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{{Short description|Black Hebrew Israelite leader}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=February 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2016}}
{{Tone|date=February 2016}}
{{Tone|date=February 2016}}
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{{Infobox person
|name = William Saunders Crowdy
|birth_name = Wilson Saunders Crowdy
|image = Prophet Crowdy (cropped).jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1847|8|11}}
|birth_place = [[Charlotte Hall, Maryland|Charlotte Hall]], [[Maryland]], U.S.
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1908|8|4|1847|8|11}}
|death_place= [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[New Jersey]], U.S.
|resting_place = Triangle Cemetery, [[Suffolk, Virginia]]
|occupation = Religious leader<br>Soldier
|organization = [[Church of God and Saints of Christ]]
|movement = [[Black Hebrew Israelites]]
|module=
{{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|branch= [[Union Army]]<br />[[United States Army]]
|serviceyears= 1863–1872
|rank= [[File:US_Company_Quartermaster_Sergeant_Chevrons_-_Cavalry.png|20px]] [[Quartermaster Sergeant]]
|unit=[[5th Cavalry Regiment]]
|commands=
|battles= [[American Civil War]]
* [[Battle of the Wilderness]]
}}
}}
{{Black Hebrews}}
⚫
'''William Saunders Crowdy''' (August 11, 1847 &ndash; August 4, 1908) was an American soldier, preacher, entrepreneur, and pastor. He was also one of the earliest known [[Black Hebrew Israelites]] in the United States, he established the [[Church of God and Saints of Christ]] in 1896 after he claimed to have had visions telling him "That blacks were descendants of the twelve lost tribes of Israel."<ref name="HSP1975"/>


⚫
==Early life==
⚫
'''William Saunders Crowdy''' (August 11, 1847 &ndash; August 4, 1908) was an American soldier, preacher, entrepreneur, theologian, and pastor. As one of the earliest [[Black Hebrew Israelites|Black Hebrew Israelites]] in the United States, he established the ''[[Church of God and Saints of Christ]]'' in 1896 after he claimed to have had visions telling him "that Blacks were descendants of the twelve lost tribes of Israel."<ref name="HSP1975"/>
⚫
In 1847, William Saunders Crowdy was born into slavery at the Chilsy Hills Farm, a [[plantations in the American South|plantation]] in [[Charlotte Hall, Maryland]].<ref>Elly M. Wynia, ''The Church of God and Saints of Christ: A History of the Black Jews'' Taylor and Francis Press, p. 19</ref> His father was Basil Crowdy, a deeply religious man who oversaw the drying of clay for the plantation's brick kiln. His mother, Sarah Ann, was a cook, which often got her access to the "big house" despite her status as a slave.<ref>Beersheba C. Walker. ''The Life and Works of William S. Crowdy'', E.J.P. Walker Press, 1955<!-- page(s) needed --></ref>

⚫
Crowdy was originally called "Wilson" by his overseer. Crowdy was born in a one-room slave cabin near the [[Patuxent River]] in the middle of a violent nighttime thunderstorm. Crowdy lived his early life in [[bondservant|bondage]] working first by milking the plantation owner's cows. As he grew older he was assigned by the slave overseer to tend the plantation's melon patch, and then to work as a stable boy and [[tobacco]] drier.
⚫
==Early life==
⚫
In 1847, William Saunders Crowdy was born into slavery at the Chilsy Hills Farm, a [[plantations in the American South|plantation]] in [[Charlotte Hall, Maryland]].<ref>Elly M. Wynia, ''The Church of God and Saints of Christ: A History of the Black Jews'' Taylor and Francis Press, p. 19</ref> His father was Basil Crowdy, a deeply religious man who oversaw the drying of clay for the plantation's brick kiln. His mother, Sarah Ann, was a cook, which often got her access to the "big house" despite her status as a slave.<ref>Beersheba C. Walker. ''The Life and Works of William S. Crowdy'', E.J.P. Walker Press, 1955<!-- page(s) needed --></ref>


⚫
Plantation life during the 19th Century was hard, Crowdy's overseer would punish slaves brutally. Despite it being illegal for slaves to read, Crowdy was a religious and caring man from a young age and learned about the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] prophets, especially [[Elijah]]. According to [[oral history]] Crowdy was beaten by the slavemaster at age 7 for taking too much [[cornpone]] from the ration cook to feed his sister. He spent the night locked in a barn for punishment but prayed to Moses to be released from bondage of his captors. Ten years to the day later, in 1863, at age 17, Crowdy escaped from his master after an argument.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Eugene V.|last1=Gallagher|first2=W. Michael|last2=Ashcraft|title=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America|publisher=Greenwood|volume=5|date=2006|page=62}}</ref>
⚫
Crowdy was originally called "Wilson" by his overseer. Crowdy was born in a one-room slave cabin near the [[Patuxent River]] in the middle of a violent nighttime thunderstorm. Crowdy lived his early life in [[bondservant|bondage]] working first by milking the plantation owner's cows. As he grew older he was assigned by the slave overseer to tend the plantation's melon patch, and then to work as a stable boy and [[tobacco]] drier.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}


