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{{Short description|Gothic letter of the alphabet}}
[[File:Gothic_letter_hwair.svg|thumb|100px|Form of the Gothic letter.]]
[[Image:Hwair.jpg|thumb|right|Some words with Hwair, in Joseph Wright's ''Grammar of the Gothic Language'' (1910).]]
[[File:Gothic letter hwair.svg|thumb|100px|Form of the Gothic letter]]
[[Image:Hwair.jpg|thumb|right|Some words with Hwair, in [[Joseph Wright (linguist)|Joseph Wright]]'s ''[[Grammar of the Gothic Language]]'' (1910)]]
'''Hwair''' (also ''{{Lang|got|ƕair}}'', ''{{Lang|got|huuair}}'', ''{{Lang|got|hvair}}'') is the name of {{Script|Goth|𐍈}}, the [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic letter]] expressing the {{IPA|[hʷ]}} or {{IPA|[ʍ]}} sound (reflected in [[English language|English]] by the inverted ''[[Wh (digraph)|wh]]''-spelling). Hwair is also the name of the Latin ligature {{lang|got|Ƕ ƕ}}.
'''Hwair''' (also {{Lang|got-Latn|ƕair}}, {{Lang|got-Latn|huuair}}, {{Lang|got-Latn|hvair}}) is the name of {{Script|Goth|𐍈}}, the [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic letter]] expressing the {{IPAblink|hʷ}} or {{IPAblink|ʍ}} sound (reflected in [[English language|English]] by the inverted ''[[Wh (digraph)|wh]]''-spelling for {{IPAblink|ʍ}}). Hwair is also the name of the Latin ligature {{lang|got|ƕ}} (capital {{lang|got|Ƕ}}) used to transcribe Gothic.


==Name==
==Name==
The name of the Gothic letter is recorded by [[Alcuin]] in [[Codex Vindobonensis 795]] as ''uuaer''. The meaning of the name ''{{lang|got|ƕair}}'' was probably "cauldron, pot"<ref>cognate with [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|caru}}'' "pot"); see e.g. Karl Ljungstedt, ''Anmärkningar till det starka preteritum i germanska språk'' (1887), p. 165. Hans Jensen, 00Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, 1935, p. 38 ''Kratylos'' vol. 1-2, 1956, p. 175.</ref>
The name of the Gothic letter is recorded by [[Alcuin]] in [[Codex Vindobonensis 795]] as ''uuaer''. The meaning of the name ''{{lang|got|ƕair}}'' was probably "cauldron, pot"<ref>cognate with [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|caru}}'' "pot"); see e.g. Karl Ljungstedt, ''Anmärkningar till det starka preteritum i germanska språk'' (1887), p. 165. Hans Jensen, 00Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, 1935, p. 38 ''Kratylos'' vol. 1-2, 1956, p. 175.</ref>
(cf. ''{{lang|got|ƕairnei}}'' "skull").<ref>[[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 15:22 ''{{lang|got|ƕairneins staþs}}'' = {{lang|grc|κρανιου τοπος}} "[[Golgatha]]".</ref>
(cf. ''{{lang|got|ƕairnei}}'' "skull");<ref>[[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 15:22 ''{{lang|got|ƕairneins staþs}}'' = {{lang|grc|κρανιου τοπος}} "[[Golgatha]]".</ref> comparative reconstruction shows ''*kʷer''- (“a kind of dish or pot”) in Proto-Indo-European.


There was no [[Elder Futhark]] rune for the phoneme, so that unlike those of most Gothic letters, the name does not continue the name of a rune (but see ''[[qairþra]]'').
There was no [[Elder Futhark]] rune for the phoneme, so that unlike those of most Gothic letters, the name does not continue the name of a rune (but see ''[[qairþra]]'').


