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{{Short description|American writer (1937–2002)}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2009}}
{{Infobox person
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'''Claude Brown''' (February 23, 1937 - February 2, 2002) is the author of ''[[Manchild in the Promised Land]]'', published to critical acclaim in 1965, which tells the story of his coming of age during the 1940s and 1950s in [[Harlem]]. He also published ''[[Children of Ham]]'' (1976).
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|name = Claude Brown
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|2|23|mf=y}}
|birth_place = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2002|2|2|1937|2|23|mf=y}}
|death_place = New York, New York
|nationality = American
|other_names =
|occupation = Writer
|years_active =
|known_for =
|notable_works = ''Manchild in the Promised Land''
⚫
}}

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'''Claude Brown''' (February 23, 1937 – February 2, 2002) was the author of ''[[Manchild in the Promised Land]]'', published to critical acclaim in 1965, which tells the story of his coming of age during the 1940s and 1950s in [[Harlem]]. He also published ''Children of Ham'' (1976).


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Brown was born on February 23, 1937, in [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Claude Brown {{!}} American author |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Claude-Brown |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=13 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The autobiographical ''Manchild in the Promised Land'' describes the cultural, economic, and religious conditions that suffused Harlem during Brown's early childhood and adolescence while constructing a narrative of Brown's tumultuous early life. The book explains that in the early 20th century, New York was thought to be the promised land for African Americans, but life in Harlem was more challenging than migrants expected.<ref name=Macmillan/>


Autobiographical in nature, ''Manchild in the Promised Land'' describes the cultural, economic, and religious conditions that suffused Harlem during Brown's early childhood and adolescence while constructing a narrative of Brown's tumultuous early life. Brown explains in his book how in the early 20th century, New York was supposed to be the promised land for African Americans, but life in Harlem was more challenging than migrants had expected. Brown’s parents, who were sharecroppers, had moved from South Carolina to Harlem in 1935 before they had children and lived in a tenement at 146th Street and Eighth Avenue. Brown had one younger brother and two sisters.<ref name=Macmillan>Brown, Claude. ''Manchild in the Promised Land''. Macmillan & Co., 1965. Print.</ref> From the age of six, his life involved stealing, alcohol consumption, [[truancy]], and [[gang wars]]. These were the harsh realities of life in 1950s Harlem that shaped his childhood. Hoping that a year away from Harlem would benefit him, his parents sent him to live with his grandparents in South Carolina. However, this just made Brown crave the violence of the streets.<ref name=CliffsNotes>Washington Jr., William m. CliffsNotes on Brown's Manchild in the Promised Land. N.p.: Cliffs Notes, 1971. Print.</ref> At the age of 11, he was placed in the [[Wiltwyck School for Boys]], a [[reform school]], which he cycled in and out of more than three times.
Brown’s parents, who had been sharecroppers, moved from South Carolina to Harlem in 1935. They had children and lived in a tenement at 146th Street and Eighth Avenue. Brown had one younger brother and two sisters.<ref name=Macmillan>Brown, Claude. ''Manchild in the Promised Land''. Macmillan & Co., 1965. Print.</ref> From the age of six, his life involved stealing, alcohol consumption, [[truancy]], and [[gang wars]].<ref name=CliffsNotes/>


