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{{Short description|British admiral and colonial governor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Distinguish|Thomas Smith (Royal Navy officer, died 1708)}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
|name= Thomas Smith
|name= Thomas Smith
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|serviceyears=
|serviceyears=
|rank= [[Admiral of the Blue]]
|rank= [[Admiral of the Blue]]
|commands={{HMS|Success|1712|6}}<br>{{HMS|Dursley Galley|1716|6}}<br>{{HMS|Royal Sovereign|1701|6}}<br>[[Newfoundland Station]]<br>[[North Sea Fleet]]<br>[[Leith Station]]<br>[[Downs Station]]
|commands={{HMS|Success|1712|6}}<br />{{HMS|Dursley Galley|1716|6}}<br />{{HMS|Royal Sovereign|1701|6}}<br />[[Newfoundland Station]]<br />[[North Sea Fleet]]<br />[[Leith Station]]<br />[[Downs Station]]
|branch= {{navy|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
|branch= {{navy|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
|unit=
|unit=
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|laterwork=
|laterwork=
}}
}}
[[Admiral of the Blue]] '''Thomas Smith''' (1707 – 28 August 1762)<ref name= ONDB>{{cite web |author=Daniel A. Baugh |title=‘Smith, Thomas (1707?–1762)’ |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=September 2004 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25913?docPos=15 |accessdate=23 November 2008}}</ref> was a British admiral and colonial governor, credited with the invention of the divisional system that remains in use on ships of the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name= ONDB/>. He served as [[Commander-in-Chief, North Sea]], [[Commander-in-Chief, Leith]] and [[Commander-in-Chief, the Downs]]
[[Admiral of the Blue]] '''Thomas Smith''' (1707 – 28 August 1762)<ref name= ONDB>{{cite ODNB |author=Daniel A. Baugh |title=Smith, Thomas (1707?–1762) |date=September 2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25913 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25913?docPos=15 |accessdate=23 November 2008}}</ref> was a British admiral and colonial governor, credited with the invention of the divisional system that remains in use on ships of the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name= ONDB/> He served as [[Commander-in-Chief, North Sea]], [[Commander-in-Chief, Leith]] and [[Commander-in-Chief, the Downs]]


==Early life==
==Early life==
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The precise date as to when Smith entered the Royal Navy is unknown, but his first notable appointment in the Service was to the position of junior lieutenant aboard the [[HMS Royal Oak (1674)|''Royal Oak'']] on 6 February 1728, at the appointment of his commanding officer [[Charles Wager|Sir Charles Wager]]. In June of the same year he was moved to the 44-gun [[HMS Gosport (1707)|''Gosport'']] under the command of Captain Duncombe Drake.
The precise date as to when Smith entered the Royal Navy is unknown, but his first notable appointment in the Service was to the position of junior lieutenant aboard the [[HMS Royal Oak (1674)|''Royal Oak'']] on 6 February 1728, at the appointment of his commanding officer [[Charles Wager|Sir Charles Wager]]. In June of the same year he was moved to the 44-gun [[HMS Gosport (1707)|''Gosport'']] under the command of Captain Duncombe Drake.


While a lieutenant aboard the ''Gosport'', Smith attracted great controversy in an incident involving a French corvette in late November, 1728. At the time of the incident the ''Gosport'' was harboured in [[Plymouth Sound]] and Smith was acting-commanding officer due to all of his superiors being ashore. While in command, a French corvette that had entered the Sound for shelter passed the ''Gosport'' while departing, and Smith signalled for the French captain ‘to haul in his pennant in respect to the king of Great Britain's colours’.<ref name= ONDB/> Having already saluted the [[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|Royal Citadel of Plymouth]], the French captain took this as an affront and the French authorities, upon receiving his report, presented an official letter of complaint to the British government. Smith was thus court-martialed and summarily dismissed from the Navy by king's order on 27 March 1729.<ref name= ONDB/> However, due to popular outcry at his dismissal,<ref name= ONDB/> he was reinstated at the same rank and made second lieutenant of the [[HMS Enterprise (1709)|''Enterprise'']] on 12 May of the same year,<ref name= ONDB/> receiving the nickname 'Tom o'Ten Thousand' from his fellow seamen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adm. Thomas Smith Papers |url=http://www.clements.umich.edu/Webguides/Arlenes/S/SmithTh.html| accessdate=23 November 2008}}</ref>
While a lieutenant aboard the ''Gosport'', Smith attracted great controversy in an incident involving the French corvette ''Gironde'' on 23 November 1728.<ref>Maud Wyndham, ''Chronicles of the Eighteenth Century: Founded on the Correspondence of Sir Thomas Lyttelton and His Family'' (Houghton Mifflin, 1924) p140</ref> At the time of the incident the ''Gosport'' was harboured in [[Plymouth Sound]] and Smith was acting-commanding officer due to all of his superiors being ashore. While in command, a French corvette that had entered the Sound for shelter passed the ''Gosport'' while departing, and Smith signaled for the French captain ‘to haul in his pennant in respect to the king of Great Britain's colours’.<ref name= ONDB/> Having already saluted the [[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|Royal Citadel of Plymouth]], the French captain took this as an affront and the French authorities, upon receiving his report, presented an official letter of complaint to the British government. Smith was thus court-martialed and summarily dismissed from the Navy by king's order on 27 March 1729.<ref name= ONDB/> However, due to popular outcry at his dismissal,<ref name= ONDB/> he was reinstated at the same rank and made second lieutenant of the [[HMS Enterprise (1709)|''Enterprise'']] on 12 May of the same year,<ref name= ONDB/> receiving the nickname 'Tom o'Ten Thousand' from his fellow seamen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adm. Thomas Smith Papers |url=http://www.clements.umich.edu/Webguides/Arlenes/S/SmithTh.html| accessdate=23 November 2008}}</ref>


