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In archaeogenetics, Ancient Southern East Asian (ASEA), also known as Southern East Asian (sEA), is an ancestral lineage that is represented by individuals from Qihe Cave in Fujian (c. 12–8 kya) and Liangdao Island in the Taiwan Strait (c. 8 kya) as well as Guangxi (c. 9 kya). Ancient Southern East Asian ancestry significantly contributed to the genetic makeup of modern populations in East Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Insular Southeast Asia, and Oceania, and is commonly associated with the Neolithic expansion of early Austronesian and Austroasiatic speakers that occurred more than 4,000 years ago.

Origins[edit]

Until the early Holocene, Ancient Southern East Asians from Fujian were genetically clearly distinct from Ancient Northern East Asians (ANEA) who were distributed in an area stretching from the Yellow River to the Amur. The exact origins of both lineages is still only partially understood, but together they formed a distinct clade vis-a-vis all other known ancient East Eurasian lineages in eastern Asia, viz. the Tianyuan, Hoabinhian, Jomon, and Guangxi/Longlin ancestries.^[1]^[2] The split between the ASEA and ANEA lineages must have occurred at least 19,000 years ago, as evidenced by an 19ky-old Upper Pleistocene individual from the Amur river with a clear ANEA affinity.^[3]

In the mid-Holocene, southward migrations of millet farmers from the Yellow River harboring ANEA ancestry (and also to lesser degree a reverse geneflow of ASEA rice farmers from the Yangtse River to the north) resulted in the coastal East Asian ancestry cline that exists to this day. Northern Han Chinese mostly carry ANEA ancestry with a moderate degree of ASEA admixture, whereas southern Han Chinese as well as non-Han ethnic groups of southern East Asia (viz. speakers of Kra-Dai and Hmong-Mien languages) still carry significantly higher levels of ASEA ancestry.^[4]^[5]

Neolithic expansion into Southeast Asia and Oceania[edit]

Starting from the third millennium BCE, rice farming-based agriculture spread from southern East Asia into Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia. This technological spread was a result of the migration of southern East Asian agriculturalists that carried ASEA ancestry. These Neolithic farmers took two routes: an inland route into Mainland Southeast Asia, and an maritime route that originated from Taiwan.^[6]^[5]^[7]

Ancient DNA of first farmer individuals from Mainland Southeast Asia dated at c. 4kya derives most of its ancestry from the ASEA lineage, with significant admixture from a local hunter-gatherer population.^[a] This Neolithic Mainland Southeast Asian ancestry peaks among modern populations in Austroasiatic-speaking groups of Southeast Asia (most notably in the Mlabri and Htin peoples in northern Laos and Thailand) and parts of East Asia and South Asia. Hence, the first spread of farming in Mainland Southeast Asia is widely assumed to be linked to the expansion of the Austroasiatic languages.^[8]^[6] From Mainland Southeast Asia, this Austroasiatic-related ancestry spread into Insular Southeast Asia to the Sunda Islands,^[8] adjacent areas (viz. Palawan, Mindanao) of the Philippines,^[11] and western Wallacea,^[12]^[13] although there are no remaining Austroasiatic languages spoken in this area, having been supplanted by incoming Austronesian languages.

The rapid maritime expansion of the early Austronesians starting c. 5,000–4,000 years ago brought ASEA ancestry from Taiwan to the Philippines, the Indonesian archipelago and Oceania, initially with little admixture from local populations, as can be seen from 2,900–2,500 year-old Lapita-related individuals from Vanuatu and Tonga,^[14] and from ancient 2,800–2,200 year-old DNA of the first settlers of Guam.^[15] In western Indonesia, Austronesian settlers admixed with people from the Austroasiatic-related settlement stream with Neolithic Mainland Southeast Asian ancestry,^[5] while in eastern Indonesia and Oceania, all Austronesian-speaking groups have Papuan-related geneflow at various levels.^[14]^[12]^[15] Later migrations of Austronesian speakers brought ASEA ancestry as far as to Madagascar and eastern Polynesia.^[6]

Notes[edit]

^ Local hunter-gatherer contributed around 30% to the Neolithic Mainland Southeast Asian genepool.^[8] A potential source for the local pre-Neolithic component is the Hoabinhian lineage represented by two individuals from Laos and Malaysia,^[9]^[6]^[5] whose ancestry still persists at high levels in the Semang hunter-gatherers of Malaysia and southern Thailand.^[9] An alternative source represents the Guangxi/Longlin lineage, represented by a specimen found in modern day Guangxi.^[10]

