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{{Short description|Racing trimaran}}
{{Infobox Americas Cup Yacht
{{Infobox Americas Cup Yacht
| title = USA 17
| title = USA 17
| image = [[File:USA-17-flying-cropped.jpg|300px]]
| image = USA-17-flying-cropped.jpg
| caption = BMW Oracle racing ''USA-17'' training off Valencia, Spain in late January, 2010
| caption = BMW Oracle racing ''USA-17'' training off Valencia, Spain in late January, 2010
| club = {{yachtclub|Golden Gate Yacht Club}}
| club = {{yachtclub|Golden Gate Yacht Club}}
| nat = {{flagcountry|USA|2010|size=48px}}
| nat = {{flagcountry|USA|2010}}
| ac_year = 2010
| ac_year = 2010
| type = [[Trimaran]]
| type = [[Trimaran]]
| class = [[International America's Cup Class|IACC]]
| class =
| designer = [[VPLP]] Yacht Design
| designer = [[VPLP]]
| builder = Core Builders, Anacortes, WA, USA
| builder = Core Builders<br />[[Anacortes, WA]], USA
| sailno = USA–17
| launched =
| launched =
| owner = [[ Oracle Team USA]]
| owner = [[Oracle Team USA]]
| skip = [[James Spithill]]
| skip = [[James Spithill]]
| crew =
| crew =
Line 18: Line 20:
| fate =
| fate =
| displacement = 17 tons
| displacement = 17 tons
| length = {{convert|113|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|LOA]],<br>{{convert|90|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[waterline length|LWL]]
| length = {{convert|113|ft|m|abbr=on}} ([[Length overall|LOA]])<br />{{convert|90|ft|m|abbr=on}} ([[waterline length|LWL]])
| beam = {{convert|89.9|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|89.9|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|180|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| draft =
| sail = {{convert|13,700|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| sail = {{convert|13700|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| notes =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''''USA-17'''''{{efn|The name shown on official documentation is USA, but the boat's name is USA 17.<ref name="voilesetvoiliers">{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http://www.voilesetvoiliers.com/course-regate/interview-du-barreur-de-bmw-oracle-racing-usa-17-a-valencia-james-spithill/&sl=auto&tl=en |title=Interview with the BMW-Oracle Racing helmsman: James Spithill: "To better bar the USA-17, I even passed my pilot's license!" |date=26 January 2010 |language=fr |access-date=2012-04-25
'''''USA-17'''''{{ref|1|a}} (formerly known as ''BMW Oracle Racing&nbsp;90'' or ''BOR90'') is a sloop rigged racing trimaran built by the American sailing team [[BMW Oracle Racing]] to challenge for the 2010 [[America's Cup]].<ref>
}}</ref><ref name="CupInfo">{{cite web|title=James Spithill Talks About BMW Oracle's Giant Multi-hull|url=http://www.cupinfo.com/en/bmwo-multihull-san-diego-spithill-002.php|website=CupInfo.com|publisher=BMW Oracle Racing in San Diego|access-date=7 June 2017|year=2009}}</ref>}} (formerly known as '''''BMW Oracle Racing&nbsp;90''''' or '''''BOR90''''') is a [[sloop]] rigged racing trimaran built by the American sailing team [[BMW Oracle Racing]] to challenge for the [[2010 America's Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ggyc.com/09%2008%2010%20GGYC%20Press%20Statement.pdf |title=Title unknown |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823170055/http://www.ggyc.com/09%2008%2010%20GGYC%20Press%20Statement.pdf |archive-date=August 23, 2009 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ggyc.com/09%2008%2010%20GGYC%20Press%20Statement.pdf
|title=Title unknown
|format=pdf
|accessdate=
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.tdg.ch/sports/actu/alinghi-oracle-armes-duel-2009-08-17
|url=http://www.tdg.ch/sports/actu/alinghi-oracle-armes-duel-2009-08-17
Line 36: Line 34:
|work=Tribune de Genève
|work=Tribune de Genève
|date=18 August 2009
|date=18 August 2009
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/archive/overview.html?track.refer=/en/news/overview.html&track.type=sn |title=Title unknown |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115225027/http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/archive/overview.html?track.refer=%2Fen%2Fnews%2Foverview.html&track.type=sn |archive-date=November 15, 2008 }}</ref> Designed by [[VPLP]] Yacht Design with consultation from [[Franck Cammas]] and his Groupama multi-hull sailing team, ''BOR90'' is very light for her size being constructed almost entirely out of carbon fiber and epoxy resin, and exhibits very high performance being able to sail at 2.0 to 2.5&nbsp;times the true wind speed.<ref>
|accessdate=
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/archive/overview.html?track.refer=/en/news/overview.html&track.type=sn
|title=Title unknown
|accessdate=
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref> Designed by [[VPLP]] Yacht Design with consultation from [[Franck Cammas]] and his Groupama multi-hull sailing team, ''BOR90'' is very light for her size being constructed almost entirely out of carbon fiber and epoxy resin, and exhibits very high performance being able to sail at 2.0 to 2.5&nbsp;times the true wind speed.<ref>
{{cite news
{{cite news
|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/07/sports/SAI-Americas-Cup-Big-Boat.php
|url=http://www.teamusa.org/News/2008/November/07/BMW-Oracle-Racing-pushes-edge-in-90-foot-trimaran
|title=America's cup: BMW Oracle Racing pushes edge in 90-foot trimaran
|title=BMW Oracle Racing pushes edge in 90-foot trimaran
|date=2008-11-08
|date=8 November 2008
|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]
|publisher=TeamUSA Sports
|accessdate=2009-03-07}}</ref> From the actual performance of the boat during the [[2010 America's Cup]] races, it can be seen that she could achieve a [[Sailing faster than the wind#Speed made good|velocity made good]] upwind of over twice the wind speed and downwind of over 2.5 times the wind speed; this means that downwind she was sailing at nearly four times the speed of the true wind. She can apparently sail at 20&nbsp;degrees off the apparent wind.<ref>
|access-date=7 March 2009}}{{dead link|date=September 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> From the actual performance of the boat during the [[2010 America's Cup]] races, it can be seen that she could achieve a [[Sailing faster than the wind#Speed made good|velocity made good]] upwind of over twice the wind speed and downwind of over 2.5 times the wind speed. She can apparently sail at 20&nbsp;degrees off the apparent wind.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.cupinfo.com/en/bmwo-multihull-san-diego-coutts-002.php
|url=http://www.cupinfo.com/en/bmwo-multihull-san-diego-coutts-002.php
Line 56: Line 48:
|date=13 August 2009
|date=13 August 2009
|work=cupinfo.com
|work=cupinfo.com
|accessdate=2012-04-25
|access-date=2012-04-25
}}</ref> The boat sails so fast downwind that the [[apparent wind]] she generates is only 5-6 degrees different from that when she is racing upwind; that is, the boat is always sailing upwind with respect to the apparent wind.<ref>
}}</ref> The boat sails so fast downwind that the [[apparent wind]] she generates is only 5-6 degrees different from that when she is racing upwind; that is, the boat is always sailing upwind with respect to the apparent wind.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/friday-the-third-pt-1-19-1957
|url = http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/friday-the-third-pt-1-19-1957
|title=Friday the Third. Pt 1?
|title = Friday the Third. Pt 1?
|date=11 February 2010
|date = 11 February 2010
|accessdate=2012-04-25
|access-date = 2012-04-25
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> An explanation of this phenomenon can be found in the article on [[sailing faster than the wind]].
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120224134240/http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/friday-the-third-pt-1-19-1957
|archive-date = 24 February 2012
}}</ref> An explanation of this phenomenon can be found in the article on [[sailing faster than the wind]].