These harsh realities of life in 1950s Harlem shaped his childhood. Hoping that a year away from Harlem would benefit him, his parents sent him to live with his grandparents in South Carolina. However, this just made Brown crave the violence of the streets.<ref name=CliffsNotes>Washington Jr., William m. CliffsNotes on Brown's Manchild in the Promised Land. N.p.: Cliffs Notes, 1971. Print.</ref> At the age of 11, he was placed in the Wiltwyck School for Boys, a [[reform school]].<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite news |last1=Bernstein |first1=Adam |title='Manchild' Author Claude Brown Dies at 64 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/02/07/manchild-author-claude-brown-dies-at-64/502c0554-a923-4593-8e46-c0507b857172/ |access-date=13 March 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=7 February 2002}}</ref>
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By that time he had made the acquaintance of Dr. [[Ernest Papanek]], a [[psychologist]] and the director of the [[Wiltwyck School for Boys]] for deprived and emotionally disturbed boys, which was in Esopus, [[Ulster County, New York]]. Dr. Papanek, whom Mr. Brown described in his book as "probably the smartest and the deepest cat I had ever met," encouraged him to seek an education. Although Dr. Papanek had pushed him towards getting a better education, Brown still had criminal contacts at Wiltwyck and continued to be involved in street life. Brown had many brushes with the law and had to go to various juvenile detention institutions several times. In the course of one robbery, Brown was shot in the stomach and almost died.<ref name=CliffsNotes /> In Brown’s mid-teens, he made a living by dealing drugs and becoming a con man. In 1953, he worked in the garment district, but he quit the job after a short period of time. At this point, his younger brother, who he had always thought of as being innocent, had become addicted to drugs. In ''Manchild in the Promised Land'', Brown blames his brother’s unhealthy lifestyle on the fact that he had not been exposed to the horrors of Harlem early enough in life.<ref name=Macmillan />


⚫
By that time he had made the acquaintance of Dr. Ernest Papanek, a [[psychologist]] and the director of the Wiltwyck School for Boys for deprived and emotionally disturbed boys, in Esopus, [[Ulster County, New York]]. Dr. Papanek, whom Mr. Brown described in his book as "probably the smartest and the deepest cat I had ever met," encouraged him to seek an education. Although Dr. Papanek pushed him towards getting a better education, Brown still had criminal contacts at Wiltwyck and continued to be involved in street life. Brown had many brushes with the law and had to go to various juvenile detention institutions several times. During one robbery, Brown was shot in the stomach and almost died.<ref name=CliffsNotes />
Acknowledging the damaging effects of drugs such as [[heroin]] and gang violence on his community and his friends, Brown decided to change. He moved away from Harlem, heartbroken at seeing all his friends "[[Addiction|strung-out]]" by drug addiction. After being one of the "hippest cats" (as he says in the book), he decided to turn away from it and move down to [[Greenwich Village]], where he could start over. For the first time in his life, he decided to get an education and eventually began attending night classes at a high school downtown, supporting himself by working as a [[busboy]] and [[deliveryman]] and at other odd jobs. He began to take piano lessons and sold cosmetics as he was trying to make up his mind about college. Many of his old friends were in prison or had moved on from Harlem, so he felt like he no longer had a place in Harlem. A friend had told Brown about [[Reverend William M. James]], who was interested in helping young men from the ghetto get into college. Reverend James later on tried to help Brown’s brother, but his brother was later arrested and sent to prison for armed robbery.<ref name=CliffsNotes /> Eventually, he went on to graduate in 1965 from [[Howard University]] (where his professors included sociologists [[E. Franklin Frazier]] and [[Nathan Hare]]), and later went on to attend [[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] and [[Rutgers University|Rutgers]] law schools, but left when the lecture circuit proved more lucrative than law.<ref name=Oxford>[http://www.answers.com/topic/claude-brown David L. Dudley, Oxford Companion to African American Literature.]</ref>


In Brown’s mid-teens, he made a living by dealing drugs and becoming a con man. In 1953, he worked in the garment district, but he quit the job after a short time. His younger brother, who he had always thought of as being innocent, became addicted to drugs. In ''Manchild in the Promised Land'', Brown blames his brother’s unhealthy lifestyle on not having been exposed to the horrors of Harlem early enough in life.<ref name=Macmillan />
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== Career ==