On 5 May 1730, Smith was promoted to the rank of captain and given the command of the 24-gun [[HMS Success (1712)|''Success'']].<ref name= ONDB/> Two years after this Smith was given command of the ''Dursley Galley'',<ref name= ONDB/> a 20-gun fast frigate stationed in the [[Mediterranean]], mainly tasked with patrolling against [[Barbary Pirates]].<ref name= ONDB/> Remaining mainly in the Mediterranean, Smith remained in this position for a decade.<ref name= ONDB/>
On 5 May 1730, Smith was promoted to the rank of captain and given the command of the 24-gun [[HMS Success (1712)|''Success'']].<ref name= ONDB/> Two years after this Smith was given command of the ''Dursley Galley'',<ref name= ONDB/> a 20-gun fast frigate stationed in the [[Mediterranean]], mainly tasked with patrolling against [[Barbary Pirates]].<ref name= ONDB/> Remaining mainly in the Mediterranean, Smith remained in this position for a decade.<ref name= ONDB/>
Line 35: Line 38:


==Late naval career and the creation of the divisional system==
==Late naval career and the creation of the divisional system==
Smith left the post of governor for good and was placed in command of the 100-gun [[HMS Royal Sovereign (1701)|''Royal Sovereign'']] in September 1745.<ref name= ONDB/> On 11 February 1745 he was appointed [[Commander-in-Chief, North Sea]] a post he held till December 1746,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Simon |title=Thomas Smith (c.1707–1762): Appointments |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_crewman&id=1238 |website=threedecks.org |publisher=S Harrison. |accessdate=25 July 2019 |date=2010-2018}}</ref> during this period Smith spent a lot of time organising anti-invasion defences off the coast of Suffolk and Essex aboard the 40-gun [[HMS Hastings (1741)|''Hastings'']].<ref name= ONDB/> In February 1746 he replaced [[Admiral John Byng|John Byng]] as [[Commander-in-Chief, Leith]], a position he stayed in until January 1747.<ref name= ONDB/> Smith was promoted to [[Vice-Admiral of the White]] in 1748,<ref name= ONDB/><ref>Harrison</ref> and in August 1755 he was made [[Commander-in-Chief, the Downs]].<ref name= ONDB/>
Smith left the post of governor for good and was placed in command of the 100-gun [[HMS Royal Sovereign (1701)|''Royal Sovereign'']] in September 1745.<ref name= ONDB/> On 11 February 1745 he was appointed [[Commander-in-Chief, North Sea]] a post he held till December 1746,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Simon |title=Thomas Smith (c.1707–1762): Appointments |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_crewman&id=1238 |website=threedecks.org |publisher=S Harrison. |accessdate=25 July 2019 |date=2010–2018}}</ref> during this period Smith spent a lot of time organising anti-invasion defences off the coast of Suffolk and Essex aboard the 40-gun [[HMS Hastings (1741)|''Hastings'']].<ref name= ONDB/> In February 1746 he replaced [[Admiral John Byng|John Byng]] as [[Commander-in-Chief, Leith]], a position he stayed in until January 1747.<ref name= ONDB/> Smith was promoted to [[Vice-Admiral of the White]] in 1748,<ref name= ONDB/><ref name="Harrison">Harrison</ref> and in August 1755 he was made [[Commander-in-Chief, the Downs]].<ref name= ONDB/>


