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Maroboduus (d. AD 37), also known as Marbod, was a king of the Marcomanni, who were a Germanic Suebian people. He spent part of his youth in Rome, and returning, found his people under pressure from invasions by the Roman empire between the Rhine and Elbe. He led them into the forests of Bohemia, near to the Quadi who already lived nearby, and established a large alliance.

Name[edit]

The name appears in Latin and Greek texts spelt variously: Maroboduus, Marobodus, Maraboduus, Meroboduus, Morobuduus, Moroboduus, Marbodus and Marabodus in Latin sources; Maroboudos and Baroboudos in Greek ones.^{[citation needed]}

According to linguist Xavier Delamarre, the personal name Maroboduus is a latinized form of Gaulish Maro-boduos, from maro- ('great') attached to boduos ('crow'; cf. Middle Irish bodb 'scald-crow, war-divinity', Old Breton bodou 'ardea'; also Common Brittonic Boduoci).^[1] The Celtic personal names Boduus, Teuto-boduus, Ate-boduus, Soli-boduus, Boduo-genus, and Buduo-gnatus are related.^[1]^[2]^[3] Philologist John T. Koch argues that Middle Irish bodb must be understood as the 'bird on the battlefield and manifestation of the war-goddess'.^[3]

The second element of the name, boduos, is a term shared by Celtic and Germanic languages, where it is found as the common noun *badwō ('battle'; cf. ON bǫð, OE beado, OS badu-, OHG batu-) and in the name of the war goddess Baduhenna.^[1]^[4] The original meaning of Celtic–Germanic *b^hod^hwo- must have been 'battle, fight', later metaphorised in Celtic as 'crow', a bird symbolizing the carnage in battle.^[1]^[2]

Biography[edit]

Maroboduus was born into a noble family of the Marcomanni. As a young man, he lived in Italy and enjoyed the favour of the Emperor Augustus.^[5] The Marcomanni had been beaten utterly by the Romans in 10 BC. About 9 BC, Maroboduus returned to Germania and became ruler of his people. To deal with the threat of Roman expansion into the Rhine-Danube basin, he led the Marcomanni to the area later known as Bohemia to be outside the range of the Roman influence. There, he took the title of king and organized a confederation of several neighboring Germanic tribes.^[6] He was the first documented ruler of Bohemia with a government.^[7]

Augustus planned in 6 AD to destroy the kingdom of Maroboduus, which he considered to be too dangerous for the Romans. The future emperor Tiberius commanded 12 legions to attack the Marcomanni, but the outbreak of a revolt in Illyria, and the need for troops there, forced Tiberius to conclude a treaty with Maroboduus and to recognize him as king.^[8]

War with Arminius and death[edit]

His rivalry with Arminius, the Cheruscan leader who inflicted the devastating defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest on the Romans under Publius Quinctilius Varus in 9 AD, prevented a concerted attack on Roman territory across the Rhine in the north (by Arminius) and in the Danube basin in the south (by Maroboduus).

However, according to the first-century AD historian Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Arminius sent Varus's head to Maroboduus, but the king of the Marcomanni sent it to Augustus.^[9] In the revenge war of Tiberius and Germanicus against the Cherusci, in 16 AD, Maroboduus stayed neutral.

In 17 AD, war broke out between Arminius and Maroboduus, and after an indecisive battle, Maroboduus withdrew into the hilly forests of Bohemia in 18 AD.^[10] In the next year, Catualda, a young Marcomannic nobleman living in exile among the Gutones, returned, perhaps by a subversive Roman intervention, and defeated Maroboduus.^[11] The deposed king had to flee to Italy, and Tiberius detained him for 18 years in Ravenna. There, Maroboduus died in 37 AD.^[12] Catualda was, in turn, defeated by the Hermunduri Vibilius, after which the realm was ruled by the Quadian Vannius. Vannius was himself also deposed by Vibilius, in coordination with his nephews Vangio and Sido, who then ruled as Roman client kings.^[13]^[14]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Delamarre 2003, p. 81.
^ ^a ^b Matasović 2009, p. 70.
^ ^a ^b Koch 2020, p. 90.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 47.
^ Strabo 7, 1, 3, p. 290
^ 7, 1, 3, p. 290; Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History 2, 108
^ "Maroboduus". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 20 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2020. Maroboduus, (died AD 37, Ravenna, Italy), king of the Marcomanni who organized the first confederation of German tribes.
^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History 2, 109, 5; Cassius Dio, Roman History 55, 28, 6-7
^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History 2, 119: "caput eius abscisum latumque ad Maroboduum et ab eo missum ad Caesarem"
^ Tacitus, Annals 2, 44-46
^ Tacitus, The Annals 2.62
^ Tacitus, The Annals 2.63
^ Tacitus, Book 12, 27–31: Text in Latin and English at Sacred Texts
^ Germania, UNRV History

Bibliography[edit]

Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
Koch, John T. (2020). Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. ISBN 9781907029325.
Kroonen, Guus (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Brill. ISBN 9789004183407.
Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 9789004173361.
Dobiáš, Josef (1960). "King Maroboduus as a Politician". Klio. 38 (1). doi:10.1524/klio.1960.38.jg.155. ISSN 2192-7669.

