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The celluloid ceiling is a metaphor for the underrepresentation of women in hiring and employment in Hollywood. The term is a play on the metaphor of the "glass ceiling", which describes an invisible barrier that keeps a given demographic (typically women, although the term can apply to any protected group) from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy. Celluloid refers to the material used to make the film stock that was once used to make motion pictures. The term is usually applied to behind the screen workers only.^[1]

The Celluloid Ceiling Report[edit]

The celluloid ceiling is also the title of a series of reports created by Dr. Martha Lauzen at the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film at San Diego State University. These reports have been compiled since 1998 to track employment statistics for women in Hollywood. The reports focus on behind the screen creative positions, also called above-the-line positions. These include: director, writer, producer, executive producer, editors, and cinematographers. As of 2018 the Center has yet to cultivate statistics on below-the-line (craft) positions. The Celluloid Ceiling reports have been produced since 1998.^[2]

The 2017 Celluloid Ceiling Report tracked employment statistics for top 100, 250, and 500 grossing non-reissue Hollywood films. The delineation of top 100 films and top 500 films are recent additions to the Center's data collection; the most complete historical data for comparison is from the top 250 category. For the top 250 films the report found that women account for 18% of all directors, writers, producers, executive producers, editors, and cinematographers employed. This breaks down as:

25% of producers
19% of executive producers
16% of editors
11% of writers
11% of directors
4% of cinematographers^[3]

Statistically, these numbers show that "only 1% of films employed 10 or more women in the above roles. In contrast, 70% of films employed 10 or more men."^[3]

The Media and Social Change Initiative at the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism also reported on the state of women and minorities in the film industry in front of and behind the screen.^[4] Their report, however, focuses mainly on gender representation on screen.[1]^[5]

Working Conditions[edit]

While employment for women working behind the screen in Hollywood is statistically low, reports of hostile and discriminatory working conditions have been widely circulated.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] In 2016 the media company EPIX produced twelve short documentary films with leading directors and producers, both men and woman, articulating the many prejudices, stereotypes, and myths that face women working in Hollywood.^[10] The website Shit People Say to Women Directors (& Other Women in Film) has become a repository of stories describing the regularized harassment women in the film industry face.^[11] The intersection of harassment and working conditions was explicitly manifest during Hollywood's #MeToo movement, when multiple women described being harassed or abused by men during job interviews or while working in Hollywood.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

ACLU/EEOC Investigation[edit]

Based on "A large body of statistical evidence reveals dramatic disparities in the hiring of women directors in film and television,"^[17] the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Southern California and the Women's Rights Project of ACLU National sent letters to the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs asking that each entity open an investigation to the discrimination in hiring and underemployment of women directors in film and television. The fifteen page letters, sent in May 2015, explicated five foundational roadblocks facing women directors:

"studios’, networks’, and producers’ intentional and discriminatory failure to recruit, consider, and hire qualified women directors
use of discriminatory recruiting and screening practices that have the effect of shutting women out, such as word-of-mouth recruiting and use of short lists on which women are under-represented;
reliance on, and perpetuation of, sex stereotyping in hiring and evaluation of women;
ineffective programs within the industry to increase hiring of women and people of color that do not lead to women getting directing jobs;
lack of enforcement of internal industry agreements to increase the hiring of women and people of color."^[17]

In October 2015 the EECO began "contacting female directors to investigate gender discrimination in Hollywood.^[18] In February 2017 it was reported that the EEOC was in discussions with all major Hollywood studios to resolve systemic discrimination of women directors in hiring and employment.^[19] While the EEOC investigation concerned women directors, changes in hiring and employment practices can impact women in Hollywood across positions.

Advocacy to End the Celluloid Ceiling[edit]

A number of organizations have taken actions to highlight the contributions of women directors and advocate for their hiring. Vulture released an expansive list of 100 working women directors available for hire.^[20] The popular blog Cinema Fanatic chronicled the process of spending a year watching only films directed or co-directed by women, while challenging others to do the same.^[21] The campaign took off on Twitter with the #AYearWithWomen and helped to start critical dialogue and increase awareness around a much wider-variety of women directors.^[22] A similar campaign is currently promoted by Women in Film Los Angeles. Called #52FilmsByWomen, the group asks the public to pledge to watch a film directed by women every week for one year; they currently have over 13,000 commitment pledges.^[23] Women in Film Los Angeles has also partnered with the Sundance Institute "launched Female Filmmakers Initiative to foster gender parity for women behind the camera."^[24] The joint effort funds research on women's directorial hiring in Hollywood, resources for funding, and maintains an extensive list of allied organizations.