==Background==
==Design==
''USA 17'' was designed by [[VPLP]].


==Career==
BOR 90 was launched in [[Anacortes, Washington]] in August of 2008 after more than 9 months of construction. She underwent initial testing in Anacortes before being shipped to San Diego, California for additional sea trials and development.
===Launching and initial testing===
[[Image:BMW Oracle BOR90.JPG|thumb|BMW Oracle Racing's ''BOR 90'' in original configuration, sailing in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego]]
''BOR 90'' was launched in [[Anacortes, Washington]] in August 2008 after more than 9 months of construction. She underwent initial testing in Anacortes before being shipped to San Diego, California for additional sea trials and development.


In March 2009, ''USA 17'' (then referred to as ''BOR90'') was pulled from the water for extensive modification in BMW Oracle Racing's San Diego shop. She emerged in early July, 2009, featuring [[wave-piercing]] hulls and other modifications.<ref>
In March 2009, ''USA 17'' (then referred to as ''BOR90'') was pulled from the water for extensive modification in BMW Oracle Racing's San Diego shop. She emerged in early July, 2009, featuring [[wave-piercing]] hulls and other modifications.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/articles/00_09_02/0708_trials.html?track.refer=/en/index.html&track.type=home
|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/articles/00_09_02/0708_trials.html?track.refer=/en/index.html&track.type=home
|author=Associated Press
|agency=Associated Press
|title=Team plans modifications to trimaran
|title=Team plans modifications to trimaran
|date=2009-03-03
|date=2009-03-03
|publisher=ESPN
|publisher=ESPN
|accessdate=2009-06-09
|access-date=2009-06-09
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref> She was further modified subsequently, in particular in October 2009 to add an engine to power hydraulic winches.<ref name="bmworacleracing.com">
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref> She was further modified subsequently, in particular in October 2009 to add an engine to power hydraulic winches.<ref name="bmworacleracing.com">
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/current/index.html?track.refer=/en/index.html&track.type=hn
|url = http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/current/index.html?track.refer=/en/index.html&track.type=hn
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005183340/http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/current/index.html?track.refer=%2Fen%2Findex.html&track.type=hn
|title=Title unknown
|url-status=dead
|accessdate=
|archive-date = 2010-10-05
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref>
|title = Title unknown
}}</ref>