⚫
Crowdy shed the name Wilson, regarding it as a [[slave name]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Slave name |date=2022-06-03 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slave_name&oldid=1091293487 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2022-09-04}}</ref> and became William, which he then used to enlist in the [[Union Army]]. He immediately took a job as quartermaster's cook. He joined the [[United States Colored Troops]] 19th Regiment of Maryland{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} along with his half-brother Daniel.<ref>[http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/Personz_Search1.cfm] Civil War Regiment Records, National Park Service, Retrieved July 6, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmd.edu/Library/SMSC/NPS_Soldiers/person.php?id=2|title=Soldier Demographic Information: Daniel Crowdy|publisher=College of Southern Maryland|year=2006|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref>
⚫
Plantation life during the 19th Century was hard, Crowdy's overseer would punish slaves brutally. Despite it being illegal for slaves to read, Crowdy was a religious and caring man from a young age and learned about the Hebrew prophets, especially [[Elijah]]. According to [[oral history]] Crowdy was beaten by the slavemaster at age 7 for taking too much [[cornpone]] from the ration cook to feed his sister. He spent the night locked in a barn for punishment but prayed to Moses to be released from bondage of his captors. Ten years to the day later, in 1863, at age 17, Crowdy escaped from his master after an argument.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Eugene V.|last1=Gallagher|first2=W. Michael|last2=Ashcraft|title=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America|publisher=Greenwood|volume=5|date=2006|page=62}}</ref>

⚫
Crowdy shed the name Wilson, regarding it as a [[slave name]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}, and became William, which he then used to enlist in the [[Union Army]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} He immediately took a job as quartermaster's cook. He joined the [[United States Colored Troops]] 19th Regiment of Maryland{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} along with his half-brother Daniel.<ref>[http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/Personz_Search1.cfm] Civil War Regiment Records, National Park Service, Retrieved July 6, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmd.edu/Library/SMSC/NPS_Soldiers/person.php?id=2|title=Soldier Demographic Information: Daniel Crowdy|publisher=College of Southern Maryland|year=2006|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref>


==Military career==
==Military career==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2016}}
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2016}}
Crowdy's unit was raised at [[Benedict, Maryland]] on December 19, 1863, when the United States Government offered compensation to his enslavers for his freedom to fight. During the Civil War the 19th Regiment USCT fought at the [[Battle of the Wilderness]] in 1864. Crowdy served as a laborer and supply storesman, and participated in the capture of a confederate flour wagon being smuggled into [[Petersburg, Virginia]] during the siege of Richmond. Crowdy remained in the Army after the war to become a [[Buffalo Soldier]]. He was promoted to quartermaster sergeant in the [[5th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|5th Cavalry]] in 1867, receiving his discharge in 1872 . He later became a cook on the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]] railroad.
Crowdy's unit was raised at [[Benedict, Maryland]] on December 19, 1863, when the United States Government offered compensation to his enslavers for his freedom to fight. During the Civil War the 19th Regiment USCT fought at the [[Battle of the Wilderness]] in 1864. Crowdy served as a laborer and supply storeman, and participated in the capture of a confederate flour wagon being smuggled into [[Petersburg, Virginia]] during the siege of Richmond. Crowdy remained in the Army after the war to become a [[Buffalo Soldier]]. He was promoted to quartermaster sergeant in the [[5th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|5th Cavalry]] in 1867, receiving his discharge in 1872. He later became a cook on the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]] railroad.