Film Fatales—a nationwide network of women directors dedicated to collaboration, support, and advocacy—released a highly publicized list of film directed by women.^[25] Film Fatales also works with film festivals to help them expand their roster of women-directed entries.^[26] The non-profit Alliance of Women Directors, whose mission revolves around education, support and advocacy for women directors in the entertainment industry, provides events, workshops, networking, and in-house shadowing programs for women directors. The organization Directed by Women maintains a publicly accessible archive of over 12,000 women directors on their website.

Other groups working to raise awareness and promote women working in Hollywood include Women in Film and Television International, the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, and Women and Hollywood.

References[edit]

^ "A Sturdy Glass Ceiling:Representation of Women on Screen and Behind the Scenes of Hollywood's Top 100 Films Throughout the Years". Fall 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
^ "About Us – Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film". womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
^ ^a ^b "Research – Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film". womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
^ "The Herculean Effort Taken By One Group To Show Hollywood Is Sexist". FiveThirtyEight. 2014-10-03. Archived from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
^ Robinson, Joanna. "New Report Uncovers Staggering Inequality for Anyone Not Young, White, Straight, and Male in Hollywood". HWD. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
^ Beggs, Scott. "Sexism in Hollywood May be Rampant, but Now There's at Least a Place to Talk About It". HWD. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
^ Dowd, Maureen (2015-11-20). "The Women of Hollywood Speak Out". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
^ "'Transparent' Creator Jill Soloway on the "All-Out Attack on Female Filmmakers"". Flavorwire. 2015-07-28. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
^ Ryzik, Melena (24 February 2016). "What It's Really Like to Work in Hollywood (*If you're not a straight white man.)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
^ "The 4%: Film's Gender Problem - YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2023-10-18. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
^ Moylan, Brian (2015-05-04). "Shit People Say to Women Directors blog spotlights Hollywood's blatant sexism". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
^ Andreeva, Dominic Patten,Nellie (2017-10-31). "CBS "Looking Into" Jeremy Piven Sexual Assault Allegations By 'Entourage' Actress, HBO Also Responds". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-22.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Six women accuse filmmaker Brett Ratner of sexual harassment or misconduct". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
^ Kantor, Jodi (19 October 2017). "Tarantino on Weinstein: 'I Knew Enough to Do More Than I Did'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
^ Kantor, Jodi; Twohey, Megan (5 October 2017). "Harvey Weinstein Paid Off Sexual Harassment Accusers for Decades". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-07-26. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
^ "From Aggressive Overtures to Sexual Assault: Harvey Weinstein's Accusers Tell Their Stories". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2023-07-26. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
^ ^a ^b Kang, Inkoo (2015-05-27). "Read: The ACLU's Letter to the EEOC Citing Employment Discrimination Against Women Directors". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
^ Keegan, Rebecca (2 October 2015). "The Hollywood gender discrimination investigation is on: EEOC contacts women directors". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
^ Robb, David (2017-02-15). "EEOC: Major Studios Failed To Hire Female Directors; Lawsuit Looms". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2018-08-24. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
^ "100 Women Directors Hollywood Should Be Hiring". Vulture. 2015-11-02. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
^ "A Year With Women". the diary of a film history fanatic. 2015-01-10. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
^ Lattanzio, Ryan (2015-07-09). "Female Directors Pick Their Favorite Films Made by Women". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
^ "52 Films By Women – Women In Film". womeninfilm.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-07. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
^ "Female Filmmakers Initiative – Women In Film". womeninfilm.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-24. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
^ "Female Film Directors Put Together a List of Must-See Movies Made By Women". Bitch Media. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
^ Anderson, John (21 August 2015). "The Film Fatales Collective Trains a Lens on Gender Inequality". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-16.

External links[edit]

[1] "A Sturdy Glass Ceiling:Representation of Women on Screen and Behind the Scenes of Hollywood's Top 100 Films Throughout the Years". Fall 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-11.

[2] "About Us – Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film". womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-08-22.

[:0-3] "Research – Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film". womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2018-08-22.

[4] "The Herculean Effort Taken By One Group To Show Hollywood Is Sexist". FiveThirtyEight. 2014-10-03. Archived from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-08-22.

[5] Robinson, Joanna. "New Report Uncovers Staggering Inequality for Anyone Not Young, White, Straight, and Male in Hollywood". HWD. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2018-08-22.

[6] Beggs, Scott. "Sexism in Hollywood May be Rampant, but Now There's at Least a Place to Talk About It". HWD. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-08-15.

[7] Dowd, Maureen (2015-11-20). "The Women of Hollywood Speak Out". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2018-08-28.

[8] "'Transparent' Creator Jill Soloway on the "All-Out Attack on Female Filmmakers"". Flavorwire. 2015-07-28. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-15.