==Sound==
==Sound==
Gothic ''{{lang|got|ƕ}}'' is the reflex of [[Common Germanic]] ''*{{lang|gem|xʷ}}'', which in turn continues the Indo-European [[Labialized velar consonant|labiovelar]] ''*{{PIE|kʷ}}'' after it underwent [[Grimm's law]]. The same phoneme in [[Old English]] and [[Old High German]] is spelled ''hw''.
Gothic ''{{lang|got|ƕ}}'' is the reflex of [[Common Germanic]] ''{{lang|gem-x-proto|xʷ}}'', which in turn continues the Indo-European [[Labialized velar consonant|labiovelar]] ''*{{PIE|kʷ}}'' after it underwent [[Grimm's law]]. The same phoneme in [[Old English]] and [[Old High German]] is spelled ''hw''.


==Transliteration==
==Transliteration==
The Gothic letter is transliterated with the Latin ligature of the same name which was introduced by philologists around 1900 to replace the [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] ''hv'' formerly used to express the phoneme, e.g. by [[Patrologia Latina|Migne]] (vol. 18) in the 1860s.
The Gothic letter is transliterated with the Latin ligature of the same name, {{not a typo|<big>ƕ</big>}}, which was introduced by philologists around 1900 to replace the [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] ''hv'', which was formerly used to express the phoneme, e.g. by [[Patrologia Latina|Migne]] (vol. 18) in the 1860s. It is used, for example, in [[Dania transcription]]. It was also used to represent the [[voiceless labial–velar fricative]] {{IPAblink|ʍ}} in a 1921 edition of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].


==Related letters and other similar characters==
==Related letters and other similar characters==
*{{IPA|ʘ}} : [[ʘ|IPA letter Bilablial click]]
*{{IPA|ʘ}} : [[ʘ|IPA letter Bilabial click]]
*Ԋ ԋ : [[Komi Nje]], a letter in the [[Molodtsov alphabet]]
*Ꙩ ꙩ : [[Monocular O|Cyrillic letter Monocular O]]
*ん : [[N (kana)]]
*Խ խ : [[Xe (Armenian letter)|Armenian Khe]]


==Computing codes==
==Character encodings==
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|- align=center
|- align=center
| align=right | '''character''' || colspan=2 | {{Script|Goth|𐍈}} || colspan=2 | {{lang|got|Ƕ}} || colspan=2 | {{lang|got|ƕ}}
| align=right | '''character''' || colspan=2 | {{Script|Goth|𐍈}} || colspan=2 | {{not a typo|Ƕ}} || colspan=2 | {{not a typo|ƕ}}
|- align=center
|- align=center
| align=right | '''Unicode name''' || colspan=2 | <small>GOTHIC LETTER HWAIR</small> || colspan=2 | <small>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER HWAIR</small> || colspan=2 | <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER HV</small>
| align=right | '''Unicode name''' || colspan=2 | GOTHIC LETTER HWAIR || colspan=2 | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER HWAIR || colspan=2 | LATIN SMALL LETTER HV
|-
|-
| align=left | '''character encoding''' || decimal || hex || decimal || hex || decimal || hex
| align=left | '''character encoding''' || decimal || hexadecimal || decimal || hexadecimal || decimal || hexadecimal
|-
|-
| align=left | [[Unicode]] || 66376 || 10348 || 502 || 01F6 || 405 || 0195
| align=left | [[Unicode]] || 66376 || 10348 || 502 || 01F6 || 405 || 0195
Line 33: Line 38:
| align=left | [[Numeric character reference]] || &amp;#66376; || &amp;#x10348; || &amp;#502; || &amp;#x01F6; || &amp;#405; || &amp;#x0195;
| align=left | [[Numeric character reference]] || &amp;#66376; || &amp;#x10348; || &amp;#502; || &amp;#x01F6; || &amp;#405; || &amp;#x0195;
|}
|}
Note that the Unicode names of the Latin letters are different: "Hwair" and "Hv".<ref name=Unicode/>
Note that the Unicode names of the Latin letters are different: "Hwair" and "Hv".<ref name=Unicode>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf |title=Latin Extended-B: Range: 0180–024F |work=The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 |year=2010 |publisher=Unicode Inc |access-date=2011-10-15 |pages=21, 18}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 40: Line 45:


==References==
==References==
<references>
<ref name=Unicode>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf |title=Latin Extended-B: Range: 0180–024F |work=The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 |year=2010 |publisher=Unicode Inc |accessdate=2011-10-15 |pages=21, 18}}</ref>
<references/>
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Latin alphabet}}
{{Latin script}}


[[Category:Uncommon Latin letters]]
[[Category:Latin-script letters]]
[[Category:Palaeography]]
[[Category:Palaeography]]
[[Category:Gothic writing]]
[[Category:Gothic writing]]
[[Category:Latin alphabet ligatures]]

[[br:Hwair (lizherenn)]]
[[de:Ƕ]]
[[es:Hwair]]
[[fr:Ƕ]]
[[ko:Ƕ]]
[[nl:Ƕ]]
[[no:Ƕ]]
[[pt:Ƕ]]
[[sv:Ƕ]]
[[zh:Ƕ]]

Latest revision as of 02:51, 21 April 2024

Form of the Gothic letter
Some words with Hwair, in Joseph Wright's Grammar of the Gothic Language (1910)

Hwair (also ƕair, huuair, hvair) is the name of 𐍈, the Gothic letter expressing the [hʷ] or [ʍ] sound (reflected in English by the inverted wh-spelling for [ʍ]). Hwair is also the name of the Latin ligature ƕ (capital Ƕ) used to transcribe Gothic.

Name[edit]

The name of the Gothic letter is recorded by Alcuin in Codex Vindobonensis 795 as uuaer. The meaning of the name ƕair was probably "cauldron, pot"[1] (cf. ƕairnei "skull");[2] comparative reconstruction shows *kʷer- (“a kind of dish or pot”) in Proto-Indo-European.

There was no Elder Futhark rune for the phoneme, so that unlike those of most Gothic letters, the name does not continue the name of a rune (but see qairþra).

Sound[edit]

Gothic ƕ is the reflex of Common Germanic *xʷ, which in turn continues the Indo-European labiovelar *kʷ after it underwent Grimm's law. The same phoneme in Old English and Old High German is spelled hw.

Transliteration[edit]

The Gothic letter is transliterated with the Latin ligature of the same name, ƕ, which was introduced by philologists around 1900 to replace the digraph hv, which was formerly used to express the phoneme, e.g. by Migne (vol. 18) in the 1860s. It is used, for example, in Dania transcription. It was also used to represent the voiceless labial–velar fricative [ʍ] in a 1921 edition of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Related letters and other similar characters[edit]

Character encodings[edit]

character 𐍈 Ƕ ƕ
Unicode name GOTHIC LETTER HWAIR LATIN CAPITAL LETTER HWAIR LATIN SMALL LETTER HV
character encoding decimal hexadecimal decimal hexadecimal decimal hexadecimal
Unicode 66376 10348 502 01F6 405 0195
UTF-8 240 144 141 136 F0 90 8D 88 199 182 C7 B6 198 149 C6 95
Numeric character reference &#66376; &#x10348; &#502; &#x01F6; &#405; &#x0195;

Note that the Unicode names of the Latin letters are different: "Hwair" and "Hv".[3]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ cognate with Sanskrit caru "pot"); see e.g. Karl Ljungstedt, Anmärkningar till det starka preteritum i germanska språk (1887), p. 165. Hans Jensen, 00Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, 1935, p. 38 Kratylos vol. 1-2, 1956, p. 175.
  2. ^ Mark 15:22 ƕairneins staþs = κρανιου τοπος "Golgatha".
  3. ^ "Latin Extended-B: Range: 0180–024F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0. Unicode Inc. 2010. pp. 21, 18. Retrieved 2011-10-15.
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