==Religious life==
==Religious life==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2016}}
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Fletcher Chapel.jpg|thumb|Former [[Washington, D.C.]] headquarters of the [[Church of God and Saints of Christ]] during Crowdy's leadership. The building is now known as First Tabernacle Beth El and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].]]
[[File:Fletcher Chapel.jpg|thumb|Former [[Washington, D.C.]] headquarters of the [[Church of God and Saints of Christ]] during Crowdy's leadership. The building is now known as First Tabernacle Beth El and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].]]
Crowdy settled in [[Guthrie, Oklahoma]] after his retirement from the railroad. He became a deacon in the local Baptist Church and an active member of the [[Prince Hall Freemasonry|Prince Hall branch of Freemasons]].<ref name=":0">Jacob S. Dorman: ''Black Israelites aka Black Jews aka Black Hebrews: Black Israelism, Black Judaism, Judaic Christianity''. In Eugene V. Gallagher & William M. Ashcraft (eds.): ''Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America''. Greenwood, 2006.</ref>
Crowdy settled in [[Guthrie, Oklahoma]] after his retirement from the railroad. He became a deacon in the local Baptist Church and an active member of the [[Prince Hall Freemasonry|Prince Hall branch of Freemasons]].<ref name=":0">Jacob S. Dorman: ''Black Israelites aka Black Jews aka Black Hebrews: Black Israelism,In Eugene V. Gallagher & William M. Ashcraft (eds.): ''Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America''. Greenwood, 2006.</ref>


In 1893 Crowdy's behaviour became ”strange”; for example, he was not always aware of people talking to him ”but would sit staring for long periods of time”.<ref name=":0" /> He claimed to have had several visions in which he was told "that Black people were descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel."<ref name="HSP1975">{{cite journal|first=J. David|last=Bleich|title=Black Jews: A Halakhic Perspective|journal=Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought|volume=15|number=1|date=Spring–Summer 1975|page=63|jstor=23258489|quote=Crowdy claimed to be the recipient of a series of revelations in which, among other things, he was told that Blacks were descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel.}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He proceeded to create the [[Church of God and Saints of Christ]] and is regarded as a founder of the [[Black Hebrew Israelite]] movement.<ref name="IVSigler2009">{{cite book|editor-last1=Curtis IV|editor-first1=Edward E.|editor-last2=Sigler|editor-first2=Danielle Brune|title=The New Black Gods: Arthur Huff Fauset and the Study of African American Religions|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253004086|first=Nora L.|last=Rubel|chapter='Chased Out of Palestine': Prophet Cherry's Church of God and Early Black Judaisms in the United States|page=57|quote=In 1893, Crowdy had a vision that resulted in the establishment of the Church of God and Saints in Christ.}}</ref>
In 1893 Crowdy's behaviour became ”strange”; for example, he was not always aware of people talking to him ”but would sit staring for long periods of time”.<ref name=":0" /> He claimed to have had several visions in which he was told "that Black people were descendants of the twelve lost tribes of Israel."<ref name="HSP1975">{{cite journal|first=J. David|last=Bleich|title=Black Jews: A Halakhic Perspective|journal=Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought|volume=15|number=1|date=Spring–Summer 1975|page=63|jstor=23258489|quote=Crowdy claimed to be the recipient of a series of revelations in which, among other things, he was told that Blacks were descendants of the twelve lost tribes of Israel.}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He proceeded to create the [[Church of God and Saints of Christ]] and is regarded as a founder of the [[Black Hebrew Israelite]] movement.<ref name="IVSigler2009">{{cite book|editor-last1=Curtis IV|editor-first1=Edward E.|editor-last2=Sigler|editor-first2=Danielle Brune|title=The New Black Gods: Arthur Huff Fauset and the Study of African American Religions|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253004086|first=Nora L.|last=Rubel|chapter='Chased Out of Palestine': Prophet Cherry's Church of God and Early Black Judaisms in the United States|page=57|quote=In 1893, Crowdy had a vision that resulted in the establishment of the Church of God and Saints in Christ.}}</ref>


He started preaching in Guthrie, and then set up Tabernacles in [[Emporia, Kansas|Emporia]] and [[Lawrence, Kansas]] in 1896. In these early days he was arrested 22 times. After setting up another Tabernacle in [[Topeka]], he spread his creed in [[Sedalia, Missouri]], [[Chicago]], and several cities in [[New York (state)|New York]], establishing an Elder-in-Charge in each city before moving to the next.
He started preaching in Guthrie, and then set up Tabernacles in [[Emporia, Kansas|Emporia]] and [[Lawrence, Kansas]] in 1896. In these early days he was arrested 22 times. After setting up another Tabernacle in [[Topeka]], he spread his creed in [[Sedalia, Missouri]], [[Chicago]], and several cities in [[New York (state)|New York]], establishing an Elder-in-Charge in each city before moving to the next.