[9] Ryzik, Melena (24 February 2016). "What It's Really Like to Work in Hollywood (*If you're not a straight white man.)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-15.

[10] "The 4%: Film's Gender Problem - YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2023-10-18. Retrieved 2018-08-16.

[11] Moylan, Brian (2015-05-04). "Shit People Say to Women Directors blog spotlights Hollywood's blatant sexism". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-15.

[12] Andreeva, Dominic Patten,Nellie (2017-10-31). "CBS "Looking Into" Jeremy Piven Sexual Assault Allegations By 'Entourage' Actress, HBO Also Responds". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-22.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[13] "Six women accuse filmmaker Brett Ratner of sexual harassment or misconduct". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2018-08-22.

[14] Kantor, Jodi (19 October 2017). "Tarantino on Weinstein: 'I Knew Enough to Do More Than I Did'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2018-08-22.

[15] Kantor, Jodi; Twohey, Megan (5 October 2017). "Harvey Weinstein Paid Off Sexual Harassment Accusers for Decades". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-07-26. Retrieved 2018-08-22.

[16] "From Aggressive Overtures to Sexual Assault: Harvey Weinstein's Accusers Tell Their Stories". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2023-07-26. Retrieved 2018-08-22.

[Kang-17] Kang, Inkoo (2015-05-27). "Read: The ACLU's Letter to the EEOC Citing Employment Discrimination Against Women Directors". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-15.

[18] Keegan, Rebecca (2 October 2015). "The Hollywood gender discrimination investigation is on: EEOC contacts women directors". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2018-08-15.

[19] Robb, David (2017-02-15). "EEOC: Major Studios Failed To Hire Female Directors; Lawsuit Looms". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2018-08-24. Retrieved 2018-08-15.

[20] "100 Women Directors Hollywood Should Be Hiring". Vulture. 2015-11-02. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-16.

[21] "A Year With Women". the diary of a film history fanatic. 2015-01-10. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-16.

[22] Lattanzio, Ryan (2015-07-09). "Female Directors Pick Their Favorite Films Made by Women". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-16.

[23] "52 Films By Women – Women In Film". womeninfilm.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-07. Retrieved 2018-08-16.

[24] "Female Filmmakers Initiative – Women In Film". womeninfilm.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-24. Retrieved 2018-08-16.

[25] "Female Film Directors Put Together a List of Must-See Movies Made By Women". Bitch Media. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-16.