Soon after taking command of the Downs Squadron in 1755, Smith began to draft a scheme to combat the problems regarding relations between the officers and the men in the Royal Navy.<ref name = Rodger1>{{cite book |last= Rodger|first= N. A. M. |authorlink=Nicholas Rodger|title= The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy |url= https://archive.org/details/woodenworldanato0000rodg|url-access= registration|publisher= Fontana Press |date=March 1988 |isbn=978-0-00-686152-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/woodenworldanato0000rodg/page/217 217]}}</ref> Under this system the lieutenants on board a ship would be placed in charge of a division of the ship's company, and would be responsible for the health, welfare and efficiency of the men under their jurisdiction.<ref name= Rodger1/> This system became known as the divisional system. While originally confined to Smith's Downs Squadron, it soon spread to other ships in the Service and was widely, though not universally admired, by the end of the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref name= Rodger2>{{cite book |last= Rodger|first= N.A.M. |title= The Wooden World |page=218}}</ref> By 1765 the system appears to have been the structure of choice for ships in the Royal Navy.<ref name= Rodger2/> A very efficient arrangement, Smith's divisional system resulted in increased efficiency and closer control, as well as improved communications between the officers and men on board.<ref name= Rodger2/>
Soon after taking command of the Downs Squadron in 1755, Smith began to draft a scheme to combat the problems regarding relations between the officers and the men in the Royal Navy.<ref name = Rodger1>{{cite book |last= Rodger|first= N. A. M. |author-link=Nicholas Rodger|title= The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy |url= https://archive.org/details/woodenworldanato0000rodg|url-access= registration|publisher= Fontana Press |date=March 1988 |isbn=978-0-00-686152-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/woodenworldanato0000rodg/page/217 217]}}</ref> Under this system the lieutenants on board a ship would be placed in charge of a division of the ship's company, and would be responsible for the health, welfare and efficiency of the men under their jurisdiction.<ref name= Rodger1/> This system became known as the divisional system. While originally confined to Smith's Downs Squadron, it soon spread to other ships in the Service and was widely, though not universally admired, by the end of the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref name= Rodger2>{{cite book |last= Rodger|first= N.A.M. |title= The Wooden World |page=218}}</ref> By 1765 the system appears to have been the structure of choice for ships in the Royal Navy.<ref name= Rodger2/> A very efficient arrangement, Smith's divisional system resulted in increased efficiency and closer control, as well as improved communications between the officers and men on board.<ref name= Rodger2/>


On 8 December 1756 he advanced to [[Vice-Admiral of the Red]].<ref>Harrison</ref> In December 1756 he was ordered back from the Downs to preside over the [[John Byng#Court-martial.2C trial and execution|trial of Admiral John Byng]], at which Smith apparently did his utmost (albeit unsuccessfully) to see that the court's recommendation of leniency was followed.<ref name= Rodger2/>
On 8 December 1756 he advanced to [[Vice-Admiral of the Red]].<ref name="Harrison"/> In December 1756 he was ordered back from the Downs to preside over the [[John Byng#Court-martial|trial of Admiral John Byng]], at which Smith apparently did his utmost (albeit unsuccessfully) to see that the court's recommendation of leniency was followed.<ref name= Rodger2/>
Smith then returned to the Downs Squadron on 24 February 1757 after promotion to the rank of [[Admiral of the Blue]],<ref>Harrison</ref> but ill health forced Smith to declare his retirement the following year.
Smith then returned to the Downs Squadron on 24 February 1757 after promotion to the rank of [[Admiral of the Blue]],<ref name="Harrison"/> but ill health forced Smith to declare his retirement the following year.


==Death==
==Death==
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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.heritage.nf.ca/govhouse/governors/g09.html Biography at Government House ''The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador'']
*[http://www.heritage.nf.ca/govhouse/governors/g09.html Biography at Government House ''The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador'']
*{{worldcat id|lccn-no90-21782}}


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Latest revision as of 01:00, 5 April 2024

Not to be confused with Thomas Smith (Royal Navy officer, died 1708).
Thomas Smith
Portrait by Richard Wilson
Born1707
Died28 August 1762(1762-08-28) (aged 54–55)
Allegiance Kingdom of Great Britain
Service/branch Royal Navy
RankAdmiral of the Blue
Commands heldHMS Success
HMS Dursley Galley
HMS Royal Sovereign
Newfoundland Station
North Sea Fleet
Leith Station
Downs Station

Admiral of the Blue Thomas Smith (1707 – 28 August 1762)[1] was a British admiral and colonial governor, credited with the invention of the divisional system that remains in use on ships of the Royal Navy.[1] He served as Commander-in-Chief, North Sea, Commander-in-Chief, Leith and Commander-in-Chief, the Downs

Early life[edit]

Born in England around 1707, Smith was the illegitimate son of Sir Thomas Lyttelton[1] and a woman of whom details are unknown. He was raised a member of the Lyttelton family, who provided for Smith's education and aided him in the beginnings of his career in the Royal Navy.[1]

Early naval career[edit]

The precise date as to when Smith entered the Royal Navy is unknown, but his first notable appointment in the Service was to the position of junior lieutenant aboard the Royal Oak on 6 February 1728, at the appointment of his commanding officer Sir Charles Wager. In June of the same year he was moved to the 44-gun Gosport under the command of Captain Duncombe Drake.