In 1903, he bought {{convert|40|acre|m2}} of land in [[Suffolk, Virginia#Communities|Suffolk, Virginia]], calling it "Canaan Land". More land was subsequently purchased by Bishop William H. Plummer and this is now the international headquarters of the denomination. In 1905 he sent missionaries to [[South Africa]] and by 1906 he declared Chief Joseph W. Crowdy, Bishop William H. Plummer, and Elder Calvin S. Skinner as future leaders of his congregation.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
In 1903, he bought {{convert|40|acre|m2}} of land in [[Suffolk, Virginia#Communities|Suffolk, Virginia]], calling it "Canaan Land". More land was subsequently purchased by Bishop William H. Plummer and this is now the international headquarters of the denomination. In 1905 he sent missionaries to [[South Africa]] and by 1906 he declared Chief Joseph W. Crowdy, Bishop William H. Plummer, and Elder Calvin S. Skinner as future leaders of his congregation.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}


[[Shais Rishon]], a Black Orthodox Jewish writer and activist, has claimed that Crowdy was "a southern Baptist who never belonged nor converted to any branch of Judaism."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribeherald.com/a-case-of-mistaken-identity-black-jews-hebrew-israelites/ |title=A Case of Mistaken Identity: Black Jews & Hebrew Israelites |publisher=TribeHerald.com |accessdate=2022-04-24}}</ref>
[[Shais Rishon]], a Black [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] writer and activist, has claimed that Crowdy was "A southern [[Baptists|baptist]] who never belonged nor converted to any branch of [[Judaism]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribeherald.com/a-case-of-mistaken-identity-black-jews-hebrew-israelites/ |title=A Case of Mistaken Identity: Black Jews & Hebrew Israelites |date=16 August 2020 |publisher=TribeHerald.com |accessdate=2022-04-24}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
William Saunders Crowdy died on August 4, 1908, in [[Newark, New Jersey]] and was buried in Newark, New Jersey. His body was later exhumed and buried in [[Belleville, Virginia#Communities|Belleville, Virginia]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
William Saunders Crowdy died on August 4, 1908, in [[Newark, New Jersey]] and was buried in Newark. His body was later exhumed and buried in [[Belleville, Virginia#Communities|Belleville, Virginia]].


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:19th-century American slaves]]
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[[Category:19th-century American theologians]]
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[[Category:19th-century evangelicals]]
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[[Category:American evangelicals]]
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[[Category:American Prince Hall Freemasons]]
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[[Category:Black Hebrew Israelite religious leaders]]
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[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
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[[Category:Fugitive American slaves]]

Latest revision as of 14:37, 6 May 2024

William Saunders Crowdy
Born
Wilson Saunders Crowdy

(1847-08-11)August 11, 1847
Charlotte Hall, Maryland, U.S.
DiedAugust 4, 1908(1908-08-04) (aged 60)
Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
Resting placeTriangle Cemetery, Suffolk, Virginia
Occupation(s)Religious leader
Soldier
OrganizationChurch of God and Saints of Christ
MovementBlack Hebrew Israelites
Military career
Service/branchUnion Army
United States Army
Years of service1863–1872
Rank Quartermaster Sergeant
Unit5th Cavalry Regiment
Battles/warsAmerican Civil War
Black Hebrew Israelites
Subgroups and denominations
People

William Saunders Crowdy (August 11, 1847 – August 4, 1908) was an American soldier, preacher, entrepreneur, and pastor. He was also one of the earliest known Black Hebrew Israelites in the United States, he established the Church of God and Saints of Christ in 1896 after he claimed to have had visions telling him "That blacks were descendants of the twelve lost tribes of Israel."[1]

Early life[edit]

In 1847, William Saunders Crowdy was born into slavery at the Chilsy Hills Farm, a plantation in Charlotte Hall, Maryland.[2] His father was Basil Crowdy, a deeply religious man who oversaw the drying of clay for the plantation's brick kiln. His mother, Sarah Ann, was a cook, which often got her access to the "big house" despite her status as a slave.[3] Crowdy was originally called "Wilson" by his overseer. Crowdy was born in a one-room slave cabin near the Patuxent River in the middle of a violent nighttime thunderstorm. Crowdy lived his early life in bondage working first by milking the plantation owner's cows. As he grew older he was assigned by the slave overseer to tend the plantation's melon patch, and then to work as a stable boy and tobacco drier.