[26] Anderson, John (21 August 2015). "The Film Fatales Collective Trains a Lens on Gender Inequality". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-16.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Underrepresentation of women in Hollywood}}
 {{External links|date=November 2020}}
-The '''celluloid ceiling''' is a [[metaphor]] for the underrepresentation of women in hiring and employment in [[Hollywood]]. The term is a play on the metaphor of the "[[glass ceiling]]," which describes an invisible barrier that keeps a given demographic (typically women, although the term can apply to any [[protected group]]) from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy. [[Celluloid]] refers to the material used to make the [[film stock]] that was once used to make motion pictures. The term is usually applied to behind the screen workers only.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1309&context=jpur|title=A Sturdy Glass Ceiling:Representation of Women on Screen and Behind the Scenes of Hollywood’s Top 100 Films Throughout the Years|archive-date=Fall 2018}}</ref>
+The '''celluloid ceiling''' is a [[metaphor]] for the underrepresentation of women in hiring and employment in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. The term is a play on the metaphor of the "[[glass ceiling]]", which describes an invisible barrier that keeps a given demographic (typically women, although the term can apply to any [[protected group]]) from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy. [[Celluloid]] refers to the material used to make the [[film stock]] that was once used to make motion pictures. The term is usually applied to behind the screen workers only.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1309&context=jpur|title=A Sturdy Glass Ceiling:Representation of Women on Screen and Behind the Scenes of Hollywood's Top 100 Films Throughout the Years|date=Fall 2018|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225330/https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1309&context=jpur|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == ''The Celluloid Ceiling'' Report ==
+[[File:Celluloid ceilling visualization of Hollywood's top 250 domestic highest grossing films,1998-2022.svg|alt=Series of color-coded vertical stacked bar charts depicting the comparison between the percentage of men and women employed in different behind-the-scenes roles in Hollywood’s top 250 movies by year over a span of twenty-five years (1998-2022).)|thumb|Comparison between the employment of men and women in behind-the-scenes roles in Hollywood over time, according to the comprehensive 25-year edition of the [https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2022-celluloid-ceiling-report.pdf Celluloid Ceiling Report.], published in 2023. ]]
-The celluloid ceiling is also the title of a series of reports created by [[Martha Lauzen|Dr. Martha Lauzen]] at the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film at [[San Diego State University]]. These reports have been compiled since 1998 to track employment statistics for women in Hollywood. The reports focus on behind the screen creative positions, also called above-the-line positions. These include: director, writer, producer, executive producer, editors, and cinematographers. As of 2018 the Center has yet to cultivate statistics on below-the-line (craft) positions. ''The Celluloid Ceiling'' reports have been produced since 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/about-us/|title=About Us – Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film|website=womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
+The celluloid ceiling is also the title of a series of reports created by [[Martha Lauzen|Dr. Martha Lauzen]] at the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film at [[San Diego State University]]. These reports have been compiled since 1998 to track employment statistics for women in Hollywood. The reports focus on behind the screen creative positions, also called above-the-line positions. These include: director, writer, producer, executive producer, editors, and cinematographers. As of 2018 the Center has yet to cultivate statistics on below-the-line (craft) positions. ''The Celluloid Ceiling'' reports have been produced since 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/about-us/|title=About Us – Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film|website=womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-22|archive-date=2018-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822213946/https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ''[https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Celluloid_Ceiling_Report.pdf The 2017 Celluloid Ceiling Report]'' tracked employment statistics for top 100, 250, and 500 grossing non-reissue Hollywood films. The delineation of top 100 films and top 500 films are recent additions to the Center's data collection; the most complete historical data for comparison is from the top 250 category. For the top 250 films the report found that women account for 18% of all directors, writers, producers, executive producers, editors, and cinematographers employed. This breaks down as:
@@ Line 12: / Line 14: @@
 * 11% of writers
 * 11% of directors
-* 4% of cinematographers<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/research/|title=Research – Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film|website=womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
+* 4% of cinematographers<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/research/|title=Research – Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film|website=womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-22|archive-date=2018-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810152625/https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/research/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Statistically, these numbers show that "only 1% of films employed 10 or more women in the above roles. In contrast, 70% of films employed 10 or more men."<ref name=":0" />
-The Media and Social Change Initiative at the University of Southern California’s [[USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism|Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism]] also reported on the state of women and minorities in the film industry in front of and behind the screen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-to-measure-women-film-annenberg/|title=The Herculean Effort Taken By One Group To Show Hollywood Is Sexist|date=2014-10-03|work=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Their report, however, focuses mainly on gender representation on screen.[https://annenberg.usc.edu/sites/default/files/MDSCI_Gender_Inequality_in_600_films.pdf]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/08/inequality-women-race-sexual-orientation-movies?mbid=social_twitter|title=New Report Uncovers Staggering Inequality for Anyone Not Young, White, Straight, and Male in Hollywood|last=Robinson|first=Joanna|work=HWD|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en}}</ref>