Acknowledging the damaging effects of drugs such as [[heroin]] and gang violence on his community and his friends, Brown decided to leave. He moved away from Harlem, heartbroken at seeing all his friends "[[Addiction|strung-out]]" by drug addiction. After being one of the "hippest cats" (as he says in the book), he moved down to [[Greenwich Village]], where he could start over. For the first time in his life, he decided to get an education and began attending night classes at a high school downtown, supporting himself by working as a [[busboy]] and [[deliveryman]] and at other odd jobs.<ref name=CliffsNotes />
Brown spent most of his professional life as a full-time [[public speaker|lecturer]], but also became increasingly involved in critical urban issues, especially with respect to [[Alternative school#At-risk students|at-risk]] black adolescents. This lifetime concern led him to become deeply involved in [[criminal justice]] and [[Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation]] issues, as he visited [[juvenile detention center]]s and [[prisons]] in search of answers to the question of what was motivating the much more violent, [[feral]] behavior of youth gangs and underage criminals prowling America's [[inner city|inner cities]], a [[wiktionary:Plague|plague]] that seemingly became progressively worse with the passage of time. Essentially, ''Manchild in the Promised Land'' was written to demonstrate how someone could overcome great odds to become in his case, a lawyer.


He began to take piano lessons and sold cosmetics as he was trying to make up his mind about college. Many of his old friends were in prison or had moved on from Harlem, so he felt like he no longer had a place in Harlem. A friend had told Brown about Reverend William M. James, who was interested in helping young men from the ghetto get into college. Reverend James tried to help Brown’s brother, but his brother was arrested and sent to prison for armed robbery.<ref name=CliffsNotes />
⚫
His ultimate conclusion was that American society had abandoned these young individuals, causing a profound sense of [[Social alienation|alienation]] and [[ostracism]], which in turn led to futile outbursts of excessive, [[wikt:wanton|wanton]] violence and criminality. He remained critical of what he perceived as the societal failures of addressing these [[existential crisis|existential crises]] afflicting African-American youth-especially those residing in urban areas-and more broadly, [[wikt:underserved|underserved]], alienated American youth in general. ''Manchild in the Promised Land'' has sold over 4 million copies since it has been published and has been translated to 14 different languages. It is currently on the curriculum in many high schools and colleges.<ref name=NYT>[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/06/books/claude-brown-manchild-of-the-promised-land-dies-at-64.html Worth, Robert F. "Claude Brown, Manchild of the Promised Land, Dies at 64."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. February 6, 2002. Web. March 2, 2013.</ref> However, it has been banned in certain schools in the past. In 1971, ''Manchild in the Promised Land'' was used in a black history course at [[Northampton High School (Massachusetts)|Northampton High School]]. A complaint was posted in the ''[[Chicago Daily Defender]]'', claiming that the book is “pornographic literature,” and had “428 incidents of impure words.”<ref>"Black History Book Rapped" ''Chicago Daily Defender'' (1960-1973); May 25, 1971; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: ''Chicago Defender'' (1910-1975), p. 5.</ref> The book was also banned at a high school in Massachusetts because the headmaster found the language “filthy.”<ref>''The English Journal'', Vol. 63, No. 5 (May 1974), pp. 61-65.</ref>


Brown graduated in 1965 from [[Howard University]] (where his professors included sociologists [[E. Franklin Frazier]] and [[Nathan Hare]]), and later went on to attend [[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] and [[Rutgers University|Rutgers]] law schools. He left when the lecture circuit proved more lucrative than law.<ref name=Oxford>David L. Dudley, [http://www.answers.com/topic/claude-brown Oxford Companion to African American Literature.]</ref>
⚫
Brown would go on to publish a second book, ''Children Of Ham'', which explores the lives of several black teenagers from Harlem who escape the clutches of heroin. By comparison to his first work, it was a failure.<ref name=Oxford /> He also wrote several articles for national magazines, including Esquire and Look. In 1961, Brown’s article “Harlem, My Harlem” was published in ''[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]''.<ref name=NYT />


