(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
List of kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia Jump to content

List of kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m added empty short discriptions to lists, added via a script
 
(44 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|none}}
{{unsourced|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Tiberius Julius Sauromates II.jpg|thumb|Bust of [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates II]] (d. 210 AD), from the [[Acropolis Museum]]]]
[[File:Tiberius Julius Sauromates II.jpg|thumb|Bust of [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates II|Sauromates II]] ({{Reign}}AD 172–210) from the [[Acropolis Museum]]]]
The '''Bosporan kings''' were the rulers of the [[Bosporan Kingdom]], an ancient [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] Greco-[[Scythians|Scythian]] state centered on the [[Kerch Strait]] (the Cimmerian Bosporus) and ruled from the city of [[Panticapaeum]]. Panticapaeum was founded in the 7th or 6th century BC; the earliest known king of the Bosporus is [[Archaeanax]], who seized control of the city {{Circa}} 480 BC as a usurper.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Schneider |first=Helmuth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KpmAAAAMAAJ |title=Brill's New Pauly: Chronologies of the ancient world : names, dates and dynasties |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15320-2 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Archaeanactid dynasty]] ruled the city until it was displaced by the more long-lived [[Spartocid dynasty]] in 438 BC.<ref name=":3" /> After ruling for over three centuries, the Spartocids were then displaced by the [[Mithridatic dynasty]] of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] and then its offshoot the [[Tiberian-Julian dynasty]]. The Tiberian-Julian kings ruled as [[client king]]s of the [[Roman Empire]] until [[late antiquity]].
This is a list of '''kings''' of the '''[[Cimmerians]]''' and later the '''[[Bosporan Kingdom]]'''.


After several successive periods of rule by groups such as the [[Sarmatians]], [[Alans]], [[Goths]] and [[Huns]],<ref name=":0" /> the remnants of the Bosporan Kingdom were finally absorbed into the Roman Empire by [[Justinian I]] in the 6th century AD following a revolt against the Hunnic ruler [[Gordas]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Frolova |first=N. |date=1999 |title=The Question of Continuity in the Late Classical Bosporus On the Basis of Numismatic Data |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/acss/5/3/article-p179_12.xml |journal=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=179–205 |doi=10.1163/157005799X00188 |issn=0929-077X}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Lawler |first=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0929-4 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref>
==Early Cimmerian kings==
*[[Teuspa]] (680s–670s BC)
*[[Tugdamme]] (Lygdamis) (c 660 BC – c 640 BC)
*[[Sandakhshatra]] (c 640s BC), son of Tugdamme


== List of kings ==
==[[Archaeanactids]]==
Joint rulers are indicated with indentation.
*Archaeanax c. 480 BC–?
*Paerisades (I)
*Leucon (I)
*Sagaurus ?–438 BC


==[[Spartocid dynasty|Spartocids]]==
=== Archaeanactid dynasty (c. 480–438 BC) ===
{{Main|Archaeanactid dynasty}}
*[[Spartokos I|Spartocus I]] 438 BC–433 BC
*[[Archaeanax]] c. 480 BC–?<ref name=":3" />
*[[Satyrus of Bosporus|Satyrus I]] 433 BC–389 BC
The number of successors of Archaenax and their names are not known.{{efn|Peter Truhart's ''Regents of Nations'' (2000) speculatively reconstructed the Archaeanactid dynasty as follows: Archaeanax (c. 480–470 BC), Paerisades (I) (c. 470–450 BC), Leukon (I) (c. 450–440 BC) and Sagauros (c. 440–438 BC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Truhart |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7zXAAAAMAAJ |title=Regents of Nations: Antiquity worldwide |date=2000 |publisher=Saur |isbn=978-3-598-21543-8 |pages=378 |language=en}}</ref>}} His family ruled until c. 438 BC.<ref name=":3" />
*Seleucus 433 BC–393 BC
*[[Leukon of Bosporus|Leucon I]] 389 BC–349 BC
*[[Gorgippus]] 389 BC–349 BC
*Spartacus II 349 BC–344 BC
*[[Paerisades I|Pairisades I]] 349 BC–311 BC
*[[Satyros II|Satyrus II]] 311 BC–310 BC
*[[Prytanis of Bosporus|Prytanis]] 310 BC
*[[Eumelus_of_Bosporus|Eumelos]] 310 BC–304 BC
*[[Spartokos III|Spartacus III]] 304 BC–284 BC
*[[Paerisades II|Pairisades II]] 284 BC–c. 245 BC
*[[Spartokos IV|Spartacus IV]] c. 245 BC–c. 240 BC
*[[Leukon II of Bosporus|Leucon II]] c. 240 BC–c. 220 BC
*[[Hygiainon]] c. 220 BC–c. 200 BC
*Spartacus V c. 200 BC–c. 180 BC
*[[Paerisades III|Pairisades III]] c. 180 BC–c. 150 BC
*[[Paerisades IV Philometor|Pairisades IV]] c. 150 BC–c. 125 BC
*[[Paerisades V|Pairisades V]] c. 125 BC–108 BC