+The Media and Social Change Initiative at the University of Southern California’s [[USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism|Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism]] also reported on the state of women and minorities in the film industry in front of and behind the screen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-to-measure-women-film-annenberg/|title=The Herculean Effort Taken By One Group To Show Hollywood Is Sexist|date=2014-10-03|work=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214029/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-to-measure-women-film-annenberg/|url-status=live}}</ref> Their report, however, focuses mainly on gender representation on screen.[https://annenberg.usc.edu/sites/default/files/MDSCI_Gender_Inequality_in_600_films.pdf]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/08/inequality-women-race-sexual-orientation-movies?mbid=social_twitter|title=New Report Uncovers Staggering Inequality for Anyone Not Young, White, Straight, and Male in Hollywood|last=Robinson|first=Joanna|work=HWD|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729224310/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/08/inequality-women-race-sexual-orientation-movies?mbid=social_twitter|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Working Conditions ==
-While employment for women working behind the screen in Hollywood is statistically low, reports of hostile and discriminatory working conditions have been widely circulated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/05/shit-people-say-to-women-directors-interview|title=Sexism in Hollywood May be Rampant, but Now There’s at Least a Place to Talk About It|last=Beggs|first=Scott|work=HWD|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/magazine/the-women-of-hollywood-speak-out.html|title=The Women of Hollywood Speak Out|last=Dowd|first=Maureen|date=2015-11-20|website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://flavorwire.com/530140/transparent-creator-jill-soloway-on-the-all-out-attack-on-female-filmmakers|title=‘Transparent’ Creator Jill Soloway on the “All-Out Attack on Female Filmmakers”|date=2015-07-28|work=Flavorwire|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/24/arts/hollywood-diversity-inclusion.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=1|title=What It’s Really Like to Work in Hollywood (*If you’re not a straight white man.)|last=Ryzik|first=Melena|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en}}</ref> In 2016 the media company EPIX produced twelve short documentary films with leading directors and producers, both men and woman, articulating the many prejudices, stereotypes, and myths that face women working in Hollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLdCV1Q2BIN2RRVd4ZGsw3JHNVPf1ooenx|title=The 4%: Film's Gender Problem - YouTube|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref> The website ''[http://shitpeoplesaytowomendirectors.tumblr.com/ S*hit People Say to Women Directors (& Other Women in Film)]'' has become a repository of stories describing the regularized harassment women in the film industry face.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/04/shit-people-say-women-directors-blog-hollywood-sexism|title=Shit People Say to Women Directors blog spotlights Hollywood's blatant sexism|last=Moylan|first=Brian|date=2015-05-04|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> The intersection of harassment and working conditions was explicitly manifest during Hollywood's [[Me Too movement|#MeToo]] movement, when multiple women described being harassed or abused by men during job interviews or while working in Hollywood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/10/jeremy-piven-groping-entourage-set-cbs-wisdom-of-the-crowd-1202198720/|title=CBS “Looking Into” Jeremy Piven Sexual Assault Allegations By ‘Entourage’ Actress, HBO Also Responds|last=Andreeva|first=Dominic Patten,Nellie|date=2017-10-31|work=Deadline|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-brett-ratner-allegations-20171101-htmlstory.html|title=Six women accuse filmmaker Brett Ratner of sexual harassment or misconduct|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/19/movies/tarantino-weinstein.html|title=Tarantino on Weinstein: ‘I Knew Enough to Do More Than I Did’|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/us/harvey-weinstein-harassment-allegations.html|title=Harvey Weinstein Paid Off Sexual Harassment Accusers for Decades|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/from-aggressive-overtures-to-sexual-assault-harvey-weinsteins-accusers-tell-their-stories|title=From Aggressive Overtures to Sexual Assault: Harvey Weinstein’s Accusers Tell Their Stories|work=The New Yorker|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref>
+While employment for women working behind the screen in Hollywood is statistically low, reports of hostile and discriminatory working conditions have been widely circulated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/05/shit-people-say-to-women-directors-interview|title=Sexism in Hollywood May be Rampant, but Now There's at Least a Place to Talk About It|last=Beggs|first=Scott|work=HWD|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en|archive-date=2018-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501210124/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/05/shit-people-say-to-women-directors-interview|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/magazine/the-women-of-hollywood-speak-out.html|title=The Women of Hollywood Speak Out|last=Dowd|first=Maureen|date=2015-11-20|website=The New York Times|access-date=2018-08-28|archive-date=2015-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120115349/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/magazine/the-women-of-hollywood-speak-out.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://flavorwire.com/530140/transparent-creator-jill-soloway-on-the-all-out-attack-on-female-filmmakers|title='Transparent' Creator Jill Soloway on the "All-Out Attack on Female Filmmakers"|date=2015-07-28|work=Flavorwire|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071200/http://flavorwire.com/530140/transparent-creator-jill-soloway-on-the-all-out-attack-on-female-filmmakers|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/24/arts/hollywood-diversity-inclusion.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=1|title=What It's Really Like to Work in Hollywood (*If you're not a straight white man.)|last=Ryzik|first=Melena|work=The New York Times|date=24 February 2016|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071451/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/24/arts/hollywood-diversity-inclusion.