Plantation life during the 19th Century was hard, Crowdy's overseer would punish slaves brutally. Despite it being illegal for slaves to read, Crowdy was a religious and caring man from a young age and learned about the Hebrew prophets, especially Elijah. According to oral history Crowdy was beaten by the slavemaster at age 7 for taking too much cornpone from the ration cook to feed his sister. He spent the night locked in a barn for punishment but prayed to Moses to be released from bondage of his captors. Ten years to the day later, in 1863, at age 17, Crowdy escaped from his master after an argument.[4]

Crowdy shed the name Wilson, regarding it as a slave name,[5] and became William, which he then used to enlist in the Union Army. He immediately took a job as quartermaster's cook. He joined the United States Colored Troops 19th Regiment of Maryland[citation needed] along with his half-brother Daniel.[6][7]

Military career[edit]

Crowdy's unit was raised at Benedict, Maryland on December 19, 1863, when the United States Government offered compensation to his enslavers for his freedom to fight. During the Civil War the 19th Regiment USCT fought at the Battle of the Wilderness in 1864. Crowdy served as a laborer and supply storeman, and participated in the capture of a confederate flour wagon being smuggled into Petersburg, Virginia during the siege of Richmond. Crowdy remained in the Army after the war to become a Buffalo Soldier. He was promoted to quartermaster sergeant in the 5th Cavalry in 1867, receiving his discharge in 1872. He later became a cook on the Santa Fe railroad.

Religious life[edit]

Former Washington, D.C. headquarters of the Church of God and Saints of Christ during Crowdy's leadership. The building is now known as First Tabernacle Beth El and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Crowdy settled in Guthrie, Oklahoma after his retirement from the railroad. He became a deacon in the local Baptist Church and an active member of the Prince Hall branch of Freemasons.[8]

In 1893 Crowdy's behaviour became ”strange”; for example, he was not always aware of people talking to him ”but would sit staring for long periods of time”.[8] He claimed to have had several visions in which he was told "that Black people were descendants of the twelve lost tribes of Israel."[1][8] He proceeded to create the Church of God and Saints of Christ and is regarded as a founder of the Black Hebrew Israelite movement.[9]

He started preaching in Guthrie, and then set up Tabernacles in Emporia and Lawrence, Kansas in 1896. In these early days he was arrested 22 times. After setting up another Tabernacle in Topeka, he spread his creed in Sedalia, Missouri, Chicago, and several cities in New York, establishing an Elder-in-Charge in each city before moving to the next.

In 1903, he bought 40 acres (160,000 m2) of land in Suffolk, Virginia, calling it "Canaan Land". More land was subsequently purchased by Bishop William H. Plummer and this is now the international headquarters of the denomination. In 1905 he sent missionaries to South Africa and by 1906 he declared Chief Joseph W. Crowdy, Bishop William H. Plummer, and Elder Calvin S. Skinner as future leaders of his congregation.[citation needed]

Shais Rishon, a Black Orthodox Jewish writer and activist, has claimed that Crowdy was "A southern baptist who never belonged nor converted to any branch of Judaism."[10]

Death[edit]

William Saunders Crowdy died on August 4, 1908, in Newark, New Jersey and was buried in Newark. His body was later exhumed and buried in Belleville, Virginia.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Bleich, J. David (Spring–Summer 1975). "Black Jews: A Halakhic Perspective". Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought. 15 (1): 63. JSTOR 23258489. Crowdy claimed to be the recipient of a series of revelations in which, among other things, he was told that Blacks were descendants of the twelve lost tribes of Israel.
  2. ^ Elly M. Wynia, The Church of God and Saints of Christ: A History of the Black Jews Taylor and Francis Press, p. 19
  3. ^ Beersheba C. Walker. The Life and Works of William S. Crowdy, E.J.P. Walker Press, 1955
  4. ^ Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 5. Greenwood. p. 62.
  5. ^ "Slave name", Wikipedia, 2022-06-03, retrieved 2022-09-04
  6. ^ [1] Civil War Regiment Records, National Park Service, Retrieved July 6, 2007
  7. ^ "Soldier Demographic Information: Daniel Crowdy". College of Southern Maryland. 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  8. ^ a b c Jacob S. Dorman: Black Israelites aka Black Jews aka Black Hebrews: Black Israelism,In Eugene V. Gallagher & William M. Ashcraft (eds.): Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Greenwood, 2006.
  9. ^ Rubel, Nora L. (2009). "'Chased Out of Palestine': Prophet Cherry's Church of God and Early Black Judaisms in the United States". In Curtis IV, Edward E.; Sigler, Danielle Brune (eds.). The New Black Gods: Arthur Huff Fauset and the Study of African American Religions. Indiana University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780253004086. In 1893, Crowdy had a vision that resulted in the establishment of the Church of God and Saints in Christ.
  10. ^ "A Case of Mistaken Identity: Black Jews & Hebrew Israelites". TribeHerald.com. 16 August 2020. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
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