=== Spartocid dynasty (438–111 BC) ===
==[[Scythians|Scythian]]==
{{Main|Spartocid dynasty}}
* Saumacus 108 BC
[[File:Золотой статер царя Гигиенонта.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Hygiainon]]]]
[[File:Possible marble bust of Paerisades V.png|thumb|Bust of a late 2nd century BC Bosporan ruler, perhaps [[Paerisades V]]]]
*[[Spartokos I]] 438–433 BC<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Rostovtzeff |first=Michael Ivanovitch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNZrL7mGwDUC |title=Skythien und der Bosporus, Band II: wiederentdeckte Kapitel und Verwandtes |date=1993 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |isbn=978-3-515-06399-9 |pages=223 |language=de}}</ref>
*[[Satyros I]] 433–389 BC<ref name=":5" />
**[[Seleukos of the Bosporus|Seleukos]] 433–393 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Leukon I]] 389–349 BC<ref name=":5" />
**[[Gorgippos]] 389–349 BC<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kinzl |first1=Konrad H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loeWIRBo3isC&q=gorgippos&pg=PA14 |title=A Companion to the Classical Greek World |date=11 January 2010 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9781444334128 |page=145}}</ref>
*[[Paerisades I]] 349–311 BC<ref name=":5" />
**[[Spartokos II]] 349–344 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Satyros II]] 311–310 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Prytanis of Bosporus|Prytanis]] 310–309 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Eumelos of Bosporus|Eumelos]] 309–304 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Spartokos III]] 304 BC–284 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Paerisades II]] 284–c. 250 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Spartokos IV]] c. 250–c. 240 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Leukon II]] c. 240–210 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Hygiainon]] (regent) c. 210–c. 200 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Spartokos V]] c. 200–c. 180 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Kamasarye Philoteknos|Kamasarye]] (queen) c. 180–c. 160 BC<ref name=":5" />
**[[Paerisades III]] c. 180–c. 170 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Paerisades IV Philometor|Paerisades IV]] c. 170–c. 150 BC (<small>with Kamasarye and then alone</small>)<ref name=":5" />
*[[Spartokos VI]] (?) c. 150–c. 140 BC<ref name=":5" />
*[[Paerisades V]] c. 140–111 BC<ref name=":5" />


=== Scythian rule (111–110 BC) ===
==Pontids==
* [[Saumakos]] 111–110? BC<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Douze nummia à l'effigie de Mithridate II du Bosphore.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Mithridates I of the Bosporus|Mithridates II]]]]
* [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates I]] 108 BC–63 BC
* [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]] 63 BC–47 BC
* [[Mithridates I of the Bosporus|Mithridates II]] 47 BC–44 BC
* [[Asander (Bosporan king)|Asander]] 47 BC, then 44 BC–17 BC
* [[Scribonius]] 17 BC–16 BC
* [[Dynamis (Bosporan queen)|Dynamis]] with Asander 47 BC, then 44 BC–17 BC, then reigning jointly with [[Polemon I of Pontus|Polemon]] from 16 BC until her death in 14 BC
* [[Polemon I of Pontus|Polemon]] 16 BC–14 BC with Dynamis, then alone 14 BC–8 BC