⚫
== Career ==
Claude Brown died of respiratory failure in 2002.
⚫
''Manchild in the Promised Land'' has sold over 4 million copies and has been translated to 14 different languages. As of 2002 it was on the curriculum in many high schools and colleges.<ref name=NYT>Worth, Robert F., [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/06/books/claude-brown-manchild-of-the-promised-land-dies-at-64.html "Claude Brown, Manchild of the Promised Land, Dies at 64"], ''[[The New York Times]]''. February 6, 2002. Web. March 2, 2013.</ref> The book was banned in certain schools for its use of frank language. In 1971, a complaint in the ''[[Chicago Daily Defender]]'', asserted that the book is "pornographic literature," and had "428 incidents of impure words."<ref>"Black History Book Rapped" ''Chicago Daily Defender'' (1960-1973); May 25, 1971; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: ''Chicago Defender'' (1910-1975), p. 5.</ref> The book was banned in 1974 at a high school in Massachusetts because the headmaster found the language "filthy."<ref>''The English Journal'', Vol. 63, No. 5 (May 1974), pp. 61–65.</ref>

⚫
Brown published a second book, ''Children Of Ham'', which explores the lives of several black teenagers from Harlem who escape the clutches of heroin. In comparison to sales of his first work, it was a failure.<ref name=Oxford /> He wrote several articles for national magazines, including Esquire and Look. In 1961, Brown’s article "Harlem, My Harlem" was published in ''[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]''.<ref name=NYT />

Claude Brown died on February 2, 2002, in New York, New York.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica"/>


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
{{portal|Novels}}
* [[African American literature]]
* [[African-American literature]]
* [[List of African-American writers]]
* [[List of African-American writers]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
<references />


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
*[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/essays/jan-june02/poverty_5-06.html Poverty's Children, Essay by Clarence Page]
*[http://www.racematters.org/manchildinthepromisedland.htm Obituary for Claude Brown]
⚫
*[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/essays/jan-june02/poverty_5-06.html Poverty's Children, Essay by Clarence Page]
*[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HST/is_3_4/ai_86041484 Claude Brown-Tribute]
*[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HST/is_3_4/ai_86041484 Claude Brown-Tribute]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZNei3jMr0c Claude Brown in 1965] video


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
⚫
| NAME = Brown, Claude
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 23, 1937
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = February 2, 2002
| PLACE OF DEATH =
⚫
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Claude}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Claude}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Howard University alumni]]
[[Category:Howard University alumni]]
⚫
[[Category:African-American writers]]
[[Category:African-American novelists]]
[[Category:African-American novelists]]
[[Category:People from New York City]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American writers]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American people]]
⚫
[[Category:African-American male writers]]

Revision as of 19:22, 26 February 2024

Claude Brown
Born(1937-02-23)February 23, 1937
New York, New York
DiedFebruary 2, 2002(2002-02-02) (aged 64)
New York, New York
NationalityAmerican
OccupationWriter
Notable workManchild in the Promised Land

Claude Brown (February 23, 1937 – February 2, 2002) was the author of Manchild in the Promised Land, published to critical acclaim in 1965, which tells the story of his coming of age during the 1940s and 1950s in Harlem. He also published Children of Ham (1976).

Early life

Brown was born on February 23, 1937, in New York, New York.[1] The autobiographical Manchild in the Promised Land describes the cultural, economic, and religious conditions that suffused Harlem during Brown's early childhood and adolescence while constructing a narrative of Brown's tumultuous early life. The book explains that in the early 20th century, New York was thought to be the promised land for African Americans, but life in Harlem was more challenging than migrants expected.[2]

Brown’s parents, who had been sharecroppers, moved from South Carolina to Harlem in 1935. They had children and lived in a tenement at 146th Street and Eighth Avenue. Brown had one younger brother and two sisters.[2] From the age of six, his life involved stealing, alcohol consumption, truancy, and gang wars.[3]