References[edit]

^ Zhang & Fu 2020, p. 81.
^ Yang 2022, pp. 14, 17.
^ Mao et al. 2021, p. 3260.
^ Yang et al. 2020, pp. 5–6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zhang & Fu 2020, p. 82.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stoneking et al. 2023, p. 5.
^ Nägele et al. 2022, p. 207–208.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lipson et al. 2018.
^ ^a ^b McColl et al. 2018.
^ Wang et al. 2021.
^ Larena et al. 2021.
^ ^a ^b Oliveira et al. 2022.
^ Stoneking et al. 2023, p. 5–6.
^ ^a ^b Stoneking et al. 2023, p. 6.
^ ^a ^b Liu et al. 2022, p. 6.

Bibliography[edit]

Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; et al. (2021). "Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (13). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11826132L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8020671. PMID 33753512.
Lipson, Mark; Cheronet, Olivia; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2018). "Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory". Science. 361 (6397): 92–95. Bibcode:2018Sci...361...92L. doi:10.1126/science.aat3188. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6476732. PMID 29773666.
Liu, Yue-Chen; Hunter-Anderson, Rosalind; Cheronet, Olivia; Eakin, Joanne; et al. (2022). "Ancient DNA reveals five streams of migration into Micronesia and matrilocality in early Pacific seafarers". Science. 377 (6601): 72–79. Bibcode:2022Sci...377...72L. doi:10.1126/science.abm6536. PMC 9983687. PMID 35771911.
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[11] Local hunter-gatherer contributed around 30% to the Neolithic Mainland Southeast Asian genepool.^[8] A potential source for the local pre-Neolithic component is the Hoabinhian lineage represented by two individuals from Laos and Malaysia,^[9]^[6]^[5] whose ancestry still persists at high levels in the Semang hunter-gatherers of Malaysia and southern Thailand.^[9] An alternative source represents the Guangxi/Longlin lineage, represented by a specimen found in modern day Guangxi.^[10]

[FOOTNOTEZhangFu202081-1] Zhang & Fu 2020, p. 81.

[FOOTNOTEYang202214,_17-2] Yang 2022, pp. 14, 17.

[FOOTNOTEMaoZhangQiaoLiu20213260-3] Mao et al. 2021, p. 3260.

[FOOTNOTEYangFanSunChen20205–6-4] Yang et al. 2020, pp. 5–6.

[FOOTNOTEZhangFu202082-5] Zhang & Fu 2020, p. 82.

[FOOTNOTEStonekingAriasLiuOliveira20235-6] Stoneking et al. 2023, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTENägeleRivollatYuWang2022207–208-7] Nägele et al. 2022, p. 207–208.

[FOOTNOTELipsonCheronetMallickRohland2018-8] Lipson et al. 2018.

[FOOTNOTEMcCollRacimoVinnerDemeter2018-9] McColl et al. 2018.

[FOOTNOTEWangWangXieLi2021-10] Wang et al. 2021.

[FOOTNOTELarenaSanchez-QuintoSjödinMcKenna2021-12] Larena et al. 2021.

[FOOTNOTEOliveiraNägeleCarlhoffPugach2022-13] Oliveira et al. 2022.

[FOOTNOTEStonekingAriasLiuOliveira20235–6-14] Stoneking et al. 2023, p. 5–6.

[FOOTNOTEStonekingAriasLiuOliveira20236-15] Stoneking et al. 2023, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTELiuHunter-AndersonCheronetEakin20226-16] Liu et al. 2022, p. 6.