==Tiberian-Julian dynasty==
=== Mithridatic dynasty (110 BC–AD 8) ===
{{Main|Mithridatic dynasty}}
[[File:Quarante-huit nummia à l'effigie de Rhœmétalcès du Bosphore.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Tiberius Julius Rhoemetalces]]]]
[[File:Munt van Eupator.gif|thumb|Coin of [[Tiberius Julius Eupator]]]]
[[File:Mithridates VI.jpg|thumb|Bust of [[Mithridates VI Eupator]] of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], who also ruled as Mithridates I of the Bosporus]]
* [[Mithridates VI Eupator|Mithridates I]] 110 BC–63 BC<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Odessa numismatic museum photo 04.jpg|thumb|Bronze coin of [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates II]]]]
* [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]] 63–48 BC<ref name=":5" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Aspurgus|Aspurgus]] 8 BC–38 AD
* [[Dynamis (Bosporan queen)|Dynamis]] (queen) & [[Asander (king)|Asander]] 48–47 BC (''<small>first reign</small>'')<ref name=":6">Mayor, A., (2009), ''The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome’s deadliest enemy'', Princeton University Press, p. 345</ref>
* [[Tiberius Julius Mithridates|Mithridates III]] 38–46
* [[Mithridates II of the Bosporus|Mithridates II]] 47 BC–44/43 BC<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Barclay Head |title=Ancient coins of Pontus |url=http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/pontus.html |access-date=2015-03-19 |website=Digital Historia Numorum: A manual of Greek numismatics}}</ref>
* [[Tiberius Julius Cotys I|Cotys I]] 46–63
* [[Dynamis (Bosporan queen)|Dynamis]] (queen) 44/43 BC–c. AD 7/8 (''<small>second reign</small>''), with husbands:<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Rostovtzeff">Rostovtzeff, M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, pp. 100-105</ref><ref name="Minns1">Minns, E., H., Scythians and Greeks, A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology p. 592 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ijJ4o2iorhkC&dq=coins+of+dynamis&pg=PA592]</ref>
* Incorporated as a part of the Roman Province of [[Moesia]] Inferior 63–68
** [[Asander (king)|Asander]] 44/43–c. 17 BC (''<small>second reign</small>'')<ref name="Minns1" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis I|Rhescuporis I]] 68–90
** [[Scribonius (Bosporan usurper)|Scribonius]] c. 15? BC<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Minns1" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates I|Sauromates I]] 90–123
** [[Polemon I of Pontus|Polemon I]] c. 12/13–8 BC<ref name="Rostovtzeff" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Cotys II|Cotys II]] 123–132
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhoemetalces|Rhoemetalces]] 132–153
* [[Tiberius Julius Eupator|Eupator]] 153–174
* [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates II|Sauromates II]] 174–210
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis II|Rhescuporis II]] 210–227
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis III|Rhescuporis III]] 210–227
* [[Tiberius Julius Cotys III|Cotys III]] 227–235
* [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates III|Sauromates III]] 229–232
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV|Rhescuporis IV]] 233–235
* [[Tiberius Julius Ininthimeus|Ininthimeus]] 235–240
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis V|Rhescuporis V]] 240–276
* [[Tiberius Julius Pharsanzes|Pharsanzes]] 253–254
* [[Tiberius Julius Synges|Synges]] 258–276
* [[Tiberius Julius Teiranes|Teiranes]] 275–279
* [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates IV|Sauromates IV]] 276
* [[Tiberius Julius Theothorses|Theothorses]] 278–309
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis VI|Rhescuporis VI]] 303–342
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhadamsades|Rhadamsades]] 308–323


