Indian Famine Codes: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Famine scale developed by the colonial British in India in the 1880s}} |
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The '''Indian Famine Codes''', developed by the colonial British in the 1880s, were one of the earliest [[famine scale]]s. |
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| ⚫ | | last =Brennan | first =L | year =1984 | contribution =The development of the India Famine Codes: personalities, policies and politics | contribution-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=FoNS2fM8N0kC&q=The+Development+of+the+Indian+Famine+Codes&pg=PA91 | editor-last =Currey | editor-first =Bruce | editor2-last =Hugo | editor2-first =Graeme | title =Famine as a geographical phenomenon | edition =Illustrated | series =GeoJournal library | publisher =Springer | volume = |
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== Types of Food insecurity == |
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| ⚫ | The Famine Codes established three levels of [[food insecurity]]: near-scarcity, scarcity, and [[famine]]. "Scarcity" was defined as three successive years of [[crop failure]], [[crop yield]]s reaching one-third or one-half of the normal levels, and significant population distress. "Famine" included additional criteria such as a surge in [[food prices]] exceeding 140% of the "normal" value, mass migration of people in search of food, and widespread mortality.<ref name="L. Brennan">{{Citation |
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| ⚫ | | last =Brennan | first =L | year =1984 | contribution =The development of the India Famine Codes: personalities, policies and politics | contribution-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=FoNS2fM8N0kC&q=The+Development+of+the+Indian+Famine+Codes&pg=PA91 | editor-last =Currey | editor-first =Bruce | editor2-last =Hugo | editor2-first =Graeme | title =Famine as a geographical phenomenon | edition =Illustrated | series =GeoJournal library | publisher =Springer | volume =1 | pages =91–110 | isbn =90-277-1762-1}}</ref> |
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== Indian Famine Commission == |
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When the British created these 'Indian Famine Codes' they were the first modern reaction to the famines in India. The codes classified food scarcity on a scale of intensity and had steps that governments were required to take to mitigate the risk of famine.<ref name="Brittanica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Historical responses to famine |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201392/famine/277562/ |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |accessdate=8 October 2009}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | To address the issue of famine in India, an Indian Famine Commission was established to develop strategies for prevention and mitigation.<ref name="L. Brennan" /> In 1880, the commission's secretary drafted the Indian Famine Code, which served as the cornerstone of famine prevention measures until the 1970s. Subsequent famine codes were developed, such as the Indian Famine Code (Bihar), which shared similar principles with the original code and served as a foundation for multiple famine codes and scales. These codes and scales aimed to assess the severity and magnitude of famine.<ref name="Scales">{{Citation | date=March 2009 | title=Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger | periodical=Field Exchange | issue=35 | page=10 | publisher=ENN | url=http://fex.ennonline.net/35/retrospective.aspx | access-date=October 11, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907065555/http://fex.ennonline.net/35/retrospective.aspx | archive-date=September 7, 2010 | url-status=dead }} '''Summary of published research:''' {{cite journal| last1 =Reza | first1 =Avid | last2 =Tomczyk | first2 =Basia | last3 =Aguayo | first3 =Victor M | last4 =Zagré | first4 =Noel M | last5 =Goumbi | first5 =Kadadé | last6 =Blanton | first6 =Curtis | last7 =Talley | first7 =Leisel | title=Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger, 2005: two stage cluster survey. | journal=BMJ | year= 2008 | volume= 337 | pages= a1622 | pmid=18832413 | pmc=2658864 | doi=10.1136/bmj.a1622 }}</ref> The Indian Famine Code was among the earliest attempts to forecast and subsequently prevent famine by implementing specific steps and interventions mandated for governments to mitigate the risks associated with food scarcity.<ref name="Brittanica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Historical responses to famine |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201392/famine/277562/ |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<references/> |
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[[Category:Famines in British India]] |
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[[Category:Famines in India]] |
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[[Category:1880s in India]] |
[[Category:1880s in India]] |
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[[Category:1880s in British India]] |
[[Category:1880s in British India]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:08, 1 July 2023
The Indian Famine Codes, developed by the colonial British in the 1880s, were one of the earliest famine scales.
Types of Food insecurity[edit]
The Famine Codes established three levels of food insecurity: near-scarcity, scarcity, and famine. "Scarcity" was defined as three successive years of crop failure, crop yields reaching one-third or one-half of the normal levels, and significant population distress. "Famine" included additional criteria such as a surge in food prices exceeding 140% of the "normal" value, mass migration of people in search of food, and widespread mortality.[1]
Indian Famine Commission[edit]
To address the issue of famine in India, an Indian Famine Commission was established to develop strategies for prevention and mitigation.[1] In 1880, the commission's secretary drafted the Indian Famine Code, which served as the cornerstone of famine prevention measures until the 1970s. Subsequent famine codes were developed, such as the Indian Famine Code (Bihar), which shared similar principles with the original code and served as a foundation for multiple famine codes and scales. These codes and scales aimed to assess the severity and magnitude of famine.[2] The Indian Famine Code was among the earliest attempts to forecast and subsequently prevent famine by implementing specific steps and interventions mandated for governments to mitigate the risks associated with food scarcity.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Brennan, L (1984), "The development of the India Famine Codes: personalities, policies and politics", in Currey, Bruce; Hugo, Graeme (eds.), Famine as a geographical phenomenon, GeoJournal library, vol. 1 (Illustrated ed.), Springer, pp. 91–110, ISBN 90-277-1762-1
- ^ "Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger", Field Exchange, no. 35, ENN, p. 10, March 2009, archived from the original on September 7, 2010, retrieved October 11, 2009 Summary of published research: Reza, Avid; Tomczyk, Basia; Aguayo, Victor M; Zagré, Noel M; Goumbi, Kadadé; Blanton, Curtis; Talley, Leisel (2008). "Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger, 2005: two stage cluster survey". BMJ. 337: a1622. doi:10.1136/bmj.a1622. PMC 2658864. PMID 18832413.
- ^ "Historical responses to famine". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 8 October 2009.