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{{Short description|Subspecies of bacterium}}
{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Speciesbox

----[[File:InfectedrootPP300.jpg|thumb|Alfalfa root infected with ''Clavibacter michiganensis'' subsp. ''insidiosus'']]
| taxon = Clavibacter insidiosus
| authority = (McCulloch 1925) Li et al. 2018
| synonyms =
* "''Aplanobacter insidiosum''" <small>McCulloch 1925</small>
* ''Clavibacter michiganensis'' subsp. ''insidiosum'' <small>(McCulloch 1925) Davis et al. 1984</small>
* ''Clavibacter michiganense'' subsp. ''insidiosum'' <small>(McCulloch 1925) Davis et al. 1984</small>
* ''Clavibacter michiganensis'' subsp. ''insidiosus'' <small>corrig. (McCulloch 1925) Davis et al. 1984</small>
* ''Corynebacterium insidiosum'' <small>(McCulloch 1925) Jensen 1934 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''Corynebacterium michiganense'' subsp. ''insidiosum'' <small>(McCulloch 1925) Carlson and Vidaver 1982</small>
| synonyms_ref =
}}
[[File:InfectedrootPP300.jpg|thumb|Alfalfa root infected with ''Clavibacter michiganensis'' subsp. ''insidiosus'']]
[[File:Alfalfaclavbacterialwilt.jpg|thumb|Alfalfa with bacteria wilt caused by ''Clavibacter michiganensis'' subsp. ''insidiosus'']]
[[File:Alfalfaclavbacterialwilt.jpg|thumb|Alfalfa with bacteria wilt caused by ''Clavibacter michiganensis'' subsp. ''insidiosus'']]

'''''Clavibacter michiganensis'' subsp. ''insidiosus''''' is a subspecies of ''[[Clavibacter michiganensis]]''. It causes bacterial wilt, with its most notable host being ''Medicago sativa'' ([[alfalfa]]). Other species in the ''[[Medicago]]'' genus are also known to be hosts such as ''[[Medicago falcata]]''. Additionally, ''[[Lotus corniculatus]], [[Melilotus albus|Melilotus alba]], [[Onobrychis viciifolia]]'', and ''[[Clover|Trifolium]]'' sp. are known hosts.<ref name="EPPO">{{cite journal |title=PM 7/99 (1): Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus |journal=EPPO Bulletin |date=December 2010 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=353–364 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2338.2010.02408.x }}</ref>
'''''Clavibacter insidiosus''''' is a species of ''[[Clavibacter]]''. It causes bacterial wilt, with its most notable host being ''Medicago sativa'' ([[alfalfa]]). Other species in the ''[[Medicago]]'' genus are also known to be hosts such as ''[[Medicago falcata]]''. Additionally, ''[[Lotus corniculatus]], [[Melilotus albus|Melilotus alba]], [[Onobrychis viciifolia]]'', and ''[[Clover|Trifolium]]'' sp. are known hosts.<ref name="EPPO">{{cite journal |title=PM 7/99 (1): Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus |journal=EPPO Bulletin |date=December 2010 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=353–364 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2338.2010.02408.x }}</ref>