=== Tiberian-Julian dynasty (8–341) ===
[[Category:Rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom]]
[[File:Coin of Rhoemetalces.png|thumb|Coin of [[Tiberius Julius Rhoemetalces|Rhoemetalces]]]]
[[File:Coin of Rhescuporis III.png|thumb|Coin of [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis III|Rhescuporis III]]]]
* [[Tiberius Julius Aspurgus|Aspurgus]] 8/10–38 AD<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />
* [[Polemon II of Pontus]] 38–41<ref name=":2" />
* Rhescuporis I (?)<!-- Don't link to Rhescuporis I; that article is about the king here referred to as Rhescuporis II --> 14–42<ref name=":2" />
* [[Gepaepyris]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bd1VAAAAYAAJ&q=Gepaepyris+Mithradates+III |title=Numismatic Literature |date=1979 |publisher=American Numismatic Society |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> (queen)
* [[Tiberius Julius Mithridates|Mithridates III]] 42–46<ref name=":2" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Cotys I|Cotys I]] 46–78<ref name=":2" />
** Incorporated as a part of the Roman Province of [[Moesia]] Inferior 63–68
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis II|Rhescuporis II]] 78–93<ref name=":2" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates I|Sauromates I]] 93–123<ref name=":2" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Cotys II|Cotys II]] 123–131<ref name=":2" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhoemetalces|Rhoemetalces]] 131–153<ref name=":2" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Eupator|Eupator]] 154–170<ref name=":2" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates II|Sauromates II]] 172–210<ref name=":2" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis III|Rhescuporis III]] 211–228<ref name=":2" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Cotys III|Cotys III]] 228–234<ref name=":2" />
** [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates III|Sauromates III]] 229–232<ref name=":2" />
** [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV|Rhescuporis IV]] 233–234<ref name=":2" />
** [[Tiberius Julius Chedosbios|Chedosbios]] 233–234 (?)<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Choref |first=Michael |date=2020 |title=К истории правления Хедосбия |trans-title=To the History of the Reign of Chedosbios |url=https://www.e-anthropology.com/English/Catalog/Archaeology/STM_DWL_ep6z_jYUeNIQcCubg.aspx |journal=Stratum Plus Journal |language=Russian |volume=6 |pages=231–240}}</ref>
* [[Tiberius Julius Ininthimeus|Ininthimeus]] 234–239<ref name=":2" /> (<small>possibly non-dynastic</small>)<ref name=":344">{{Cite journal |last=Yartsev |first=Sergey V. |date=2019 |title=The Invasion of the Borans into the Bosporus in the 3rd Century AD |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/276513411.pdf |journal=Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews |volume=7 |issue=6}}</ref>
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis V|Rhescuporis V]] 240–276<ref name=":2" />
** [[Tiberius Julius Pharsanzes|Pharsanzes]] 253–254<ref name=":2" /> (<small>possibly non-dynastic</small>)<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beydin |first=G. V. |date=2016 |title=Готы на Боспоре: находки монет царя Фарсанза в ареале черняховской культуры |trans-title=Goths in the Bosporus: finds of coins of King Farsanz in the area of the Chernyakhov culture |url=https://periodicals.karazin.ua/drevnosti/article/view/4857 |journal=Древности. Харьковский историко-археологический ежегодник |volume=13 |pages=138–149}}</ref>
* [[Tiberius Julius Teiranes|Teiranes]] 276–278<ref name=":2" />
** [[Tiberius Julius Sauromates IV|Sauromates IV]] 276<ref name=":2" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Theothorses|Theothorses]] 279–309<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mitchiner |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuQLAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650 |date=1978 |publisher=Hawkins Publications |isbn=978-0-904173-16-1 |pages=69 |language=en}}</ref> (<small>possibly non-dynastic</small>)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Astakhov |first=Ivan Alekseevich |date=2021 |title=Changes in the Ethnic Pictures and its Impact on the Internal Political Situation in the Bosporus after Rheskuporis VI |url=https://laplageemrevista.editorialaar.com/index.php/lpg1/article/download/1397/1229/2384 |journal=Laplage em Revista (International) |volume=7 |issue=3A |pages=245–252 |doi=10.24115/S2446-6220202173A1397p.245-252 |s2cid=239216873 |doi-access=free |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2022-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910210727/https://laplageemrevista.editorialaar.com/index.php/lpg1/article/download/1397/1229/2384 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhadamsades|Rhadamsades]] 309–322<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Frolova |first1=Nina |last2=Ireland |first2=Stanley |date=1995 |title=A Hoard of Bosporan Coins in the Period Third Century BC to AD 238 from Ancient Gorgippia (Anapa) 1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42668787 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=155 |pages=21–42 |jstor=42668787 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref> (<small>possibly non-dynastic</small>)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis VI|Rhescuporis VI]] 314–341<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smekalova |first=T. N. |date=2018 |title=Evolution of the Composition of Monetary Alloys of Ancient Greek States on the Black Sea Shores Based on the Data of X-Ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy with the Example of Bosporos Cimmerian |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063774518060299 |journal=Crystallography Reports |language=en |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1043–1050 |doi=10.1134/S1063774518060299 |s2cid=104376080 |issn=1562-689X}}</ref>