External links[edit]

Gaulish English Dictionary

[FOOTNOTEDelamarre200381-1] Delamarre 2003, p. 81.

[FOOTNOTEMatasović200970-2] Matasović 2009, p. 70.

[FOOTNOTEKoch202090-3] Koch 2020, p. 90.

[FOOTNOTEKroonen201347-4] Kroonen 2013, p. 47.

[5] Strabo 7, 1, 3, p. 290

[6] 7, 1, 3, p. 290; Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History 2, 108

[7] "Maroboduus". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 20 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2020. Maroboduus, (died AD 37, Ravenna, Italy), king of the Marcomanni who organized the first confederation of German tribes.

[8] Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History 2, 109, 5; Cassius Dio, Roman History 55, 28, 6-7

[9] Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History 2, 119: "caput eius abscisum latumque ad Maroboduum et ab eo missum ad Caesarem"

[10] Tacitus, Annals 2, 44-46

[11] Tacitus, The Annals 2.62

[12] Tacitus, The Annals 2.63

[13] Tacitus, Book 12, 27–31: Text in Latin and English at Sacred Texts

[14] Germania, UNRV History

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 {{primary sources|date=December 2012}}
-'''Maroboduus''' (d. AD 37) was a [[king]] of the [[Marcomanni]], who were [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Suebi]]an people. He spent part of his youth in Rome, and returning, found his people under pressure from invasions by the [[Roman empire]] between the [[Rhine]] and [[Elbe]]. He led them into the forests of [[Bohemia]], near to the [[Quadi]] who already lived nearby, and established a large alliance.
+'''Maroboduus''' (d. AD 37), also known as '''Marbod''', was a [[king]] of the [[Marcomanni]], who were a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Suebi]]an people. He spent part of his youth in Rome, and returning, found his people under pressure from invasions by the [[Roman empire]] between the [[Rhine]] and [[Elbe]]. He led them into the forests of [[Bohemia]], near to the [[Quadi]] who already lived nearby, and established a large alliance.
 ==Name==
+The name appears in Latin and Greek texts spelt variously: ''Maroboduus, Marobodus, Maraboduus, Meroboduus, Morobuduus, Moroboduus, Marbodus'' and ''Marabodus'' in Latin sources; ''Maroboudos'' and ''Baroboudos'' in Greek ones.{{citationneeded|date=January 2023}}
-The name "Maroboduus" can be broken down into two [[Celts|Celtic]] elements, ''māro-'' meaning "great" (cf. [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''mawr'', Irish ''mór''), and ''bodwos'' meaning "raven" (cf. Irish ''[[Badb|badhbh]]'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ1bAAAAMAAJ|title=The earliest relations between Celts and Germans|last=Elston|first=Charles Sidney|date=1934|publisher=Methuen & co., ltd.|pages=119|language=en}}</ref><sup>;</sup><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNwHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|title=Four Days in September: The Battle of Teutoburg|last=Abdale|first=Jason R.|date=2016-05-31|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=9781473860872|pages=29|language=en}}</ref><sup>;</sup><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExMIAQAAIAAJ|title=Celtic: A Comparative Study of the Six Celtic Languages, Irish, Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, Breton Seen Against the Background of Their History, Literature, and Destiny|last=Gregor|first=Douglas Bartlett|date=1980-01-01|publisher=Oleander Press|isbn=9780900891410|pages=14|language=en}}</ref>
+According to linguist [[Xavier Delamarre]], the personal name ''Maroboduus'' is a latinized form of [[Gaulish]] ''Maro-boduos'', from ''maro''- ('great') attached to ''boduos'' ('crow'; cf. Middle Irish ''bodb'' 'scald-crow, war-divinity', Old Breton ''bodou'' '[[Ardea (bird)|ardea]]'; also [[Common Brittonic]] ''Boduoci'').{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=81}} The Celtic personal names ''Boduus'', ''Teuto-boduus'', ''Ate-boduus'', ''Soli-boduus'', ''Boduo-genus'', and ''Buduo-gnatus'' are related.{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=81}}{{Sfn|Matasović|2009|p=70}}{{Sfn|Koch|2020|p=90}} Philologist [[John T. Koch]] argues that Middle Irish ''bodb'' must be understood as the 'bird on the battlefield and manifestation of the war-goddess'.{{Sfn|Koch|2020|p=90}}