On November 8, 2009, the team announced that a [[Sail#Sail types|rigid sail]] wing had been built for the yacht.{{ref|2|b}} The [[wingsail]] was initially {{convert|190|ft|m}} tall and some 80&nbsp;percent larger than the wing of a [[Boeing 747]] airplane; it was later extended to {{convert|223|ft|m}}.<ref>
On November 8, 2009, the team announced that a [[Sail#Types|rigid sail]] wing had been built for the yacht.{{efn|[[Stars and Stripes (yacht)#Catamaran-hull yachts|''Stars and Stripes'']], a catamaran with this type of rigid sail (a wing) won the [[1988 America's Cup]].}} The [[wingsail]] was initially {{convert|190|ft|m}} tall and some 80&nbsp;percent larger than the wing of a [[Boeing 747]] airplane; it was later extended to {{convert|223|ft|m}}.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/articles/00_pr/news15.html?track.refer=/en/news/current/overview.html&track.type=news
|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/articles/00_pr/news15.html?track.refer=/en/news/current/overview.html&track.type=news
|title=Title unknown
|title=Title unknown
|accessdate=
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref> The wing has a very high [[Aspect ratio (wing)|aspect ratio]], meaning that it is very tall and narrow. It can change [[camber (aerodynamics)|camber]] to adjust [[lift (force)|lift]] in order to optimize performance. The wing consists of two main elements, separated by a vertical slot through which air can flow. The rear element is made up of several separate sections, whose angle can be adjusted separately, much like the [[flap (aircraft)|flaps]] on an airplane's [[wing]]. Thus the lift of the sail can be controlled very finely, both overall, and for each section.
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref> The wing has a very high [[Aspect ratio (wing)|aspect ratio]], meaning that it is very tall and narrow. It can change [[camber (aerodynamics)|camber]] to adjust [[lift (force)|lift]] in order to optimize performance. The wing consists of two main elements, separated by a vertical slot through which air can flow. The rear element is made up of several separate sections, whose angle can be adjusted separately, much like the [[flap (aircraft)|flaps]] on an airplane's [[wing]]. Thus the lift of the sail can be controlled very finely, both overall, and for each section.


The wing is more efficient than a traditional soft-sail rig setup. On November 10, BMW reported that they hit {{convert|32|mph|kn}} boat speed in a {{convert|10|kn|adj=on}} reported wind speed.<ref>
The wing is more efficient than a traditional soft-sail rig setup. On November 10, BMW reported that they hit {{convert|32|mph|kn}} boat speed in a {{convert|10|kn|adj=on}} reported wind speed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/archive/index.html?track.refer=/en/frame/overview/top_americas_cup.4ml&track.type=hn |title=Title unknown |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103012847/http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/archive/index.html?track.refer=%2Fen%2Fframe%2Foverview%2Ftop_americas_cup.4ml&track.type=hn |archive-date=January 3, 2010 }}</ref> During the first race of the 2010 America's Cup, ''USA 17'' was able to sail upwind faster than ''[[Alinghi 5]]'' even without a [[jib]]. Since the sail area of ''USA 17''{{'}}s wing is much larger than the sail area of ''Alinghi 5''{{'}}s mainsail and jib combined, it is clear that the rigid wing is much more efficient than even high-performance traditional sails.
{{cite web
|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/archive/index.html?track.refer=/en/frame/overview/top_americas_cup.4ml&track.type=hn
|title=Title unknown
|accessdate=
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref> During the first race of the 2010 America's Cup, ''USA 17'' was able to sail upwind faster than ''[[Alinghi 5]]'' even without a [[jib]]. Since the sail area of ''USA 17''{{'}}s wing is much smaller than the sail area of ''Alinghi 5''{{'}}s mainsail and jib combined, it is clear that the rigid wing is much more efficient than even high-performance traditional sails.


===America's Cup===
[[Image:BMW Oracle BOR90.JPG|thumb|left|BMW Oracle Racing's ''BOR 90'' in original configuration, sailing in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego]]
{{main|2010_America's_Cup#Regatta}}


==Racing results==
{{main|2010_America's_Cup#Regatta}}
{{Overly detailed|date=April 2012|section=yes}}
{{Overly detailed|date=April 2012|section=yes}}