=== Later rulers (341–527) ===
The end of Rhescuporis VI's reign is believed to have marked the end of the Tiberian-Julian dynasty. Details of the Bosporan Kingdom are scant thereafter but it appears to have undergone several successive periods of rule by [[Sarmatians]], [[Alans]], [[Goths]] and [[Huns]].<ref name=":0" /> There was probably a continuous sequence of rulers<ref name=":0" /> but few names are known.{{efn|In addition to the three certain names listed below, some authors speculate that Rhescuporis VI's immediate successors were two kings named Sauromates, i.e. Sauromates V and Sauromates VI. This is based on the writings of 10th-century emperor [[Constantine VII]]. Constantine's writings describe a post-Rhescuporis VI conflict with the Bosporans which is won by the Romans and notes that this victory meant that "the kingship of the Sauromati [was] finished".<ref name=":Nadel"/>}}

* [[Douptounos]] fl. c. 483<ref name=":0" /><!-- date is debated but the source used refers to this estimate as the most reasonable -->
* [[Gordas]] fl. 527 (<small>Hunnic ruler</small>)<ref name=":8"/>
* [[Mugel]] c. 527 (<small>Hunnic ruler</small>)<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehUHEAAAQBAJ |title=The Origins of Roman Christian Diplomacy: Constantius II and John Chrysostom as Innovators |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-41500-0 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>
Mugel's rule in the Bosporus was brief; shortly after Gordas's death [[Justinian I]] sent an army to place the Bosporus under Roman rule.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Mugel thereafter ruled only [[Patria Onoguria]] in the north.

== Family tree ==
This family tree covers the rulers of the Mithridatic and Tiberian-Julian dynasties. Owing to much of the sequence of Tiberian-Julian rulers being based on coinage, the relationships within the Tiberian-Julian dynasty (especially for later rulers) are largely conjectural and speculative. Conjectural and speculative lines of descent are marked with dotted lines. Though genealogical information is completely unknown for kings after Cotys III, the repeating names lead most researchers to believe that the later kings until at least 341 were part of the same continuous dynasty.<ref name=":3" />