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+{{Short description|Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component}}
-In [[archaeogenetics]], the term '''Ancient Southern East Asian (ASEA)''', also known as '''Southern East Asian (SEA)''', is used to summarize the related ancestral components that represent the Ancient Southern East Asian peoples, extending from the [[Fujian]] region to the coastal [[Southern China]] and [[Taiwan]]. They are inferred to have diverged from [[Ancient Northern East Asian|Ancient Northern East Asians]] (ANEA) around c. 20,000 to 26,000 BCe.<ref name="Zhang and Fu" /><ref name="Yang 282–288">{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Melinda A. |last2=Fan |first2=Xuechun |last3=Sun |first3=Bo |last4=Chen |first4=Chungyu |last5=Lang |first5=Jianfeng |last6=Ko |first6=Ying-Chin |last7=Tsang |first7=Cheng-Hwa |last8=Chiu |first8=Hunglin |last9=Wang |first9=Tianyi |last10=Bao |first10=Qingchuan |last11=Wu |first11=Xiaohong |last12=Hajdinjak |first12=Mateja |last13=Ko |first13=Albert Min-Shan |last14=Ding |first14=Manyu |last15=Cao |first15=Peng |date=2020-07-17 |title=Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32409524/ |journal=Science |volume=369 |issue=6501 |pages=282–288 |doi=10.1126/science.aba0909 |issn=1095-9203 |pmid=32409524|bibcode=2020Sci...369..282Y |s2cid=218649510 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gakuhari |first1=Takashi |last2=Nakagome |first2=Shigeki |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |last5=Sato |first5=Takehiro |last6=Korneliussen |first6=Thorfinn |last7=Chuinneagáin |first7=Blánaid Ní |last8=Matsumae |first8=Hiromi |last9=Koganebuchi |first9=Kae |last10=Schmidt |first10=Ryan |last11=Mizushima |first11=Souichiro |last12=Kondo |first12=Osamu |last13=Shigehara |first13=Nobuo |last14=Yoneda |first14=Minoru |last15=Kimura |first15=Ryosuke |date=2020-08-25 |title=Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=437 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 |pmid=32843717 |pmc=7447786 |issn=2399-3642}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Xiaowei |last2=Zhang |first2=Hucai |last3=Qiao |first3=Shiyu |last4=Liu |first4=Yichen |last5=Chang |first5=Fengqin |last6=Xie |first6=Ping |last7=Zhang |first7=Ming |last8=Wang |first8=Tianyi |last9=Li |first9=Mian |last10=Cao |first10=Peng |last11=Yang |first11=Ruowei |last12=Liu |first12=Feng |last13=Dai |first13=Qingyan |last14=Feng |first14=Xiaotian |last15=Ping |first15=Wanjing |date=2021-06-10 |title=The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867421005754 |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=184 |issue=12 |pages=3256–3266.e13 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.040 |pmid=34048699 |s2cid=235226413 |issn=0092-8674}}</ref>[[File:Phylogenetic structure of Eastern Eurasians.png|upright=1.5|thumb|Phylogenetic position of the (Ancient) Northern East Asian lineage among other [[East-Eurasian|East Eurasian]]s]]
+{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
+[[File:ASEA map.png|thumb|Approximate distribution of ASEA-affiliated ancestries]]
+In archaeogenetics, '''Ancient Southern East Asian''' (ASEA), also known as Southern East Asian (sEA), is an ancestral lineage that is represented by individuals from Qihe Cave in [[Fujian]] (c. 12–8 kya) and [[Liangdao Island]] in the Taiwan Strait (c. 8 kya) as well as [[Guangxi]] (c. 9 kya). Ancient Southern East Asian ancestry significantly contributed to the genetic makeup of modern populations in [[East Asia]], [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], [[Insular Southeast Asia]], and [[Oceania]], and is commonly associated with the [[Neolithic]] expansion of early [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] and [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] speakers that occurred more than 4,000 years ago.
+[[File:Phylogenetic structure of Eastern Eurasians.png|upright=1.5|thumb|Phylogenetic position of the (Ancient) Southern East Asian lineage among other [[East-Eurasian|East Eurasian]]s]]
+==Origins==