===Race 1===
====Race 1====
The first race of the 2010 America's Cup took place on February 12, 2010. ''USA 17'' beat the defender, ''Alinghi 5''. ''USA 17'' started behind by 1:27 after [[Racing Rules of Sailing|start box maneuvering]] with ''Alinghi'',<ref>{{cite AV media
The first race of the 2010 America's Cup took place on February 12, 2010. ''USA 17'' beat the defender, ''Alinghi 5''. ''USA 17'' started behind by 1:27 after [[Racing Rules of Sailing|start box maneuvering]] with ''Alinghi'',<ref>{{cite AV media
| people =
| date =2010-02-12
| year =2010-02-12
| title =OTW R1 (4)
| title =OTW R1 (4)
| medium =online video
| medium =online video
| url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fkw3VauwNfU
| url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fkw3VauwNfU
| accessdate =2014-05-14
| access-date =2014-05-14
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| format =
| time =2m15s - 3m44s
| time =2m15s - 3m44s
| location =Valencia, Spain
| location =Valencia, Spain
Line 119: Line 110:
}}</ref> but was ahead by 3:21 at the windward mark and by about 9 minutes at the finish. Her official finish time was 15:28 ahead of the loser because ''Alinghi 5'' had to perform a penalty turn, having failed to stay clear at the start.<ref>
}}</ref> but was ahead by 3:21 at the windward mark and by about 9 minutes at the finish. Her official finish time was 15:28 ahead of the loser because ''Alinghi 5'' had to perform a penalty turn, having failed to stay clear at the start.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/first-blood-to-usa-19-2362
|url = http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/first-blood-to-usa-19-2362
|title=First Blood to USA
|title = First Blood to USA
|accessdate=2012-04-21
|access-date = 2012-04-21
|url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120531022511/http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/first-blood-to-usa-19-2362
|archive-date = 2012-05-31
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Line 128: Line 122:
|newspaper=Tribune de Genève
|newspaper=Tribune de Genève
|url=http://www.tdg.ch/actu/sports/demonstration-puissance-oracle-brise-reve-alinghi-2010-02-12
|url=http://www.tdg.ch/actu/sports/demonstration-puissance-oracle-brise-reve-alinghi-2010-02-12
|title=La démonstration de puissance d’Oracle brise le rêve d’Alinghi
|title=La démonstration de puissance d'Oracle brise le rêve d'Alinghi
|last=Nusslé
|last=Nusslé
|first=Pierre
|first=Pierre
|date=13 February 2010
|date=13 February 2010
|language=French
|language=fr
|accessdate=2012-04-21
|access-date=2012-04-21
}}</ref><ref name=numbers>
}}</ref><ref name=numbers>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.yachtonline.it/americas-cup-2010-valencia/americas-cup-the-numbers-of-a-victory
|url = http://www.yachtonline.it/americas-cup-2010-valencia/americas-cup-the-numbers-of-a-victory
|title=America's Cup, the numbers of a victory
|title = America's Cup, the numbers of a victory
|publisher=Yacht Online
|publisher = Yacht Online
|accessdate=2010-03-09
|access-date = 2010-03-09
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>{{Ref|3|c}}
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070527/http://www.yachtonline.it/americas-cup-2010-valencia/americas-cup-the-numbers-of-a-victory
|archive-date = 2011-07-22
}}</ref>{{efn|See minutes 30 and 59 of podcast interview with ''USA 17'' designer Mike Drummond.<ref name="omegatau2">
{{cite web
|url=http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/07/71-oracle-racings-usa-17/
|title=Oracle Racing's USA 17
| publisher=Omega Tau
|date=20 July 2011
|access-date=12 August 2011
}}</ref>}}


The measured wind velocity is taken at near sea level, and does not account for effects of [[Wind gradient#Sailing|wind gradient]] with reported true wind speed of {{convert|15|kn}} at mast head height of over {{convert|60|m}}.<ref>
The measured wind velocity is taken at near sea level, and does not account for effects of [[Wind gradient#Sailing|wind gradient]] with reported true wind speed of {{convert|15|kn}} at mast head height of over {{convert|60|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fillmedia.com/americas-cup-2010-33rd-americas-cup-2010-race-2-live-stream-7730.htm |title=Title unknown |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711001558/http://www.fillmedia.com/americas-cup-2010-33rd-americas-cup-2010-race-2-live-stream-7730.htm |archive-date=July 11, 2011 }}</ref> The measured sea-level wind direction shifted away from 180 degrees between the time of setting of the course and commencement of sailing of the downwind leg, by which time wind direction was reported to be at around 160 degrees.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.fillmedia.com/americas-cup-2010-33rd-americas-cup-2010-race-2-live-stream-7730.htm
|title=Title unknown
|accessdate=
}}{{Dead link|date=May 2012}}</ref> The measured sea-level wind direction shifted away from 180 degrees between the time of setting of the course and commencement of sailing of the downwind leg, by which time wind direction was reported to be at around 160 degrees.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://33rd.americascup.com/en/regate/regarder-la-course/show.html
|url=http://33rd.americascup.com/en/regate/regarder-la-course/show.html
|title=Live Video Coverage of the Event
|title=Live Video Coverage of the Event
|accessdate=2012-04-25
|access-date=2012-04-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309053911/http://33rd.americascup.com/en/regate/regarder-la-course/show.html
}}{{Failed verification | date=April 2012}}</ref> As such the ratio between downwind [[velocity made good]] and wind speed is an approximation only.
|archive-date=2012-03-09
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>{{Failed verification | date=April 2012}} As such the ratio between downwind [[velocity made good]] and wind speed is an approximation only.