{{chart top|collapsed=yes|Family tree of the Mithridatic and Tiberian-Julian dynasties}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Bosporan family tree}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Mit| | | | | | |Mar|Mit={{nowrap|[[Mithridates VI Eupator]]<ref name=":Settipani">{{Cite book |last=Settipani |first=Christian |title=Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs: les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VI:e au IX:e siècle |publisher=De Boccard |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-7018-0226-8 |location=Paris |pages=408 |language=French |author-link=Christian Settipani}}</ref>}}<br /><small>('''Mithridates I''')</small><br />r. 110–63 BC|boxstyle_Mit=border-width:2.2px; background:PaleTurquoise|Mar=[[Mark Antony]]<ref name=":Settipani"/>}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |Ph| |Mit| | | | |An|An=[[Antonia (wife of Pythodoros)|Antonia]]<ref name=":Settipani"/>|Ph=[[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces II]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br /><small>('''Pharnaces''')</small><br />r. 63–48 BC|boxstyle_Ph=border-width:2.2px; background:PaleTurquoise|Mit=[[Mithridates II of the Bosporus|Mithridates II]]<br />r. 47–44/43 BC|boxstyle_Mit=border-width:2.2px; background:PaleTurquoise}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|As|~|y|~|Dyn|~|~|Pol|~|y|~|Pyt|As=[[Asander (king)|Asander]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 48–47; 44/43–17 BC|boxstyle_As=border-width:2.2px|Dyn=[[Dynamis (Bosporan queen)|Dynamis]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 48–47; 44/43 BC–AD 7/8|boxstyle_Dyn=border-width:2.2px; background:PaleTurquoise|Pol=[[Polemon I of Pontus|Polemon I]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 12/13–8 BC|boxstyle_Pol=border-width:2.2px|Pyt=[[Pythodorida of Pontus|Pythorida]]<ref name=":Settipani"/>}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Ant|~|y|~|Cot|Ant=[[Antonia Tryphaena]]<ref name=":Settipani"/>|Cot=[[Cotys III (Sapaean)|Cotys III of Thrace]]<ref name=":Settipani"/>}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |Asp|~|y|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|Gep| |Pol|Gep=[[Gepaepyris]]<ref name=":Settipani"/>|Asp=[[Tiberius Julius Aspurgus|Aspurgus]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 8/10–38|boxstyle_Asp=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon|Pol=[[Polemon II of Pontus|Polemon II]]<br />r. 38–41|boxstyle_Pol=border-width:2.2px}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |Mit| |Cot|~|y|~|Eur|Cot=[[Tiberius Julius Cotys I|Cotys I]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 46–78|boxstyle_Cot=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon|Eur=[[Eunice (Bosporan queen)|Eunice]]<ref name=":Settipani"/>|Mit=[[Tiberius Julius Mithridates|Mithridates III]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 42–46|boxstyle_Mit=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |Rhe| |Rhe=[[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis II|Rhescuporis II]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 78–93|boxstyle_Rhe=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |Sar| |Sar=[[Tiberius Julius Sauromates I|Sauromates I]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 93–123|boxstyle_Sar=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |Cot| |Cot=[[Tiberius Julius Cotys II|Cotys II]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 123–131|boxstyle_Cot=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |F|~|A|~|7}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | |Rho| |Eup|Rho=[[Tiberius Julius Rhoemetalces|Rhoemetalces]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 131–153|boxstyle_Rho=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon;|Eup=[[Tiberius Julius Eupator|Eupator]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 154–170|boxstyle_Eup=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | |Sar| |Sar=[[Tiberius Julius Sauromates II|Sauromates II]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 172–210|boxstyle_Sar=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | |Rhe| |Rhe=[[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis III|Rhescuporis III]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 211–228|boxstyle_Rhe=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | |,|-|^|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|7}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |Cot| | | | | | | |Sar|Cot=[[Tiberius Julius Cotys III|Cotys III]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 228–234|Sar=[[Tiberius Julius Sauromates III|Sauromates III]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 229–232|boxstyle_Cot=border-width:2.2px;background:LemonChiffon;|boxstyle_Sar=border-width:2.2px;background:LemonChiffon;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |F|~|A|~|7| | | | | |F|~|A|~|7}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |Rec| |Inin| | | |Rhe| |Tei|Rhe=[[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis V|Rhescuporis V]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 240–276|boxstyle_Rhe=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon;|Tei=[[Tiberius Julius Teiranes|Teiranes]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 276–278|boxstyle_Tei=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon;|Rec=[[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV|Rhescuporis IV]]<ref name=":FRR">{{Cite web |title=Le Bosphore Cimmérien - Suite |url=http://antikforever.com/Asie_Mineure/Divers/bosphore_b.htm |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=antikforever.com}}</ref><br />r. 233–234|boxstyle_Rec=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon;|Inin=[[Tiberius Julius Ininthimeus|Ininthimeus]]<ref name=":FRR" /><br />r. 234–239|boxstyle_Inin=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon;|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |:| | | |F|~|A|~|7}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | |Ph| |Sar| |The|Sar=[[Tiberius Julius Sauromates IV|Sauromates IV]]<ref name=":Nadel">{{Cite journal |last=Nadel |first=Benjamin |date=1977 |title=Literary Tradition and Epigraphical Evidence : Constantine Porphyrogenitus' Information on the Bosporan Kingdom of Emperor Diocletian Reconsidered |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1977_num_3_1_2690 |journal=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=87–114 |doi=10.3406/dha.1977.2690}}</ref><br />r. 276|The=[[Tiberius Julius Theothorses|Theothorses]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 279–309|boxstyle_Sar=border-width:2.2px;background:LemonChiffon;|boxstyle_The=border-width:2.2px;background:LemonChiffon;|Ph=[[Tiberius Julius Pharsanzes|Pharsanzes]] (?)<ref name=":344"/><br />r. 253–254|boxstyle_Ph=border-width:2.2px;background:LemonChiffon;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |F|~|~|~|%|~|~|~|7}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |Rad| |Resc| |Nan|~|V|~|Mir|Rad=[[Tiberius Julius Rhadamsades|Rhadamsades]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 309–322|Resc=[[Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis VI|Rhescuporis VI]]<ref name=":Settipani"/><br />r. 314–341|Nan=[[Nana of Iberia|Nana]]<ref name=":Settipani"/>|Mir=[[Mirian III of Iberia]]<ref name=":Settipani"/>|boxstyle_Resc=border-width:2.2px;background:LemonChiffon;|boxstyle_Rad=border-width:2.2px; background:LemonChiffon;|boxstyle_Nan=background:LemonChiffon;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Kin|Kin=[[List of monarchs of Georgia|Kings]] of [[Kingdom of Iberia|Iberia]]| boxstyle_Kin = border-width:0px;}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