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016 the media company EPIX produced twelve short documentary films with leading directors and producers, both men and woman, articulating the many prejudices, stereotypes, and myths that face women working in Hollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLdCV1Q2BIN2RRVd4ZGsw3JHNVPf1ooenx|title=The 4%: Film's Gender Problem - YouTube|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2018-08-16|archive-date=2023-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018043239/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLdCV1Q2BIN2RRVd4ZGsw3JHNVPf1ooenx|url-status=live}}</ref> The website ''Shit People Say to Women Directors (& Other Women in Film)'' has become a repository of stories describing the regularized harassment women in the film industry face.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/04/shit-people-say-women-directors-blog-hollywood-sexism|title=Shit People Say to Women Directors blog spotlights Hollywood's blatant sexism|last=Moylan|first=Brian|date=2015-05-04|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134416/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/04/shit-people-say-women-directors-blog-hollywood-sexism|url-status=live}}</ref> The intersection of harassment and working conditions was explicitly manifest during Hollywood's [[Me Too movement|#MeToo]] movement, when multiple women described being harassed or abused by men during job interviews or while working in Hollywood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/10/jeremy-piven-groping-entourage-set-cbs-wisdom-of-the-crowd-1202198720/|title=CBS "Looking Into" Jeremy Piven Sexual Assault Allegations By 'Entourage' Actress, HBO Also Responds|last=Andreeva|first=Dominic Patten,Nellie|date=2017-10-31|work=Deadline|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071120/https://deadline.com/2017/10/jeremy-piven-groping-entourage-set-cbs-wisdom-of-the-crowd-1202198720/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-brett-ratner-allegations-20171101-htmlstory.html|title=Six women accuse filmmaker Brett Ratner of sexual harassment or misconduct|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|archive-date=2017-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101134141/http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-brett-ratner-allegations-20171101-htmlstory.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/19/movies/tarantino-weinstein.html|title=Tarantino on Weinstein: 'I Knew Enough to Do More Than I Did'|work=The New York Times|date=19 October 2017|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en|last1=Kantor|first1=Jodi|archive-date=2017-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102013159/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/19/movies/tarantino-weinstein.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/us/harvey-weinstein-harassment-allegations.html |title=Harvey Weinstein Paid Off Sexual Harassment Accusers for Decades |work=The New York Times |date=5 October 2017 |access-date=2018-08-22 |language=en |last1=Kantor |first1=Jodi |last2=Twohey |first2=Megan |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726184309/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/us/harvey-weinstein-harassment-allegations.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/from-aggressive-overtures-to-sexual-assault-harvey-weinsteins-accusers-tell-their-stories|title=From Aggressive Overtures to Sexual Assault: Harvey Weinstein's Accusers Tell Their Stories|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726184311/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/from-aggressive-overtures-to-sexual-assault-harvey-weinsteins-accusers-tell-their-stories|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == ACLU/EEOC Investigation ==
-Based on "A large body of statistical evidence reveals dramatic disparities in the hiring of women directors in film and television,"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/05/read-the-aclus-letter-to-the-eeoc-citing-employment-discrimination-against-women-directors-203573/#!|title=Read: The ACLU’s Letter to the EEOC Citing Employment Discrimination Against Women Directors|last=Kang|first=Inkoo|date=2015-05-27|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref> the [[American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California|American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Southern California]] and the Women's Rights Project of [[American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU National]] sent letters to the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs asking that each entity open an investigation to the discrimination in hiring and underemployment of women directors in film and television. The fifteen page [https://www.aclusocal.org/filmequality letters], sent in May 2015, explicated five foundational roadblocks facing women directors:
+Based on "A large body of statistical evidence reveals dramatic disparities in the hiring of women directors in film and television,"<ref name="Kang">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/05/read-the-aclus-letter-to-the-eeoc-citing-employment-discrimination-against-women-directors-203573/#!|title=Read: The ACLU's Letter to the EEOC Citing Employment Discrimination Against Women Directors|last=Kang|first=Inkoo|date=2015-05-27|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071200/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/05/read-the-aclus-letter-to-the-eeoc-citing-employment-discrimination-against-women-directors-203573/#!|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California|American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Southern California]] and the Women's Rights Project of [[American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU National]] sent letters to the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs asking that each entity open an investigation to the discrimination in hiring and underemployment of women directors in film and television. The fifteen page letters, sent in May 2015, explicated five foundational roadblocks facing women directors:
 *"studios’, networks’, and producers’ intentional and discriminatory failure to recruit, consider, and hire qualified women directors
@@ Line 28: / Line 30: @@
 *reliance on, and perpetuation of, sex stereotyping in hiring and evaluation of women;
 *ineffective programs within the industry to increase hiring of women and people of color that do not lead to women getting directing jobs;
-*lack of enforcement of internal industry agreements to increase the hiring of women and people of color."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/05/read-the-aclus-letter-to-the-eeoc-citing-employment-discrimination-against-women-directors-203573/#!|title=Read: The ACLU’s Letter to the EEOC Citing Employment Discrimination Against Women Directors|last=Kang|first=Inkoo|date=2015-05-27|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