===Race 2===
====Race 2====
On February 14, 2010, ''USA 17'' also won the second race, and thus the America's Cup, again by a considerable margin. ''USA 17'' was ahead by 0:24 at the start, by 0:28 at the windward mark, by 2:44 at the gybe mark, and by over 4 minutes at the finish. Her official finish time was 5:26 ahead of the defender because ''Alinghi 5'' had to perform a penalty turn, having entered the pre-start area too soon.<ref name = "r2">
On February 14, 2010, ''USA 17'' also won the second race, and thus the America's Cup, again by a considerable margin. ''USA 17'' was ahead by 0:24 at the start, by 0:28 at the windward mark, by 2:44 at the gybe mark, and by over 4 minutes at the finish. Her official finish time was 5:26 ahead of the defender because ''Alinghi 5'' had to perform a penalty turn, having entered the pre-start area too soon.<ref name="r2">
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/usa-win-33rd-america-s-cup-match-19-2827
|url = http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/usa-win-33rd-america-s-cup-match-19-2827
|title=USA win 33rd America's Cup Match – News – 33rd America's Cup
|title = USA win 33rd America's Cup Match – News – 33rd America's Cup
|publisher=Americascup.com
|publisher = Americascup.com
|date=
|access-date = 2010-02-15
|url-status=dead
|accessdate=2010-02-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707133827/http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/usa-win-33rd-america-s-cup-match-19-2827
|archive-date = 2011-07-07
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Wind speeds were {{convert|7|to|8|kn}} during the second race. ''USA 17'' reached the windward mark in 59 minutes, so her velocity made good was about {{convert|13.2|kn}}, or about 1.65 times wind speed. The course was a triangle, so the velocity made good downwind was only {{convert|11.5|kn}}, or about 1.4 times wind speed. ''USA 17'' averaged {{convert|26.8|kn}}, or about 3.6 times the wind speed, on the faster first triangular leg.<ref name= "r2" /><ref>
Wind speeds were {{convert|7|to|8|kn}} during the second race. ''USA 17'' reached the windward mark in 59 minutes, so her velocity made good was about {{convert|13.2|kn}}, or about 1.65 times wind speed. The course was a triangle, so the velocity made good downwind was only {{convert|11.5|kn}}, or about 1.4 times wind speed. ''USA 17'' averaged {{convert|26.8|kn}}, or about 3.6 times the wind speed, on the faster first triangular leg.<ref name= "r2" /><ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/articles/00_10_01/0214_3.html?track.refer=/en/news/current/overview.html&track.type=news
|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/articles/00_10_01/0214_3.html?track.refer=/en/news/current/overview.html&track.type=news
Line 170: Line 174:
|publisher=BMW ORACLE Racing
|publisher=BMW ORACLE Racing
|date=2003-09-30
|date=2003-09-30
|accessdate=2010-02-15
|access-date=2010-02-15
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref>
}}{{dead link | date=April 2012}}</ref>


Observers stated that the rigid wing had given USA a decisive advantage.<ref name=tdgr1/><ref name=r2/>
Observers stated that the rigid wing had given USA a decisive advantage.<ref name=tdgr1/><ref name=r2/>


==See also==
==Specifications==<!--All of this section needs to be converted to prose-->
*[[List of large sailing yachts]]
'''Boat Type:''' Trimaran of carbon composite construction<ref name="specs">
{{cite web
|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/en/yacht/index.html
|title=Fact Sheet - USA
|publisher=BMW Oracle Racing
|accessdate=2010-10-05
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005151536/http://bmworacleracing.com/en/yacht/index.html

|archivedate=2010-10-05
}}</ref><ref name="USApdf">{{cite web|last=Gaveriau|first=Camille|title=Trimaran Graphic_outline.a|url=http://bmworacleracing.com/de/yacht/pdf/The_USA.pdf|publisher=BMW Oracle Racing, USA|accessdate=12 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006001841/http://bmworacleracing.com/de/yacht/pdf/The_USA.pdf|archivedate=2010-10-06|language=EN|date=2010-02-01}}</ref>{{br}}
'''Where Built''': Core Builders, Anacortes, WA, USA{{br}}
'''Architects''': Van Peteghem and Lauriot Prévost ([[VPLP]]) and design team of Mike Drummond{{br}}
'''Consultants''': [[Franck Cammas]]{{br}}
'''Hours to build:''' Over 130,000 hours as of August 2009{{br}}
'''[[Length overall]] (LOA):''' {{convert|113.3|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}
'''[[Waterline length|Load waterline length]] (LWL):''' {{convert|90.0|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}} (measured at rest){{br}}
'''Waterline length when sailing:''' {{convert|113.3|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.americascup.com/multimedia/docs/2010/02/americas_cup_decision_3302.pdf
|title=Title unknown <!--dead link April 2012. Text portion of original ref link was: "See paragraph 20 of" -->
|format=pdf
|accessdate=
}}{{Dead link | date= April 2012}}</ref>{{br}}
'''Beam:''' {{convert|89.9|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}
'''[[Displacement (ship)|Displacement]]:''' {{convert|16|t|short ton|lk=on}} (racing weight){{Ref|4|d}}{{br}}
'''Length of main hull:''' {{convert|90|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}
'''Length of each [[Ama (sailing)|ama]]:''' {{convert|113.3|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}
'''Beam of main hull:''' {{convert|6.92|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}
'''Beam of each [[Ama (sailing)|ama]]:''' {{convert|4.33|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}
'''Overall height of main hull:''' {{convert|7.5|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}
'''Overall height of each [[Ama (sailing)|ama]]:''' {{convert|5.81|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}