==See also==
*[[Bosporan wars of expansion]]
*[[History of Ukraine]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />{{Bosporan kings}}

[[Category:Monarchs of the Bosporan Kingdom]]

Latest revision as of 17:16, 9 February 2024

Bust of Sauromates II (r. AD 172–210) from the Acropolis Museum

The Bosporan kings were the rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom, an ancient Hellenistic Greco-Scythian state centered on the Kerch Strait (the Cimmerian Bosporus) and ruled from the city of Panticapaeum. Panticapaeum was founded in the 7th or 6th century BC; the earliest known king of the Bosporus is Archaeanax, who seized control of the city c. 480 BC as a usurper.[1] The Archaeanactid dynasty ruled the city until it was displaced by the more long-lived Spartocid dynasty in 438 BC.[1] After ruling for over three centuries, the Spartocids were then displaced by the Mithridatic dynasty of Pontus and then its offshoot the Tiberian-Julian dynasty. The Tiberian-Julian kings ruled as client kings of the Roman Empire until late antiquity.

After several successive periods of rule by groups such as the Sarmatians, Alans, Goths and Huns,[2] the remnants of the Bosporan Kingdom were finally absorbed into the Roman Empire by Justinian I in the 6th century AD following a revolt against the Hunnic ruler Gordas.[3][4]

List of kings[edit]

Joint rulers are indicated with indentation.

Archaeanactid dynasty (c. 480–438 BC)[edit]

Main article: Archaeanactid dynasty

The number of successors of Archaenax and their names are not known.[a] His family ruled until c. 438 BC.[1]

Spartocid dynasty (438–111 BC)[edit]

Main article: Spartocid dynasty
Coin of Hygiainon
Bust of a late 2nd century BC Bosporan ruler, perhaps Paerisades V

Scythian rule (111–110 BC)[edit]

Mithridatic dynasty (110 BC–AD 8)[edit]

Main article: Mithridatic dynasty
Bust of Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus, who also ruled as Mithridates I of the Bosporus

Tiberian-Julian dynasty (8–341)[edit]

Coin of Rhoemetalces
Coin of Rhescuporis III

Later rulers (341–527)[edit]

The end of Rhescuporis VI's reign is believed to have marked the end of the Tiberian-Julian dynasty. Details of the Bosporan Kingdom are scant thereafter but it appears to have undergone several successive periods of rule by Sarmatians, Alans, Goths and Huns.[2] There was probably a continuous sequence of rulers[2] but few names are known.[b]

Mugel's rule in the Bosporus was brief; shortly after Gordas's death Justinian I sent an army to place the Bosporus under Roman rule.[3][4][20] Mugel thereafter ruled only Patria Onoguria in the north.

Family tree[edit]