+The second element of the name, ''boduos'', is a term shared by Celtic and Germanic languages, where it is found as the common noun *''badwō'' ('battle'; cf. ON ''bǫð'', OE ''beado'', OS ''badu''-'','' OHG ''batu-'') and in the name of the war goddess ''[[Baduhenna]]''.{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=81}}{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=47}} The original meaning of Celtic–Germanic *''b<sup>h</sup>od<sup>h</sup>wo''- must have been 'battle, fight', later metaphorised in Celtic as 'crow', a bird symbolizing the carnage in battle.{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=81}}{{Sfn|Matasović|2009|p=70}}
 ==Biography==
 Maroboduus was born into a noble family of the Marcomanni. As a young man, he lived in [[Italy]] and enjoyed the favour of the Emperor [[Augustus]].<ref>[[Strabo]] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0197%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D3 7, 1, 3, p. 290]</ref> The Marcomanni had been beaten utterly by the Romans in 10 BC. About 9 BC, Maroboduus returned to [[Germania]] and became ruler of his people. To deal with the threat of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] expansion into the [[Rhine]]-[[Danube]] basin, he led the Marcomanni to the area later known as [[Bohemia]] to be outside the range of the Roman influence. There, he took the title of king and organized a confederation of several neighboring [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0197%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D3 7, 1, 3, p. 290]; [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]], ''Compendium of Roman History'' [http://droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr/Anglica/VelleiusPaterculus2_Shipley.htm#101-110 2, 108]</ref> He was the first documented ruler of Bohemia with a government.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maroboduus|title= Maroboduus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 20 March 2016|website= britannica.com|publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.|access-date= 21 June 2020|quote=Maroboduus, (died AD 37, Ravenna, Italy), king of the Marcomanni who organized the first confederation of German tribes.}}</ref>
+[[File:Germania Enobarbo e Tiberio.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)|Campaign]] of [[Tiberius]] and [[Gaius Sentius Saturninus|Saturninus]] against Marobudus in 6 AD]]
 Augustus planned in 6 AD to destroy the kingdom of Maroboduus, which he considered to be too dangerous for the Romans. The future emperor [[Tiberius]] commanded 12 legions to attack the Marcomanni, but the outbreak of a [[Great Illyrian revolt|revolt]] in [[Illyria]], and the need for troops there, forced Tiberius to conclude a treaty with Maroboduus and to recognize him as king.<ref>Velleius Paterculus, ''Compendium of Roman History'' [http://droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr/Anglica/VelleiusPaterculus2_Shipley.htm#101-110 2, 109], 5; [[Cassius Dio]], ''Roman History'' 55, 28, 6-7</ref>
 ==War with Arminius and death==
-His rivalry with  [[Arminius]], the [[Cherusci|Cheruscan]] leader who inflicted the devastating defeat at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] on the Romans under [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]] in 9 AD, prevented a concerted attack on Roman territory across the Rhine in the north (by Arminius) and in the [[Danube]] basin in the south (by Maroboduus).
+His rivalry with [[Arminius]], the [[Cherusci|Cheruscan]] leader who inflicted the devastating defeat at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] on the Romans under [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]] in 9 AD, prevented a concerted attack on Roman territory across the Rhine in the north (by Arminius) and in the [[Danube]] basin in the south (by Maroboduus).
-However, according to the first-century AD historian [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]], Arminius sent Varus's head to Maroboduus, but the king of the Marcomanni sent it to Augustus.<ref>Velleius Paterculus, ''Compendium of Roman History'' 2, 119: "caput eius abscisum latumque ad Maroboduum et ab eo missum ad Caesarem"</ref> In the revenge war of Tiberius and [[Germanicus]] against the Cherusci, Maroboduus stayed neutral.
+However, according to the first-century AD historian [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]], Arminius sent Varus's head to Maroboduus, but the king of the Marcomanni sent it to Augustus.<ref>Velleius Paterculus, ''Compendium of Roman History'' 2, 119: "caput eius abscisum latumque ad Maroboduum et ab eo missum ad Caesarem"</ref> In the revenge war of Tiberius and [[Germanicus]] against the Cherusci, in 16 AD, Maroboduus stayed neutral.