These harsh realities of life in 1950s Harlem shaped his childhood. Hoping that a year away from Harlem would benefit him, his parents sent him to live with his grandparents in South Carolina. However, this just made Brown crave the violence of the streets.[3] At the age of 11, he was placed in the Wiltwyck School for Boys, a reform school.[4]

By that time he had made the acquaintance of Dr. Ernest Papanek, a psychologist and the director of the Wiltwyck School for Boys for deprived and emotionally disturbed boys, in Esopus, Ulster County, New York. Dr. Papanek, whom Mr. Brown described in his book as "probably the smartest and the deepest cat I had ever met," encouraged him to seek an education. Although Dr. Papanek pushed him towards getting a better education, Brown still had criminal contacts at Wiltwyck and continued to be involved in street life. Brown had many brushes with the law and had to go to various juvenile detention institutions several times. During one robbery, Brown was shot in the stomach and almost died.[3]

In Brown’s mid-teens, he made a living by dealing drugs and becoming a con man. In 1953, he worked in the garment district, but he quit the job after a short time. His younger brother, who he had always thought of as being innocent, became addicted to drugs. In Manchild in the Promised Land, Brown blames his brother’s unhealthy lifestyle on not having been exposed to the horrors of Harlem early enough in life.[2]

Acknowledging the damaging effects of drugs such as heroin and gang violence on his community and his friends, Brown decided to leave. He moved away from Harlem, heartbroken at seeing all his friends "strung-out" by drug addiction. After being one of the "hippest cats" (as he says in the book), he moved down to Greenwich Village, where he could start over. For the first time in his life, he decided to get an education and began attending night classes at a high school downtown, supporting himself by working as a busboy and deliveryman and at other odd jobs.[3]

He began to take piano lessons and sold cosmetics as he was trying to make up his mind about college. Many of his old friends were in prison or had moved on from Harlem, so he felt like he no longer had a place in Harlem. A friend had told Brown about Reverend William M. James, who was interested in helping young men from the ghetto get into college. Reverend James tried to help Brown’s brother, but his brother was arrested and sent to prison for armed robbery.[3]

Brown graduated in 1965 from Howard University (where his professors included sociologists E. Franklin Frazier and Nathan Hare), and later went on to attend Stanford and Rutgers law schools. He left when the lecture circuit proved more lucrative than law.[5]

Career

Manchild in the Promised Land has sold over 4 million copies and has been translated to 14 different languages. As of 2002 it was on the curriculum in many high schools and colleges.[6] The book was banned in certain schools for its use of frank language. In 1971, a complaint in the Chicago Daily Defender, asserted that the book is "pornographic literature," and had "428 incidents of impure words."[7] The book was banned in 1974 at a high school in Massachusetts because the headmaster found the language "filthy."[8]

Brown published a second book, Children Of Ham, which explores the lives of several black teenagers from Harlem who escape the clutches of heroin. In comparison to sales of his first work, it was a failure.[5] He wrote several articles for national magazines, including Esquire and Look. In 1961, Brown’s article "Harlem, My Harlem" was published in Dissent.[6]

Claude Brown died on February 2, 2002, in New York, New York.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Claude Brown | American author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Brown, Claude. Manchild in the Promised Land. Macmillan & Co., 1965. Print.
  3. ^ a b c d e Washington Jr., William m. CliffsNotes on Brown's Manchild in the Promised Land. N.p.: Cliffs Notes, 1971. Print.
  4. ^ Bernstein, Adam (7 February 2002). "'Manchild' Author Claude Brown Dies at 64". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  5. ^ a b David L. Dudley, Oxford Companion to African American Literature.
  6. ^ a b Worth, Robert F., "Claude Brown, Manchild of the Promised Land, Dies at 64", The New York Times. February 6, 2002. Web. March 2, 2013.
  7. ^ "Black History Book Rapped" Chicago Daily Defender (1960-1973); May 25, 1971; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Defender (1910-1975), p. 5.
  8. ^ The English Journal, Vol. 63, No. 5 (May 1974), pp. 61–65.
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