Hypothermia cap: Difference between revisions
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A '''hypothermia cap''' (also referred to as |
A '''hypothermia cap''' (also referred to as '''cold cap''' or '''cooling cap''') is a therapeutic device used to cool the human scalp. Its most prominent medical applications are in preventing or reducing [[alopecia]] in [[chemotherapy]], and for preventing [[cerebral palsy]] in babies born with [[hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy|neonatal encephalopathy caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)]]. It can also be used to provide [[neuroprotection]] after [[cardiac arrest]], to inhibit [[stroke]] paralysis, and as [[cryotherapy]] for [[migraine headaches]]. |
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Worn tight on the head, hypothermia caps are typically made of a synthetic such as neoprene, silicone or polyurethane, and filled with a coolant agent such as ice or gel which is either frozen to a very cold temperature ( |
Worn tight on the head, hypothermia caps are typically made of a synthetic such as [[neoprene]], [[silicone]] or [[polyurethane]], and filled with a [[coolant]] agent such as ice or gel which is either frozen to a very cold temperature (−25 °C to −30 °C, or −13 °F to −22 °F) before application or continuously cooled by an auxiliary control unit. |
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In the United States a course of treatment may cost {{US$}}1,500 to {{US$}}3,000.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hershman|first1=DL|title=Scalp Cooling to Prevent Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia: The Time Has Come.|journal=JAMA|date=14 February 2017|volume=317|issue=6|pages=587–588|pmid=28196237|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.21039}}</ref> |
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==Medical uses== |
==Medical uses== |
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===Neonatal encephalopathy=== |
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One side effect of chemotherapy drugs such as [[Epirubicin]], [[Docetaxel]] and [[Adriamycin]], particularly in the treatment of [[breast cancer]], is [[alopecia]]. As a method of preventing or reducing alopecia in chemotherapy patients, a hypothermia cap may be worn to induce local vasoconstriction around hair follicles during peak plasma concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents. The decreased blood flow around the hair follicle lessens or prevents the impact of alopecia-inducing chemotherapy toxins, thus preserving the follicles, and ultimately the patient's hair. |
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| ⚫ | [[Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]] (HIE) is a condition that occurs when the brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply, and is most commonly observed in newborn babies due to [[birth asphyxia]]. It is the leading cause of [[cerebral palsy]], an irreversible neonatal brain injury that can result in long-term cognitive, motor, and visual impairments. About 10,000 babies are born each year with cerebral palsy. |
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| ⚫ | In such cases, by slowing down cell metabolism and body functions, a hypothermic cap can be used to lessen a baby's need for oxygen. Research throughout the late 1990s and 2000s demonstrated that for every degree a baby's body temperature is lowered, its body functions and demand for energy slow down by 10 to 15 percent. Therefore, slowing metabolic demands through [[hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy|hypothermia therapy]] can rectify a mismatch between oxygen supply and cell need, lowering the risk for cerebral palsy.<ref name="Cronin 2012">{{cite web |last=Cronin |first=Fran |date=January 31, 2012 |url=http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2012/01/oxygen-deprived-newborns-cool-down/ |title=What To Do For Oxygen-Deprived Newborns? Cool Them Down |work=WBUR.org |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref> |
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The first U.S. patent, filed in 1979 and granted in 1984,<ref>[http://www.patents.com/us-4425916.html Bowen, Mark. Cap structure for creating temperature controlled environment for reducing alopecia. Patent No. 4425916]. U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1979-06-01, issued 1984-01-17.</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/patents/USD268696?printsec=drawing#v=onepage&q&f=false Bowen, Mark. Scalp hypothermia cap. Patent No. D268696 (Drawing)]. U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1980-08-18, issued 1983-04-19.</ref> was for [[Mark Barron (entrepreneur)|Mark B. Barron's]] (formerly named Mark Bowen) "Chemo Cap", which consisted of resizable gel-filled nylon pouches that were frozen and worn for 15 to 20 minutes prior to treatment.<ref>Lawrence, Gary (September 2, 1979). [http://markbbarron.com/img/chemocap-article.jpg "Cap helps prevent patient's loss of hair in cancer treatment"]. ''Valley News'', Los Angeles, CA, p. 7.</ref> However, studies throughout the 1980s and early 1990s were not sufficiently encouraging,<ref>{{cite journal | author =Grevelman EG |date=March 2005 | title =Prevention of chemotherapy-induced hair loss by scalp cooling. | journal =Annals of Oncology | volume =16 | issue =3 | pages =352–8 | pmid =15642703 | doi =10.1093/annonc/mdi088}}</ref> and the patent expired in 1998. An analysis of 53 studies from 1995 through 2003, however, showed an average success rate of 73%,<ref>''Ibid''.</ref> and correspondingly, interest in scalp cooling in the prevention of alopecia in chemotherapy patients was renewed. Subsequent studies have shown success rates of 80 to 90 percent with certain chemotherapy regimens;<ref>Weiss, Stefanie (January 11, 2011). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/10/AR2011011006036.html "Breast cancer patient uses super-chilled headgear to try to retain her hair"]. ''Washington Post''.