'''Mast height, soft sail:''' {{convert|55|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="specs"/>{{br}}
'''Mast weight, soft sail:''' ~{{convert|3.5|t|short ton}}<ref name=omegatau2/>{{br}}
'''Where Built:''' Hall Spars, Bristol, RI, USA{{br}}
'''Soft Sail areas:'''<ref name="specs"/>
:Mainsail: &ensp;{{convert|6800|sqft|m2|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
:[[Genoa_(sail)|Genoa]]:&emsp;&ensp;{{convert|6700|sqft|m2|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
:[[Gennaker]]: {{convert|8400|sqft|m2|abbr=on|disp=flip}}

'''Wingsail height:''' {{convert|223|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}} (compare to the {{convert|102|ft|adj=on|disp=flip|abbr=on}} length of a Boeing 747 wing or the {{convert|143|ft|adj=on|disp=flip|abbr=on}} length of an Airbus A380 wing)<ref name="specs"/><ref name="USApdf"/><ref name="voilesetvoiliers">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.voilesetvoiliers.com/course-regate/article/2743/interview-du-barreur-de-bmw-oracle-racing-usa-17-a-valencia-james-spithill
|title=Interview du Barreur de BMW-Oracle Racing: James Spithill: "Pour mieux barrer USA-17, j’ai même passé mon brevet de pilote !"
|date=26 January 2010
|language=French
|accessdate=2012-04-25
}}</ref>{{br}}
'''Wingsail chord:''' {{convert|10|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}} to {{convert|30|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}
'''Wingsail width:''' {{convert|2|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}} to {{convert|6|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}
'''Wingsail surface area:''' {{convert|7000|sqft|m2|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}
'''Weight of wingsail:''' {{convert|7700|lb|kg|disp=flip|abbr=on}}{{br}}

Comparison of 87–90&nbsp;ft America's Cup contenders:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=font-size:11px;font-family:arial
|-bgcolor=EEEEEE align=center
!!!Year!!LOA!!LWL!!Sail Area!!Mast height!!Displacement
|-
|align=center|''[[Reliance (yacht)|Reliance]]''||1903||{{convert|43.89|m|abbr=on}}||{{convert|27.43|m|abbr=on}}||{{convert|1501|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|67.05|m|abbr=on}}||189 tons
|-
|align=center|[[Ranger (yacht)|''Ranger'']]||1937||{{convert|41.15|m|abbr=on}}||{{convert|26.51|m|abbr=on}}||{{convert|701|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|46.98|m|abbr=on}}||166 tons
|-
|align=center|[[KZ1 (yacht)|''KZ1'']]||[[1988 America's Cup|1988]]||{{convert|36.57|m|abbr=on}}||{{convert|27.43|m|abbr=on}}||{{convert|627|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}||{{convert|46.78|m|abbr=on}}||39 tons
|-
|align=center|''USA-17''<ref name="specs"/><ref name="USApdf"/>||[[2010 America's Cup|2010]]||{{convert|30|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="USApdf"/>||{{convert|27.43|m|abbr=on}}||{{convert|13700|sqft|m2|disp=flip|abbr=on}}||{{convert|68|m|abbr=on}}||17 tons
|}


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
*{{Note|1|a|The name shown on official documentation is USA, but the boat's name is USA 17.<ref name="voilesetvoiliers" />}}
*{{Note|2|b|[[Stars and Stripes (yacht)#Catamaran-hull yachts|''Stars and Stripes'']], a catamaran with this type of rigid sail (a wing) won the [[1988 America's Cup]].}}
*{{Note|3|c|See minutes 30 and 59 of podcast interview with ''USA 17'' designer Mike Drummond.<ref name="omegatau2">
{{cite web
|url=http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/07/71-oracle-racings-usa-17/
|title=Oracle Racing's USA 17
| publisher=Omega Tau
|date=20 July 2011
|accessdate=12 August 2011
}}</ref>
}}<!-- end of note 3|c -->
*{{Note|4|d|See minute 58 of podcast interview with USA 17 designer Mike Drummond.<ref name="omegatau2" />}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|USA 17 (ship)}}
{{Commons category|USA 17 (ship, 2008)}}
*[http://galleries.sandiegobayshots.com/ BOR 90 Trials] Bayshots Images
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090716230146/http://galleries.sandiegobayshots.com/ BOR 90 Trials] Bayshots Images
*[http://bmworacleracing.com/en/index.html BMW Oracle Racing] official site
*[http://bmworacleracing.com/en/index.html BMW Oracle Racing] official site
*[http://www.vplp.fr/realisation/oracle-usa17/58.html VPLP Yacht Design]
*[http://www.vplp.fr/realisation/oracle-usa17/58.html VPLP Yacht Design]
*[http://www.bymnews.com/photos/thumbnails.php?album=240 Hundreds of images of the BOR 90]
*[http://www.bymnews.com/photos/thumbnails.php?album=240 Hundreds of images of the BOR 90]
*[http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=6455028 ABC News Story on BOR and the BOR90 (video)]
*[https://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=6455028 ABC News Story on BOR and the BOR90 (video)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-ITwzCb_6E CBS News Story on BOR and the BOR90 (video)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-ITwzCb_6E CBS News Story on BOR and the BOR90 (video)]
*http://www.americascup.com
*[http://www.americascup.com 35th America's Cup] official site
*[http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/07/71-oracle-racings-usa-17/] Podcast of technical interview with the designer
*[http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/07/71-oracle-racings-usa-17/] Podcast of technical interview with the designer