== Pathology ==
== Pathology ==
Plants like alfalfa are often mowed, and this causes cut stems. The cut stems increase disease susceptibility be providing wounds for the bacteria to enter.<ref name="APS">Rhodes, Landon H, and William O. Lamp. “Bacterial Wilt” ''Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases and Pests'', by Deborah A. Samac, third ed., American Phytopathological Society, 2015, pp. 62–63.</ref> ''C. m.'' ''insidiosus'' causes a systemic disease: the leaflets curl up, an indicative symptom of this disease.<ref name="EPPO" /> Occasionally, it causes necrosis of the leaflets.<ref name="APS" /> Yellowing of the plant and yellow-brown roots often occurs. This disease is either fatal or causes severe damage to the host with the bacteria leading to stunted growth.<ref name="APS" /> ''C. m.'' ''insidiosus'' needs to be cultured from the infected plant tissues and PCR-tests must be run to confirm a diagnosis.<ref name="APS" />
Plants like alfalfa are often mowed, and this causes cut stems. The cut stems increase disease susceptibility be providing wounds for the bacteria to enter.<ref name="APS">Rhodes, Landon H, and William O. Lamp. “Bacterial Wilt” ''Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases and Pests'', by Deborah A. Samac, third ed., American Phytopathological Society, 2015, pp. 62–63.</ref> ''C. insidiosus'' causes a systemic disease: the leaflets curl up, an indicative symptom of this disease.<ref name="EPPO" /> Occasionally, it causes necrosis of the leaflets.<ref name="APS" /> Yellowing of the plant and yellow-brown roots often occurs. This disease is either fatal or causes severe damage to the host with the bacteria leading to stunted growth.<ref name="APS" /> ''C. insidiosus'' needs to be cultured from the infected plant tissues and PCR-tests must be run to confirm a diagnosis.<ref name="APS" />


''C. m.'' ''insidiosus'' is typically dispersed by the moving of hay between different agricultural sites. Farm equipment that is not properly sanitized can also spread the pathogen. Water is known to move the bacterium;<ref name="efsa">{{cite journal |title=Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus (McCulloch) Davis et al. |journal=EFSA Journal |date=December 2014 |volume=12 |issue=12 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3910}}</ref> if an area in not irrigated and there is low rainfall, the disease will usually not be present.<ref name="APS" /> Plant wounds, specifically on the stem or roots, increase disease susceptibility<ref name="efsa" /> (because there is now wound for the bacteria to enter<ref name="APS" />) and are often made by mowing, nematodes, or insects. Stem nematodes often act as a vector. They can carry the bacteria on their surface.<ref name="efsa" /> If the plant is infected by root-knot nematodes, bacterial wilt is more likely and typically more severe.<ref name="APS" /> Infested soil can additionally cause disease.<ref name="samac">{{cite journal |author=D. A. Samac, K. Ophel-Keller, and D. Caffier|title=Detection of Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria in Seed and Other Planting Material, Second Edition |date=January 2017 |pages=103–107 |doi=10.1094/9780890545416.016}}</ref> A small number of diseased plants (about 6.3-7.7%) can transmit the bacterium to their seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samac |first1=Deborah A. |last2=Nix |first2=Ronda J. |last3=Oleson |first3=Arland E. |title=Transmission Frequency of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus to Alfalfa Seed and Identification of the Bacterium by PCR |journal=Plant Disease |date=December 1998 |volume=82 |issue=12 |pages=1362–1367 |doi=10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1362}}</ref>
''Clavibacter insidiosus'' is typically dispersed by the moving of hay between different agricultural sites. Farm equipment that is not properly sanitized can also spread the pathogen. Water is known to move the bacterium;<ref name="efsa">{{cite journal |title=Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of ''Clavibacter michiganensis'' subsp. ''insidiosus'' (McCulloch) Davis et al. |journal=EFSA Journal |date=December 2014 |volume=12 |issue=12 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3910|hdl=11379/492638 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> if an area in not irrigated and there is low rainfall, the disease will usually not be present.<ref name="APS" /> Plant wounds, specifically on the stem or roots, increase disease susceptibility<ref name="efsa" /> (because there is now wound for the bacteria to enter<ref name="APS" />) and are often made by mowing, nematodes, or insects. Stem nematodes often act as a vector. They can carry the bacteria on their surface.<ref name="efsa" /> If the plant is infected by root-knot nematodes, bacterial wilt is more likely and typically more severe.<ref name="APS" /> Infested soil can additionally cause disease.<ref name="samac">{{cite journal |author=D. A. Samac, K. Ophel-Keller, and D. Caffier|title=Detection of Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria in Seed and Other Planting Material, Second Edition |date=January 2017 |pages=103–107 |doi=10.1094/9780890545416.016}}</ref> A small number of diseased plants (about 6.3-7.7%) can transmit the bacterium to their seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samac |first1=Deborah A. |last2=Nix |first2=Ronda J. |last3=Oleson |first3=Arland E. |title=Transmission Frequency of ''Clavibacter michiganensis'' subsp. ''insidiosus'' to Alfalfa Seed and Identification of the Bacterium by PCR |journal=Plant Disease |date=December 1998 |volume=82 |issue=12 |pages=1362–1367 |doi=10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1362|pmid=30845470 |s2cid=73496378 |doi-access= }}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q62855919}}


