Bharti Institute, Ladnun]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
[http://freeofstate.org/?p=7923]
* Haryana to celebrate Acharya Tulsi Jayanti, Sukhbir Siwach, TNN Oct 3, 2013, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-03/chandigarh/42663103_1_bhupinder-singh-hooda-noble-cause-monks

* INDIA: Atomic Vows, Time Magazine, Monday, May 15, 1950 http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820578,00.html

* "600 PLEDGE HIGH ETHICS; New Religious Leader in India Effects One-Year Conversion, May 2, 1950, THE NEW YORK TIMES. May 2, 1950

* "Biggest Free Election in History" The New York Times Magazine,  February 24, 1957

* Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence edited by Kurt Titze, Klaus Bruhn, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1998, p. 144

* Faith & Philosophy of Jainism By Arun Kumar Jain, Gyan Publishing House, 2009, p. 146

* Selected Speeches of Dr. D. Swaminadhan,  By Dr. Devarakonda Swaminadhan, Selected Speeches of Dr. D. Swaminadhan, By Dr. Devarakonda Swaminadhan, p. 303

*आचार्य तुलसी नगर का शिलान्यास, Dec 6 - 2013, http://dainiktribuneonline.com/2013/12/आचार्य-तुलसी-नगर-का-शिलान/
[[:Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[:Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[:Category:1914 births]]
[[:Category:1997 deaths]]



सिद्धेभ्यः श्री श्रीमतरंग श्री स्याद्वाद मोघ लाछनम्‌। जीया त्रैलोक्य नाथ शासनम्‌ जिन शासनम्‌ स्वस्ति सम्वत्‌ 1525 वर्षे चैत्र सुदी 15 मूलसंघे सरस्वती गच्छे बलाकार गणे श्री कुन्दकुन्दाचार्यान्वये आम्नाय भट्टारक श्री प्रभाचंद्र देवा ततो पट्टे भट्टारक श्री पद्मनंदी देवा भट्टारक श्रुतचंद देवा।
तत्पट्टे भट्टारक श्री जिनचंद्र यतीश्वरा तत्पट्टे भट्टारक श्री सिंहकीर्ति यतीश्वरा तेषाम्‌ उपदेशात्‌ श्री गोपाचल महादुर्गे श्री तोमरान्वये महाराजाधिराज श्री कीर्तिसिंह विजयराजे। ...सिद्ध प्रतिष्ठा श्री इक्ष्वाकु वंशोन्दवा गोलारोड ति मद्ये संघातिपति पम ॥श्री॥ 
...सुहाग श्री तत्पुत्रा माणिक सं. अश्वपति सं. कुषराज सं. जो जि॥ सं. माणिक भार्या लखण श्री तत्पुत्रा सं. वन हरसिंघा। पडरू। कुमुदचंद्र भार्या कुला द्वितीय विजय श्री हरिसिंघ भार्या रामश्री द्विः जयति श्री तृ शिव श्री॥ पडरू भार्या भागीरथी। कुमुदचन्द्र भार्या शोनन श्री पुत्र॥
अश्वपति... भार्या श्री... पुत्र माधव भार्या लाड़म श्री पुत्र उद्धरण भार्या माणिक्य श्री द्वितीय... पुत्र देवचंद्र आर्या खिमश्री॥ कुशराज भार्या लोहव द्वितीय भार्या वीरा पुत्र बुद्धसेन पुत्री हरमति जो जि समायहि श्री पुत्र... कुंवराय॥ मण्डे भार्या रतन श्री॥ सजन श्री मंगो... ये तषाम मध्ये संघादिपतियम्‌।

भूपतयः बंधु निज पुत्र पौत्रो श्री पार्श्वनाथ तीर्थश्वरम्‌ नित्यं पूज्याम्‌ प्रणमति श्री शांति रस्तु शिवम्‌ सुख नित्य आरोग्य भवतु... सिद्धरस्तु शत्रु निवारन कुल गोत्र वंशादष्टु इति श्री राजा श्रावक प्रजासुखी नो भवन्तु धर्मोवृद्धिताम्‌ श्री॥



itrans:


sa.n 1510 varshhe maadh sudii 8 some gopaachal durge tomar va.nshaanvaye raajaa shrii Duu.ngarendr dev raajy pavitramaane shrii kaashhThaasa.ngh maathuraanvaye bhaTTaaraka shrii guNakeerti devaastatpaTTe shrii malayakeerti devaastato bhaTTaarak guNabhadradev pa.nDitavarya ra ighuu tadaamnaaye agrotava.nshe vaasilagotre sakelahaa bhaaryaa nivaarii tayoH putra vijayashhTa shaah ... saadhu shrii maalhaa putra sa.nghaatipati deutaay putra sa.nghaatipati karamasiih shrii chandraprabhu jinabi.nba mahaakaaya pratishhThaapit praNamati ..shubham.h bhavatu ..||

सं १५१० वर्षे माध सुदी ८ सोमे गोपाचल दुर्गे तोमर वंशान्वये राजा श्री डूंगरेन्द्र देव राज्य पवित्रमाने श्री काष्ठासंघ माथुरान्वये भट्टारक श्री गुणकीर्ति देवास्तत्पट्टे श्री मलयकीर्ति देवास्ततो भट्टारक गुणभद्रदेव पंडितवर्य रइघू तदाम्नाये अग्रोतवंशे वासिलगोत्रे सकेलहा भार्या निवारी तयोः पुत्र विजयष्ट शाह ... साधु श्री माल्हा पुत्र संघातिपति देउताय पुत्र संघातिपति करमसीह श्री चन्द्रप्रभु जिनबिंब महाकाय प्रतिष्ठापित प्रणमति ..शुभम् भवतु ..||


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| coordinates             = {{coord|24.55|N|78.25|E|display=inline}}
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==Table==

Khajuraho Temples
{|class="wikitable sortable"
| '''Sequence'''
| '''Modern name'''
| '''Original Deity'''
| '''Note'''
|-
| 1
| Chausath Yogini
| 64 Yoginis
| Est 9th c.
|-
| 2
| Brahma
| Vishnu
| Eastern group
|-
| 3
| Lalgun Mahadev
| Jina?
| Contemp to 2
|-
| 4
| Matangeshwar
| Siva
| In active worship
|-
| 5
| Varaha
| Varaha
| 
|-
| 6
| Lakshman
| Vaikuntha Vishnu 
| Lakshavarma Inscription
|-
| 7
| Parshvanath
| Adinath
| Pahil inscription 954 AD
|-
| 8
| Vishvanath
| Shiva
| Dhanga inscription Sam 1059
|-
| 9
| Devi Jagadambi
| Vishnu
| 
|-
| 10
| Chitragupta
| Surya
| 
|-
| 11
| Kandhariya Mahadeva
| Shiva
| Largest
|-
| 12
| Vamana
| Vamana
| Eastern Group
|-
| 13
| Adinath
| Jina
| Jain compound
|-
| 14
| Jawari
| Vishnu
| Eastern group
|-
| 15
| Chaturbhuja
| Vishnu
| 
|-
| 16
| Duladev
| Shiva
| South end 
|-
| 17
| Ghantai
| Jina
| Only some columns remaining
|}