{{America'sCup}}
{{America'sCup}}
{{America's Cup Yachts}}
{{Sailing vessels and rigs}}
{{Sailing vessels and rigs}}


[[Category:Trimarans]]
[[Category:Trimarans]]
[[Category:America's Cup challengers]]
[[Category:America's Cup challengers]]
[[Category:2000s sailing yachts]]
[[Category:Sailing yachts built in the United States]]
[[Category:Sailing yachts designed by VPLP]]
[[Category:Sailing yachts of the United States]]
[[Category:2010 America's Cup]]
[[Category:Oracle Team USA]]

Latest revision as of 07:22, 18 September 2023

USA 17
BMW Oracle racing USA-17 training off Valencia, Spain in late January, 2010
Yacht club Golden Gate Yacht Club
Nation United States
Sail noUSA–17
Designer(s)VPLP
BuilderCore Builders
Anacortes, WA, USA
Owner(s)Oracle Team USA
Racing career
SkippersJames Spithill
Notable victories2010 America's Cup
America's Cup2010
Specifications
TypeTrimaran
Displacement17 tons
Length113 ft (34 m) (LOA)
90 ft (27 m) (LWL)
Beam89.9 ft (27.4 m)
Mast height180 ft (55 m)
Sail area13,700 sq ft (1,270 m2)

USA-17[a] (formerly known as BMW Oracle Racing 90 or BOR90) is a sloop rigged racing trimaran built by the American sailing team BMW Oracle Racing to challenge for the 2010 America's Cup.[3][4][5] Designed by VPLP Yacht Design with consultation from Franck Cammas and his Groupama multi-hull sailing team, BOR90 is very light for her size being constructed almost entirely out of carbon fiber and epoxy resin, and exhibits very high performance being able to sail at 2.0 to 2.5 times the true wind speed.[6] From the actual performance of the boat during the 2010 America's Cup races, it can be seen that she could achieve a velocity made good upwind of over twice the wind speed and downwind of over 2.5 times the wind speed. She can apparently sail at 20 degrees off the apparent wind.[7] The boat sails so fast downwind that the apparent wind she generates is only 5-6 degrees different from that when she is racing upwind; that is, the boat is always sailing upwind with respect to the apparent wind.[8] An explanation of this phenomenon can be found in the article on sailing faster than the wind.

Design[edit]

USA 17 was designed by VPLP.

Career[edit]

Launching and initial testing[edit]

BMW Oracle Racing's BOR 90 in original configuration, sailing in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego

BOR 90 was launched in Anacortes, Washington in August 2008 after more than 9 months of construction. She underwent initial testing in Anacortes before being shipped to San Diego, California for additional sea trials and development.

In March 2009, USA 17 (then referred to as BOR90) was pulled from the water for extensive modification in BMW Oracle Racing's San Diego shop. She emerged in early July, 2009, featuring wave-piercing hulls and other modifications.[9] She was further modified subsequently, in particular in October 2009 to add an engine to power hydraulic winches.[10]

On November 8, 2009, the team announced that a rigid sail wing had been built for the yacht.[b] The wingsail was initially 190 feet (58 m) tall and some 80 percent larger than the wing of a Boeing 747 airplane; it was later extended to 223 feet (68 m).[11] The wing has a very high aspect ratio, meaning that it is very tall and narrow. It can change camber to adjust lift in order to optimize performance. The wing consists of two main elements, separated by a vertical slot through which air can flow. The rear element is made up of several separate sections, whose angle can be adjusted separately, much like the flaps on an airplane's wing. Thus the lift of the sail can be controlled very finely, both overall, and for each section.

The wing is more efficient than a traditional soft-sail rig setup. On November 10, BMW reported that they hit 32 miles per hour (28 kn) boat speed in a 10-knot (19 km/h; 12 mph) reported wind speed.[12] During the first race of the 2010 America's Cup, USA 17 was able to sail upwind faster than Alinghi 5 even without a jib. Since the sail area of USA 17's wing is much larger than the sail area of Alinghi 5's mainsail and jib combined, it is clear that the rigid wing is much more efficient than even high-performance traditional sails.