While a lieutenant aboard the Gosport, Smith attracted great controversy in an incident involving the French corvette Gironde on 23 November 1728.[2] At the time of the incident the Gosport was harboured in Plymouth Sound and Smith was acting-commanding officer due to all of his superiors being ashore. While in command, a French corvette that had entered the Sound for shelter passed the Gosport while departing, and Smith signaled for the French captain ‘to haul in his pennant in respect to the king of Great Britain's colours’.[1] Having already saluted the Royal Citadel of Plymouth, the French captain took this as an affront and the French authorities, upon receiving his report, presented an official letter of complaint to the British government. Smith was thus court-martialed and summarily dismissed from the Navy by king's order on 27 March 1729.[1] However, due to popular outcry at his dismissal,[1] he was reinstated at the same rank and made second lieutenant of the Enterprise on 12 May of the same year,[1] receiving the nickname 'Tom o'Ten Thousand' from his fellow seamen.[3]

On 5 May 1730, Smith was promoted to the rank of captain and given the command of the 24-gun Success.[1] Two years after this Smith was given command of the Dursley Galley,[1] a 20-gun fast frigate stationed in the Mediterranean, mainly tasked with patrolling against Barbary Pirates.[1] Remaining mainly in the Mediterranean, Smith remained in this position for a decade.[1]

Tenures as Governor of Newfoundland[edit]

In 1740 Smith transferred to the 50-gun Romney, on board which he sailed back to Great Britain. Smith then departed aboard the Romney with the fishing fleet to Newfoundland, where he was to become Commodore-Governor. He only held this position for one year, resigning in April 1742,[1] but was appointed again in 1743 after a brief return to the Mediterranean.[1]

Late naval career and the creation of the divisional system[edit]

Smith left the post of governor for good and was placed in command of the 100-gun Royal Sovereign in September 1745.[1] On 11 February 1745 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, North Sea a post he held till December 1746,[4] during this period Smith spent a lot of time organising anti-invasion defences off the coast of Suffolk and Essex aboard the 40-gun Hastings.[1] In February 1746 he replaced John Byng as Commander-in-Chief, Leith, a position he stayed in until January 1747.[1] Smith was promoted to Vice-Admiral of the White in 1748,[1][5] and in August 1755 he was made Commander-in-Chief, the Downs.[1]

Soon after taking command of the Downs Squadron in 1755, Smith began to draft a scheme to combat the problems regarding relations between the officers and the men in the Royal Navy.[6] Under this system the lieutenants on board a ship would be placed in charge of a division of the ship's company, and would be responsible for the health, welfare and efficiency of the men under their jurisdiction.[6] This system became known as the divisional system. While originally confined to Smith's Downs Squadron, it soon spread to other ships in the Service and was widely, though not universally admired, by the end of the Seven Years' War.[7] By 1765 the system appears to have been the structure of choice for ships in the Royal Navy.[7] A very efficient arrangement, Smith's divisional system resulted in increased efficiency and closer control, as well as improved communications between the officers and men on board.[7]

On 8 December 1756 he advanced to Vice-Admiral of the Red.[5] In December 1756 he was ordered back from the Downs to preside over the trial of Admiral John Byng, at which Smith apparently did his utmost (albeit unsuccessfully) to see that the court's recommendation of leniency was followed.[7] Smith then returned to the Downs Squadron on 24 February 1757 after promotion to the rank of Admiral of the Blue,[5] but ill health forced Smith to declare his retirement the following year.

Death[edit]

Thomas Smith died at his Rockingham Hall residence on 28 August 1762.[1]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Daniel A. Baugh (September 2004). "Smith, Thomas (1707?–1762)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25913. Retrieved 23 November 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ Maud Wyndham, Chronicles of the Eighteenth Century: Founded on the Correspondence of Sir Thomas Lyttelton and His Family (Houghton Mifflin, 1924) p140
  3. ^ "Adm. Thomas Smith Papers". Retrieved 23 November 2008.
  4. ^ Harrison, Simon (2010–2018). "Thomas Smith (c.1707–1762): Appointments". threedecks.org. S Harrison. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Harrison
  6. ^ a b Rodger, N. A. M. (March 1988). The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. Fontana Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-00-686152-2.
  7. ^ a b c d Rodger, N.A.M. The Wooden World. p. 218.

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

Political offices
Preceded by Commodore Governor of Newfoundland
First Term 1741 — 1741 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Commodore Governor of Newfoundland
Second Term 1743 — 1743 		Succeeded by
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