This family tree covers the rulers of the Mithridatic and Tiberian-Julian dynasties. Owing to much of the sequence of Tiberian-Julian rulers being based on coinage, the relationships within the Tiberian-Julian dynasty (especially for later rulers) are largely conjectural and speculative. Conjectural and speculative lines of descent are marked with dotted lines. Though genealogical information is completely unknown for kings after Cotys III, the repeating names lead most researchers to believe that the later kings until at least 341 were part of the same continuous dynasty.[1]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Peter Truhart's Regents of Nations (2000) speculatively reconstructed the Archaeanactid dynasty as follows: Archaeanax (c. 480–470 BC), Paerisades (I) (c. 470–450 BC), Leukon (I) (c. 450–440 BC) and Sagauros (c. 440–438 BC).[5]
  2. ^ In addition to the three certain names listed below, some authors speculate that Rhescuporis VI's immediate successors were two kings named Sauromates, i.e. Sauromates V and Sauromates VI. This is based on the writings of 10th-century emperor Constantine VII. Constantine's writings describe a post-Rhescuporis VI conflict with the Bosporans which is won by the Romans and notes that this victory meant that "the kingship of the Sauromati [was] finished".[19]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Schneider, Helmuth (2007). Brill's New Pauly: Chronologies of the ancient world : names, dates and dynasties. Brill. p. 112. ISBN 978-90-04-15320-2.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Astakhov, Ivan Alekseevich (2021). "Changes in the Ethnic Pictures and its Impact on the Internal Political Situation in the Bosporus after Rheskuporis VI". Laplage em Revista (International). 7 (3A): 245–252. doi:10.24115/S2446-6220202173A1397p.245-252. S2CID 239216873. Archived from the original on 2022-09-10. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  3. ^ a b Frolova, N. (1999). "The Question of Continuity in the Late Classical Bosporus On the Basis of Numismatic Data". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 5 (3): 179–205. doi:10.1163/157005799X00188. ISSN 0929-077X.
  4. ^ a b c Lawler, Jennifer (2015). Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire. McFarland. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-4766-0929-4.
  5. ^ Truhart, Peter (2000). Regents of Nations: Antiquity worldwide. Saur. p. 378. ISBN 978-3-598-21543-8.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Rostovtzeff, Michael Ivanovitch (1993). Skythien und der Bosporus, Band II: wiederentdeckte Kapitel und Verwandtes (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 223. ISBN 978-3-515-06399-9.
  7. ^ Kinzl, Konrad H. (11 January 2010). A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley. p. 145. ISBN 9781444334128.
  8. ^ a b Mayor, A., (2009), The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome’s deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, p. 345
  9. ^ Barclay Head. "Ancient coins of Pontus". Digital Historia Numorum: A manual of Greek numismatics. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
  10. ^ a b Rostovtzeff, M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, pp. 100-105
  11. ^ a b c Minns, E., H., Scythians and Greeks, A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology p. 592 [1]
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Mitchiner, Michael (1978). The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650. Hawkins Publications. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-904173-16-1.
  13. ^ Numismatic Literature. American Numismatic Society. 1979. p. 28.
  14. ^ Choref, Michael (2020). "К истории правления Хедосбия" [To the History of the Reign of Chedosbios]. Stratum Plus Journal (in Russian). 6: 231–240.
  15. ^ a b Yartsev, Sergey V. (2019). "The Invasion of the Borans into the Bosporus in the 3rd Century AD" (PDF). Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews. 7 (6).
  16. ^ Beydin, G. V. (2016). "Готы на Боспоре: находки монет царя Фарсанза в ареале черняховской культуры" [Goths in the Bosporus: finds of coins of King Farsanz in the area of the Chernyakhov culture]. Древности. Харьковский историко-археологический ежегодник. 13: 138–149.
  17. ^ a b Frolova, Nina; Ireland, Stanley (1995). "A Hoard of Bosporan Coins in the Period Third Century BC to AD 238 from Ancient Gorgippia (Anapa) 1987". The Numismatic Chronicle. 155: 21–42. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 42668787.
  18. ^ Smekalova, T. N. (2018). "Evolution of the Composition of Monetary Alloys of Ancient Greek States on the Black Sea Shores Based on the Data of X-Ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy with the Example of Bosporos Cimmerian". Crystallography Reports. 63 (6): 1043–1050. doi:10.1134/S1063774518060299. ISSN 1562-689X. S2CID 104376080.
  19. ^ a b Nadel, Benjamin (1977). "Literary Tradition and Epigraphical Evidence : Constantine Porphyrogenitus' Information on the Bosporan Kingdom of Emperor Diocletian Reconsidered". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 3 (1): 87–114. doi:10.3406/dha.1977.2690.
  20. ^ a b Stevenson, Walter (2020). The Origins of Roman Christian Diplomacy: Constantius II and John Chrysostom as Innovators. Routledge. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-315-41500-0.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Settipani, Christian (2006). Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs: les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VI:e au IX:e siècle (in French). Paris: De Boccard. p. 408. ISBN 978-2-7018-0226-8.
  22. ^ a b "Le Bosphore Cimmérien - Suite". antikforever.com. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_the_Cimmerian_Bosporus&oldid=1205434791"