America's Cup[edit]

Main article: 2010_America's_Cup § Regatta

Race 1[edit]

The first race of the 2010 America's Cup took place on February 12, 2010. USA 17 beat the defender, Alinghi 5. USA 17 started behind by 1:27 after start box maneuvering with Alinghi,[13] but was ahead by 3:21 at the windward mark and by about 9 minutes at the finish. Her official finish time was 15:28 ahead of the loser because Alinghi 5 had to perform a penalty turn, having failed to stay clear at the start.[14]

Wind speeds were 5–10 knots (9.3–18.5 km/h; 5.8–11.5 mph) during the first race. USA 17 reached the windward mark in 1h29, so her velocity made good was about 13.5 knots (25.0 km/h; 15.5 mph), or about 1.8 times wind speed. USA 17 took 63 minutes to reach the downwind mark, so her velocity made good downwind was about 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph), or about 2.5 times wind speed.[15][16][c]

The measured wind velocity is taken at near sea level, and does not account for effects of wind gradient with reported true wind speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) at mast head height of over 60 metres (200 ft).[18] The measured sea-level wind direction shifted away from 180 degrees between the time of setting of the course and commencement of sailing of the downwind leg, by which time wind direction was reported to be at around 160 degrees.[19][failed verification] As such the ratio between downwind velocity made good and wind speed is an approximation only.

Race 2[edit]

On February 14, 2010, USA 17 also won the second race, and thus the America's Cup, again by a considerable margin. USA 17 was ahead by 0:24 at the start, by 0:28 at the windward mark, by 2:44 at the gybe mark, and by over 4 minutes at the finish. Her official finish time was 5:26 ahead of the defender because Alinghi 5 had to perform a penalty turn, having entered the pre-start area too soon.[20]

Wind speeds were 7 to 8 knots (13 to 15 km/h; 8.1 to 9.2 mph) during the second race. USA 17 reached the windward mark in 59 minutes, so her velocity made good was about 13.2 knots (24.4 km/h; 15.2 mph), or about 1.65 times wind speed. The course was a triangle, so the velocity made good downwind was only 11.5 knots (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph), or about 1.4 times wind speed. USA 17 averaged 26.8 knots (49.6 km/h; 30.8 mph), or about 3.6 times the wind speed, on the faster first triangular leg.[20][21]

Observers stated that the rigid wing had given USA a decisive advantage.[15][20]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The name shown on official documentation is USA, but the boat's name is USA 17.[1][2]
  2. ^ Stars and Stripes, a catamaran with this type of rigid sail (a wing) won the 1988 America's Cup.
  3. ^ See minutes 30 and 59 of podcast interview with USA 17 designer Mike Drummond.[17]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Interview with the BMW-Oracle Racing helmsman: James Spithill: "To better bar the USA-17, I even passed my pilot's license!"" (in French). 26 January 2010. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  2. ^ "James Spithill Talks About BMW Oracle's Giant Multi-hull". CupInfo.com. BMW Oracle Racing in San Diego. 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  3. ^ "Title unknown" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 23, 2009.
  4. ^ "Title unknown". Tribune de Genève. 18 August 2009.[dead link]
  5. ^ "Title unknown". Archived from the original on November 15, 2008.
  6. ^ "BMW Oracle Racing pushes edge in 90-foot trimaran". TeamUSA Sports. 8 November 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2009.[dead link]
  7. ^ Swintal, Diane (13 August 2009). "Russell Coutts Talks About BMW Oracle's Giant Multi-hull". cupinfo.com. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  8. ^ "Friday the Third. Pt 1?". 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  9. ^ "Team plans modifications to trimaran". ESPN. Associated Press. 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2009-06-09.[dead link]
  10. ^ "Title unknown". Archived from the original on 2010-10-05.
  11. ^ "Title unknown".[dead link]
  12. ^ "Title unknown". Archived from the original on January 3, 2010.
  13. ^ OTW R1 (4) (online video). Valencia, Spain: dogzillamonster userid on YouTube. 2010-02-12. Event occurs at 2m15s - 3m44s. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  14. ^ "First Blood to USA". Archived from the original on 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
  15. ^ a b Nusslé, Pierre (13 February 2010). "La démonstration de puissance d'Oracle brise le rêve d'Alinghi". Tribune de Genève (in French). Retrieved 2012-04-21.
  16. ^ "America's Cup, the numbers of a victory". Yacht Online. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
  17. ^ "Oracle Racing's USA 17". Omega Tau. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  18. ^ "Title unknown". Archived from the original on July 11, 2011.
  19. ^ "Live Video Coverage of the Event". Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  20. ^ a b c "USA win 33rd America's Cup Match – News – 33rd America's Cup". Americascup.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  21. ^ "BMW ORACLE Racing". BMW ORACLE Racing. 2003-09-30. Retrieved 2010-02-15.[dead link]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to USA 17 (ship, 2008).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USA_17&oldid=1175914056"