-They were first represented by an individual from the Qihe Cave in Fujian, i.e. Qihe3 (c. 12,000 years old) and from two individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan Strait (c. 8,000 years old). This type of "Fujian ancestry" was also observed among 9,000 to 4,000 year old samples from [[Guangxi]] and [[Southeast Asia]] and is associated with [[Austronesian peoples]] as well as [[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai speakers]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Tianyi |last2=Wang |first2=Wei |last3=Xie |first3=Guangmao |last4=Li |first4=Zhen |last5=Fan |first5=Xuechun |last6=Yang |first6=Qingping |last7=Wu |first7=Xichao |last8=Cao |first8=Peng |last9=Liu |first9=Yichen |last10=Yang |first10=Ruowei |last11=Liu |first11=Feng |last12=Dai |first12=Qingyan |last13=Feng |first13=Xiaotian |last14=Wu |first14=Xiaohong |last15=Qin |first15=Ling |date=2021-07 |title=Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.018 |journal=Cell |volume=184 |issue=14 |pages=3829–3841.e21 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.018 |issn=0092-8674}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=2022-01-06 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001/html |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005}}</ref> Fujian ancestry is inferred to have expanded into Southeast Asia, specifically onto the Philippines, between c. 10,000 to 7,000 years ago. Genetic data on modern Southeast Asian populations revealed that the Fujian ancestry (peaking among [[Igorot people|Cordellians]] on the [[Philippines]]) represent the latest East Asian-related migration wave.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larena |first=Maximilian |last2=Sanchez-Quinto |first2=Federico |last3=Sjödin |first3=Per |last4=McKenna |first4=James |last5=Ebeo |first5=Carlo |last6=Reyes |first6=Rebecca |last7=Casel |first7=Ophelia |last8=Huang |first8=Jin-Yuan |last9=Hagada |first9=Kim Pullupul |last10=Guilay |first10=Dennis |last11=Reyes |first11=Jennelyn |last12=Allian |first12=Fatima Pir |last13=Mori |first13=Virgilio |last14=Azarcon |first14=Lahaina Sue |last15=Manera |first15=Alma |date=2021-03-30 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=13 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=PMC8020671 |pmid=33753512}}</ref>
+Until the early [[Holocene]], Ancient Southern East Asians from Fujian were genetically clearly distinct from [[Ancient Northern East Asian]]s (ANEA) who were distributed in an area stretching from the [[Yellow River]] to the [[Amur]]. The exact origins of both lineages is still only partially understood, but together they formed a distinct [[clade]] vis-a-vis all other known [[ancient East Eurasian]] lineages in eastern Asia, viz. the [[Tianyuan man|Tianyuan]], [[Hoabinhian ancestry|Hoabinhian]], [[Jomon people|Jomon]], and Guangxi/Longlin ancestries.{{sfn|Zhang|Fu|2020|p=81}}{{sfn|Yang|2022|pp=14; 17}} The split between the ASEA and ANEA lineages must have occurred at least 19,000 years ago, as evidenced by an 19ky-old [[Upper Pleistocene]] individual from the Amur river with a clear ANEA affinity.{{sfn|Mao|Zhang|Qiao|Liu|2021|p=3260}}
+In the mid-Holocene, southward migrations of [[millet]] farmers from the Yellow River harboring ANEA ancestry (and also to lesser degree a reverse geneflow of ASEA rice farmers from the [[Yangtse River]] to the north) resulted in the coastal East Asian ancestry [[Cline (biology)|cline]] that exists to this day. Northern [[Han Chinese]] mostly carry ANEA ancestry with a moderate degree of ASEA admixture, whereas southern Han Chinese as well as non-Han ethnic groups of southern East Asia (viz. speakers of [[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]] and [[Hmong-Mien languages]]) still carry significantly higher levels of ASEA ancestry.{{sfn|Yang|Fan|Sun|Chen|2020|pp=5–6}}{{sfn|Zhang|Fu|2020|p=82}}
-The Ancient Southern East Asians (ASEA) can be broadly differentiated into two subgroups, namely the Fujian ancestry component, and an ancestry component peaking among [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic speakers]] (specifically modern day [[Mlabri people]]), as well as among the [[Manobo]] on the Philippines. In Southeast Asia, ASEA ancestry is combined in varying degrees with deeply diverged Asian hunter-gatherers ("Basal-East Asians") ancestry associated with the [[Hoabinhian]] material culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larena |first=Maximilian |last2=Sanchez-Quinto |first2=Federico |last3=Sjödin |first3=Per |last4=McKenna |first4=James |last5=Ebeo |first5=Carlo |last6=Reyes |first6=Rebecca |last7=Casel |first7=Ophelia |last8=Huang |first8=Jin-Yuan |last9=Hagada |first9=Kim Pullupul |last10=Guilay |first10=Dennis |last11=Reyes |first11=Jennelyn |last12=Allian |first12=Fatima Pir |last13=Mori |first13=Virgilio |last14=Azarcon |first14=Lahaina Sue |last15=Manera |first15=Alma |date=2021-03-30 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=13 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=PMC8020671 |pmid=33753512}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=2022-01-06 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001/html |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Cheronet |first2=Olivia |last3=Mallick |first3=Swapan |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Oxenham |first5=Marc |last6=Pietrusewsky |first6=Michael |last7=Pryce |first7=Thomas Oliver |last8=Willis |first8=Anna |last9=Matsumura |first9=Hirofumi |last10=Buckley |first10=Hallie |last11=Domett |first11=Kate |last12=Nguyen |first12=Giang Hai |last13=Trinh |first13=Hoang Hiep |last14=Kyaw |first14=Aung Aung |last15=Win |first15=Tin Tin |date=2018-07-06 |title=Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat3188 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=361 |issue=6397 |pages=92–95 |doi=10.1126/science.aat3188 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=PMC6476732 |pmid=29773666}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Loh |first2=Po-Ru |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Moorjani |first4=Priya |last5=Ko |first5=Ying-Chin |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Berger |first7=Bonnie |last8=Reich |first8=David |date=2014-08-19 |title=Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5689 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=4689 |doi=10.1038/ncomms5689 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=PMC4143916 |pmid=25137359}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=张明 |first=平ひら婉菁 |last2=ZHANG Ming |first2=PING Wanjing |title=古こ基もと因いん组揭示けいじ史し前ぜん欧おう亚大陆现代人だいにん复杂遗传历史 |url=http://www.anthropol.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract2329.shtml |journal=人ひと类学学がく报 |language=cn |volume=42 |issue=03 |pages=412–421 |doi=10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0010 |issn=1000-3193}}</ref>
+==Neolithic expansion into Southeast Asia and Oceania==
-The earliest expansion wave associated with ASEA ancestry was carried out by a lineage which peaks among modern day [[Manobo people]], and is inferred to have expanded from Southern China through [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] into [[Insular Southeast Asia]], reaching the Philippines Islands before c. 12,000 years ago. Between c. 12,000 to 8,000 years ago, a lineage associated with [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic speakers]] expanded from Mainland Southeast Asia into Insular Southeast Asia as well as into [[South Asia]]. The latest wave can be associated with the Fujian lineage, which is linked to the spread of [[Austronesian languages]] through Southeast Asia, the [[Pacific]], and to [[Madagascar]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larena |first=Maximilian |last2=Sanchez-Quinto |first2=Federico |last3=Sjödin |first3=Per |last4=McKenna |first4=James |last5=Ebeo |first5=Carlo |last6=Reyes |first6=Rebecca |last7=Casel |first7=Ophelia |last8=Huang |first8=Jin-Yuan |last9=Hagada |first9=Kim Pullupul |last10=Guilay |first10=Dennis |last11=Reyes |first11=Jennelyn |last12=Allian |first12=Fatima Pir |last13=Mori |first13=Virgilio |last14=Azarcon |first14=Lahaina Sue |last15=Manera |first15=Alma |date=2021-03-30 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=13 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=PMC8020671 |pmid=33753512}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Loh |first2=Po-Ru |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Moorjani |first4=Priya |last5=Ko |first5=Ying-Chin |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Berger |first7=Bonnie |last8=Reich |first8=David |date=2014-08-19 |title=Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5689 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=4689 |doi=10.1038/ncomms5689 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=PMC4143916 |pmid=25137359}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guo |first=Jianxin |last2=Wang |first2=Weitao |last3=Zhao |first3=Kai |last4=Li |first4=Guangxing |last5=He |first5=Guanglin |last6=Zhao |first6=Jing |last7=Yang |first7=Xiaomin |last8=Chen |first8=Jinwen |last9=Zhu |first9=Kongyang |last10=Wang |first10=Rui |last11=Ma |first11=Hao |last12=Xu |first12=Bingying |last13=Wang |first13=Chuan‐Chao |date=February 2022 |title=Genomic insights into Neolithic farming‐related migrations in the junction of east and southeast Asia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.24434 |journal=American Journal of Biological Anthropology |language=en |volume=177 |issue=2 |pages=328–342 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24434 |issn=2692-7691}}</ref>