[[Category:Microbacteriaceae]]
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Bacterial plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Bacterial plant pathogens and diseases]]

Latest revision as of 09:31, 18 August 2023

Clavibacter insidiosus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Micrococcales
Family: Microbacteriaceae
Genus: Clavibacter
Species:
C. insidiosus
Binomial name
Clavibacter insidiosus
(McCulloch 1925) Li et al. 2018
Synonyms
  • "Aplanobacter insidiosum" McCulloch 1925
  • Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosum (McCulloch 1925) Davis et al. 1984
  • Clavibacter michiganense subsp. insidiosum (McCulloch 1925) Davis et al. 1984
  • Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus corrig. (McCulloch 1925) Davis et al. 1984
  • Corynebacterium insidiosum (McCulloch 1925) Jensen 1934 (Approved Lists 1980)
  • Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. insidiosum (McCulloch 1925) Carlson and Vidaver 1982
Alfalfa root infected with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus
Alfalfa with bacteria wilt caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus

Clavibacter insidiosus is a species of Clavibacter. It causes bacterial wilt, with its most notable host being Medicago sativa (alfalfa). Other species in the Medicago genus are also known to be hosts such as Medicago falcata. Additionally, Lotus corniculatus, Melilotus alba, Onobrychis viciifolia, and Trifolium sp. are known hosts.[1]

Pathology

[edit]

Plants like alfalfa are often mowed, and this causes cut stems. The cut stems increase disease susceptibility be providing wounds for the bacteria to enter.[2] C. insidiosus causes a systemic disease: the leaflets curl up, an indicative symptom of this disease.[1] Occasionally, it causes necrosis of the leaflets.[2] Yellowing of the plant and yellow-brown roots often occurs. This disease is either fatal or causes severe damage to the host with the bacteria leading to stunted growth.[2] C. insidiosus needs to be cultured from the infected plant tissues and PCR-tests must be run to confirm a diagnosis.[2]

Clavibacter insidiosus is typically dispersed by the moving of hay between different agricultural sites. Farm equipment that is not properly sanitized can also spread the pathogen. Water is known to move the bacterium;[3] if an area in not irrigated and there is low rainfall, the disease will usually not be present.[2] Plant wounds, specifically on the stem or roots, increase disease susceptibility[3] (because there is now wound for the bacteria to enter[2]) and are often made by mowing, nematodes, or insects. Stem nematodes often act as a vector. They can carry the bacteria on their surface.[3] If the plant is infected by root-knot nematodes, bacterial wilt is more likely and typically more severe.[2] Infested soil can additionally cause disease.[4] A small number of diseased plants (about 6.3-7.7%) can transmit the bacterium to their seeds.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "PM 7/99 (1): Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus". EPPO Bulletin. 40 (3): 353–364. December 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2010.02408.x.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Rhodes, Landon H, and William O. Lamp. “Bacterial Wilt” Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases and Pests, by Deborah A. Samac, third ed., American Phytopathological Society, 2015, pp. 62–63.
  3. ^ a b c "Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus (McCulloch) Davis et al". EFSA Journal. 12 (12). December 2014. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3910. hdl:11379/492638.
  4. ^ D. A. Samac, K. Ophel-Keller, and D. Caffier (January 2017). "Detection of Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria in Seed and Other Planting Material, Second Edition": 103–107. doi:10.1094/9780890545416.016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Samac, Deborah A.; Nix, Ronda J.; Oleson, Arland E. (December 1998). "Transmission Frequency of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus to Alfalfa Seed and Identification of the Bacterium by PCR". Plant Disease. 82 (12): 1362–1367. doi:10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1362. PMID 30845470. S2CID 73496378.
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