+*lack of enforcement of internal industry agreements to increase the hiring of women and people of color."<ref name="Kang"/>
-In October 2015 the EECO began "contacting female directors to investigate gender discrimination in Hollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-women-directors-discrimination-investigation-20151002-story.html|title=The Hollywood gender discrimination investigation is on: EEOC contacts women directors|last=Keegan|first=Rebecca|website=latimes.com|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> In February 2017 it was reported that the EEOC was in discussions with all major Hollywood studios to resolve systemic discrimination of women directors in hiring and employment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/hollywood-studios-female-directors-eeoc-investigation-1201912590/|title=EEOC: Major Studios Failed To Hire Female Directors; Lawsuit Looms|last=Robb|first=David|date=2017-02-15|work=Deadline|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref> While the EEOC investigation concerned women directors, changes in hiring and employment practices can impact women in Hollywood across positions.
+In October 2015 the EECO began "contacting female directors to investigate gender discrimination in Hollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-women-directors-discrimination-investigation-20151002-story.html|title=The Hollywood gender discrimination investigation is on: EEOC contacts women directors|last=Keegan|first=Rebecca|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2 October 2015|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816101758/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-women-directors-discrimination-investigation-20151002-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2017 it was reported that the EEOC was in discussions with all major Hollywood studios to resolve systemic discrimination of women directors in hiring and employment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/hollywood-studios-female-directors-eeoc-investigation-1201912590/|title=EEOC: Major Studios Failed To Hire Female Directors; Lawsuit Looms|last=Robb|first=David|date=2017-02-15|work=Deadline|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824215129/https://deadline.com/2017/02/hollywood-studios-female-directors-eeoc-investigation-1201912590/|url-status=live}}</ref> While the EEOC investigation concerned women directors, changes in hiring and employment practices can impact women in Hollywood across positions.
 == Advocacy to End the Celluloid Ceiling ==
-A number of organizations have taken actions to highlight the contributions of women directors and advocate for their hiring. [[Vulture.com|Vulture]] released an [http://www.vulture.com/2015/10/100-women-directors-hollywood-should-be-hiring.html expansive list of 100 working women directors] available for hire.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/10/100-women-directors-hollywood-should-be-hiring.html|title=100 Women Directors Hollywood Should Be Hiring|date=2015-11-02|work=Vulture|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en}}</ref> The popular blog [https://cinema-fanatic.com/ Cinema Fanatic] chronicled the process of spending a year watching only films directed or co-directed by women, while challenging others to do the same.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cinema-fanatic.com/a-year-with-women/|title=A Year With Women|date=2015-01-10|work=the diary of a film history fanatic|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en-US}}</ref> The campaign took off on Twitter with the #[[AYearWithWome|AYearWithWomen]] and helped to start critical dialogue and increase awareness around a much wider-variety of women directors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/female-directors-pick-their-favorite-films-made-by-women-186320/|title=Female Directors Pick Their Favorite Films Made by Women|last=Lattanzio|first=Ryan|date=2015-07-09|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en-US}}</ref>A similar campaign is currently promoted by [[Women in Film Los Angeles]]. Called #52FilmsByWomen, the group asks the public to pledge to watch a film directed by women every week for one year; they currently have over 13,000 commitment pledges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womeninfilm.org/52-films/|title=52 Films By Women  –  Women In Film|website=womeninfilm.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref> Women in Film Los Angeles has also partnered with the [[Sundance Institute]] "launched Female Filmmakers Initiative to foster gender parity for women behind the camera."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womeninfilm.org/ffi/#allies|title=Female Filmmakers Intitiative  –  Women In Film|website=womeninfilm.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref> The joint effort funds research on women's directorial hiring in Hollywood, resources for funding, and maintains an extensive list of allied organizations.
+A number of organizations have taken actions to highlight the contributions of women directors and advocate for their hiring. ''[[Vulture.com|Vulture]]'' released an expansive list of 100 working women directors available for hire.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/10/100-women-directors-hollywood-should-be-hiring.html|title=100 Women Directors Hollywood Should Be Hiring|date=2015-11-02|work=Vulture|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en|archive-date=2018-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817043827/http://www.vulture.com/2015/10/100-women-directors-hollywood-should-be-hiring.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The popular blog ''Cinema Fanatic'' chronicled the process of spending a year watching only films directed or co-directed by women, while challenging others to do the same.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cinema-fanatic.com/a-year-with-women/|title=A Year With Women|date=2015-01-10|work=the diary of a film history fanatic|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134254/https://cinema-fanatic.com/a-year-with-women/|url-status=live}}</ref> The campaign took off on Twitter with the #[[AYearWithWome]]n and helped to start critical dialogue and increase awareness around a much wider-variety of women directors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/female-directors-pick-their-favorite-films-made-by-women-186320/|title=Female Directors Pick Their Favorite Films Made by Women|last=Lattanzio|first=Ryan|date=2015-07-09|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071223/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/female-directors-pick-their-favorite-films-made-by-women-186320/|url-status=live}}</ref> A similar campaign is currently promoted by [[Women in Film Los Angeles]]. Called #52FilmsByWomen, the group asks the public to pledge to watch a film directed by women every week for one year; they currently have over 13,000 commitment pledges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womeninfilm.org/52-films/|title=52 Films By Women – Women In Film|website=womeninfilm.