+{{also|Peopling of Southeast Asia}}
+[[File:Likely routes of early rice transfer, and possible language family homelands (archaeological sites in China and SE Asia shown).png|thumb|Possible language family homelands and routes of early rice transfer.]]
+Starting from the third millennium BCE, rice farming-based agriculture spread from southern East Asia into Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia. This technological spread was a result of the migration of southern East Asian agriculturalists that carried ASEA ancestry. These Neolithic farmers took two routes: an inland route into Mainland Southeast Asia, and an maritime route that originated from Taiwan.{{sfn|Stoneking|Arias|Liu|Oliveira|2023|p=5}}{{sfn|Zhang|Fu|2020|p=82}}{{sfn|Nägele|Rivollat|Yu|Wang|2022|p=207–208}}
+Ancient DNA of first farmer individuals from Mainland Southeast Asia dated at c. 4kya derives most of its ancestry from the ASEA lineage, with significant admixture from a local hunter-gatherer population.{{efn|Local hunter-gatherer contributed around 30% to the Neolithic Mainland Southeast Asian genepool.{{sfn|Lipson|Cheronet|Mallick|Rohland|2018}} A potential source for the local pre-Neolithic component is the [[Hoabinhian]] lineage represented by two individuals from Laos and Malaysia,{{sfn|McColl|Racimo|Vinner|Demeter|2018}}{{sfn|Stoneking|Arias|Liu|Oliveira|2023|p=5}}{{sfn|Zhang|Fu|2020|p=82}} whose ancestry still persists at high levels in the Semang hunter-gatherers of Malaysia and southern Thailand.{{sfn|McColl|Racimo|Vinner|Demeter|2018}} An alternative source represents the Guangxi/Longlin lineage, represented by a specimen found in modern day Guangxi.{{sfn|Wang|Wang|Xie|Li|2021}}}} This Neolithic Mainland Southeast Asian ancestry peaks among modern populations in Austroasiatic-speaking groups of Southeast Asia (most notably in the [[Mlabri people|Mlabri]] and [[Htin people|Htin]] peoples in northern Laos and Thailand) and parts of East Asia and South Asia. Hence, the first spread of farming in Mainland Southeast Asia is widely assumed to be linked to the expansion of the Austroasiatic languages.{{sfn|Lipson|Cheronet|Mallick|Rohland|2018}}{{sfn|Stoneking|Arias|Liu|Oliveira|2023|p=5}} From Mainland Southeast Asia, this Austroasiatic-related ancestry spread into Insular Southeast Asia to the Sunda Islands,{{sfn|Lipson|Cheronet|Mallick|Rohland|2018}} adjacent areas (viz. Palawan, Mindanao) of the Philippines,{{sfn|Larena|Sanchez-Quinto|Sjödin|McKenna|2021}} and western [[Wallacea]],{{sfn|Oliveira|Nägele|Carlhoff|Pugach|2022}}{{sfn|Stoneking|Arias|Liu|Oliveira|2023|p=5–6}} although there are no remaining Austroasiatic languages spoken in this area, having been supplanted by incoming Austronesian languages.
-== References ==
-{{reflist}}
+The rapid maritime expansion of the early [[Austronesians]] starting c. 5,000–4,000 years ago brought ASEA ancestry from Taiwan to the Philippines, the Indonesian archipelago and Oceania, initially with little admixture from local populations, as can be seen from 2,900–2,500 year-old [[Lapita culture|Lapita-related]] individuals from [[Vanuatu]] and [[Tonga]],{{sfn|Stoneking|Arias|Liu|Oliveira|2023|p=6}} and from ancient 2,800–2,200 year-old DNA of the first settlers of [[Guam]].{{sfn|Liu|Hunter-Anderson|Cheronet|Eakin|2022|p=6}} In western Indonesia, Austronesian settlers admixed with people from the Austroasiatic-related settlement stream with Neolithic Mainland Southeast Asian ancestry,{{sfn|Zhang|Fu|2020|p=82}} while in eastern Indonesia and Oceania, all Austronesian-speaking groups have Papuan-related geneflow at various levels.{{sfn|Stoneking|Arias|Liu|Oliveira|2023|p=6}}{{sfn|Oliveira|Nägele|Carlhoff|Pugach|2022}}{{sfn|Liu|Hunter-Anderson|Cheronet|Eakin|2022|p=6}} Later migrations of Austronesian speakers brought ASEA ancestry as far as to [[Madagascar]] and eastern [[Polynesia]].{{sfn|Stoneking|Arias|Liu|Oliveira|2023|p=5}}
+==Notes==
+{{notelist}}
+==References==
+{{reflist|30em}}
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+{{refend}}
+[[Category:Archaeogenetic lineages]]