-In 17 AD, war broke out between Arminius and Maroboduus, and after an indecisive battle, Maroboduus withdrew into the hilly forests of Bohemia, in 18 AD.<ref>[[Tacitus]], ''Annals'' 2, 44-46</ref> In the next year, [[Catualda]], a young Marcomannic nobleman living in exile among the [[Goths|Gutones]], returned, perhaps by a subversive Roman intervention, and defeated Maroboduus.<ref>Tacitus, The Annals [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#62|2.62]]</ref> The deposed king had to flee to Italy, and Tiberius detained him 18 years in [[Ravenna]]. There, Maroboduus died in 37 AD.<ref>Tacitus, The Annals [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#63|2.63]]</ref> Catualda was, in turn, defeated by the [[Hermunduri]] [[Vibilius]], after which the realm was ruled by the [[Quadi]]an [[Vannius]]. Vannius was himself also deposed by Vibilius, in coordination with his nephews [[Vangio and Sido]], who then ruled as Roman client kings.<ref>[[Annals (Tacitus)|Tacitus]], Book 12, 27–31: [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/tac/a12020.htm Text in Latin and English] at Sacred Texts</ref><ref>[http://www.unrv.com/provinces/germania.php Germania], UNRV History</ref>
+In 17 AD, war broke out between Arminius and Maroboduus, and after an indecisive battle, Maroboduus withdrew into the hilly forests of Bohemia in 18 AD.<ref>[[Tacitus]], ''Annals'' 2, 44-46</ref> In the next year, [[Catualda]], a young Marcomannic nobleman living in exile among the [[Goths|Gutones]], returned, perhaps by a subversive Roman intervention, and defeated Maroboduus.<ref>Tacitus, The Annals [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#62|2.62]]</ref> The deposed king had to flee to Italy, and Tiberius detained him for 18 years in [[Ravenna]]. There, Maroboduus died in 37 AD.<ref>Tacitus, The Annals [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#63|2.63]]</ref> Catualda was, in turn, defeated by the [[Hermunduri]] [[Vibilius]], after which the realm was ruled by the [[Quadi]]an [[Vannius]]. Vannius was himself also deposed by Vibilius, in coordination with his nephews [[Vangio and Sido]], who then ruled as Roman client kings.<ref>[[Annals (Tacitus)|Tacitus]], Book 12, 27–31: [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/tac/a12020.htm Text in Latin and English] at Sacred Texts</ref><ref>[http://www.unrv.com/provinces/germania.php Germania], UNRV History</ref>
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
+=== Bibliography ===
+* {{Cite book |last=Delamarre |first=Xavier |title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental |publisher=Errance |year=2003 |isbn=9782877723695 |author-link=Xavier Delamarre}}
+* {{cite book |last=Koch |first=John T. |title=Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West |publisher=University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies |year=2020 |isbn=9781907029325 |author-link=John T. Koch}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Kroonen |first=Guus |title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic |publisher=Brill |year=2013 |isbn=9789004183407}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Matasović |first=Ranko |title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |isbn=9789004173361 |author-link=Ranko Matasović}}
+*{{Cite journal |last=Dobiáš |first=Josef |date=1960 |title=King Maroboduus as a Politician |journal=Klio |volume=38 |issue=1 |doi=10.1524/klio.1960.38.jg.155 |issn=2192-7669}}
 ==Further reading==
+*{{Cite book |last=Erdrich |first=Michael |chapter=Maroboduus and the Consolidation of Roman Authority in the Middle Danube Region |date=2016 |title=Boii - Taurisci |pages=237–252 |editor-last=Karwowski |editor-first=Maciej |series=Proceedings of the International Seminar, Oberleis-Klement, June 14th-15th, 2012 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |isbn=978-3-7001-7740-1 |jstor=j.ctv8d5tb6.19 |editor2-last=Ramsl |editor2-first=Peter C.}}
 *Peter Kehne: ''Marbod.'' In: ''[[Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde]]'', vol. 19 (2001), p.&nbsp;258-262.
 *Tacitus, ''Annals'', [[wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1|Book 1]] & [[wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2|Book 2]].
@@ Line 35: / Line 49: @@
 [[Category:37 deaths]]
-[[Category:Germanic warriors]]
+[[Category:Early Germanic warriors]]
-[[Category:Marcomannic rulers]]
+[[Category:Marcomannic monarchs]]
+[[Category:1st-century Germanic people]]
 [[Category:1st-century BC births]]

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