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-16|archive-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007072621/https://womeninfilm.org/52-films/|url-status=live}}</ref> Women in Film Los Angeles has also partnered with the [[Sundance Institute]] "launched Female Filmmakers Initiative to foster gender parity for women behind the camera."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womeninfilm.org/ffi/#allies|title=Female Filmmakers Initiative – Women In Film|website=womeninfilm.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-16|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024043113/https://womeninfilm.org/ffi/#allies}}</ref> The joint effort funds research on women's directorial hiring in Hollywood, resources for funding, and maintains an extensive list of allied organizations.
-[[Film Fatales]]--a nationwide network of women directors dedicated to collaboration, support, and advocacy--released a highly publicized list of film directed by women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bitchmedia.org/post/female-film-directors-put-together-a-list-of-must-see-movies-made-by-women|title=Female Film Directors Put Together a List of Must-See Movies Made By Women|work=Bitch Media|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en}}</ref> Film Fatales also works with film festivals to help them expand their roster of women-directed entries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/movies/the-film-fatales-collective-trains-a-lens-on-gender-inequality.html?_r=2|title=The Film Fatales Collective Trains a Lens on Gender Inequality|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en}}</ref> The non-profit [[Alliance of Women Directors]], whose mission revolves around education, support and advocacy for women directors in the entertainment industry, provides events, workshops, networking, and [https://www.allianceofwomendirectors.org/career-advancement/in-house-shadowing/ in-house shadowing] programs for women directors. The organization [https://directedbywomen.com/ Directed by Women] maintains a [http://directedbywomen.com/en/directedby.html publicly accessible archive] of over 12,000 women directors on their website.
+[[Film Fatales]]—a nationwide network of women directors dedicated to collaboration, support, and advocacy—released a highly publicized list of film directed by women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bitchmedia.org/post/female-film-directors-put-together-a-list-of-must-see-movies-made-by-women|title=Female Film Directors Put Together a List of Must-See Movies Made By Women|work=Bitch Media|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071412/https://www.bitchmedia.org/post/female-film-directors-put-together-a-list-of-must-see-movies-made-by-women|url-status=live}}</ref> Film Fatales also works with film festivals to help them expand their roster of women-directed entries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/movies/the-film-fatales-collective-trains-a-lens-on-gender-inequality.html?_r=2|title=The Film Fatales Collective Trains a Lens on Gender Inequality|work=The New York Times|date=21 August 2015|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en|last1=Anderson|first1=John|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071450/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/movies/the-film-fatales-collective-trains-a-lens-on-gender-inequality.html?_r=2|url-status=live}}</ref> The non-profit [[Alliance of Women Directors]], whose mission revolves around education, support and advocacy for women directors in the entertainment industry, provides events, workshops, networking, and in-house shadowing programs for women directors. The organization Directed by Women maintains a publicly accessible archive of over 12,000 women directors on their website.
-Other groups working to raise awareness and promote women working in Hollywood include [[Women in Film and Television International]], the [[Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media]], and [https://womenandhollywood.com/ Women and Hollywood].
+Other groups working to raise awareness and promote women working in Hollywood include [[Women in Film and Television International]], the [[Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media]], and Women and Hollywood.
 == See also ==
@@ Line 52: / Line 54: @@
 * [http://www.films42.com/chats/chats_lauzen.asp Lauzen Interview]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070518123506/http://www.moviesbywomen.com/ Movies by Women]
-* [http://www.guerrillagirls.com/ Guerilla Girls]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610010511/http://moviesbywomen.com/stats_celluloid_ceiling_2006.php Celluloid Ceiling: Behind-the-Scenes Employment of Women on the Top 250 Films of 2006] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20070518123506/http://www.moviesbywomen.com/ Movies by Women]
-* [http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/03/women_film_directors_a_scandal.html Women film directors: a scandalous rarity]
+* [https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2007/mar/02/womenfilmdirectorsascandal Women film directors: a scandalous rarity], ''The Guardian''
-* [http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/03/bringing_more_women_filmmakers.html Bringing more women film-makers into the frame]
+* [https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2007/mar/05/bringingmorewomenfilmmakers Bringing more women film-makers into the frame]
-* [http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2006/02/07/women_directors/index.html "Unchain the women directors" - Salon]
+* [https://www.salon.com/2006/02/07/women_directors_2/ "Unchain the women directors" - Salon]
 * [https://money.cnn.com/2004/02/24/news/oscars_women/ Tough broads: Women directors and the Oscars - Feb. 26, 2004]
 * [http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm?aid=1698 "Works of 11 Female Artists Are Oscar Nominees"], ''[[Women's eNews]]'', 2004
-* [http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/feature/2002/08/27/women_directors/index.html Where are the female directors? - Salon]
+* [https://www.salon.com/2002/08/27/women_directors/ Where are the female directors? - Salon]
 {{Women in Media}}

v t e Women in media
Tropes	Hawksian woman Seriality Jouissance Celluloid ceiling Manic Pixie Dream Girl
Women in film	Women's cinema Chick flick Woman's film Female buddy film Horror Final girl Scream queen
Feminist art theory	Art criticism Film theory Johanson analysis Male gaze Female gaze Bechdel test Literary criticism