</ref> one 2010 study by researchers in Finland reported a reduction of alopecia, in differing amounts, in 100% of the 64 participants who used the caps, with 20 percent opting to wear a wig following treatment.<ref>Braff, Danielle (January 4, 2012). [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-01-04/health/sc-health-0104-chemo-cap-20120104_1_dignicap-hair-loss-follicles "Cold caps show promise in keeping hair through chemo"]. ''Chicago Tribune''.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Among babies who meet the criteria for hypothermia therapy—full-term with no known pre-existing conditions, having neonatal distress, and an abnormal neurological exam<ref name="Cronin 2012"/>—cooling must begin within six hours of birth and body temperature must be maintained at 33–34 °C (91–93 °F) for 72 hours before being gradually warmed again. An alternative to hypothermia caps involves pumping cold water through a specially adapted blanket, cooling the whole body.<ref>{{cite web |last=Laurance |first=Jeremy |date=October 1, 2009 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/cooling-cure-averts-infant-brain-damage-1795740.html |title=Cooling 'cure' averts infant brain damage |work=The Independent |location=United Kingdom}}</ref> |
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Presently, the DigniCap Scalp Cooling System and the Penguin Cold Caps are being used throughout Europe, and both are undergoing testing in the United States for use in those with breast cancer while awaiting FDA approval.<ref>Black, Rosemary (December 21, 2010). [http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-12-21/entertainment/27085072_1_cancer-patients-breast-hair-follicles "DigniCap, an experimental cold cap, may help cancer patients undergoing chemo keep hair"]. ''New York Daily News''.</ref><ref>Aleccia, JoNel (December 20, 2010). [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40718154/ns/health-cancer/#.TzRwtmB906I "Cold caps may help cancer patients keep their hair"]. MSNBC.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.dignitana.com/uploads/2011/DIGN-20110125-1.pdf "DigniCapTM system to be tested at Wake Forest Baptist for cancer patients"] (Press release). [http://www.dignicap.com Dignitana AB]. January 25, 2010. Retrieved 2012-12-12.</ref> The DigniCap was first made available in Sweden in the mid-1990s,<ref>''Ibid''. 6</ref> and of the over 4,000 patients who have used it, over 85% reported keeping their hair.<ref>Dance, Amber (December 27, 2010). [http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/27/health/la-he-hair-loss-chemotherapy-20101227 "Cooling caps tested to help cancer patients keep hair"]. ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> In the DigniCap, coolant is cooled with the aid of a compressor and then pumped out into cooling caps. Circulation is controlled by temperature sensors in the cap and regulated by valves. If the temperature deviates from the set values or if other errors are detected, an alarm system is activated.<ref>[http://www.dignitana.com/product/the_dignicap_scalp_cooling_system.php "The DigniCap™ scalp cooling system"] (Press release). Dignitana AB. Retrieved 2012-02-12.</ref> The Penguin Cold Cap, invented by Frank Fronda of Medical Specialties of California and introduced in 1994,<ref>http://www.penguincoldcaps.com</ref> involves continuous application of caps filled with crylon gel cooled to -30 °C (-22 °F) to the scalp every 20 to 30 minutes before, during and after intravenous chemotherapy.<ref>[http://www.msc-worldwide.com/ Penguin Cold Cap Therapy: Welcome]. Medical Specialties of California. Retrieved 2012-02-12.</ref><ref>Zalkin, Morgan (October 28, 2010). [http://abcnews.go.com/Health/OnCallPlus/cold-cap-therapy-women-chemotherapy-hair/story?id=11985624#.TzgO5WB906J "Cold Cap Therapy May Help Women Undergoing Chemotherapy Keep Hair"]. ABC News.</ref> Chemo Cold Caps, provides people with a turn key scalp cooling solution that makes the process of trying to reduce chemotherapy induced alopecia much simpler. |
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| ⚫ | Induced pediatric hypothermia was approved in the U.S. by the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] in March 2007. The most prominent such hypothermia cap which utilizes a cooling unit, a control unit and temperature probes to maintain a steady flow of cool water through a cap covering the head.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108813.htm |title=FDA Approves Novel Device That Prevents or Reduces Brain Damage in Infants |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=December 20, 2006 |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref> |
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One reason for the slow adoption of hypothermia caps in the U.S. is concern that the caps could produce a corresponding increase in metastases of the scalp. However, a study published in 2009 showed an incidence of scalp metastasis of 1.1% (six cases out of 553 patients) among women who used scalp cooling and 1.2% (one case out of 87 patients) among women who did not use scalp cooling.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lemieux J, Amireault C, Provencher L, Maunsell, E |year=2009 |title=Incidence of scalp metastases in breast cancer: a retrospective cohort study in women who were offered scalp cooling |journal=Breast Cancer Research and Treatment |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=547–552 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |issn=0167-6806 |doi=10.1007/s10549-009-0342-0 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-009-0342-0}}</ref> Scalp cooling has been shown effective in reducing alopecia caused by anthracyclines and taxanes, but not when the two are used in combination.<ref>''Ibid''. 11</ref> |
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===Cardiac arrest=== |
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| ⚫ | A 2008 trial demonstrated that the pre-hospital induction of [[therapeutic hypothermia]] after cardiac arrest as soon as possible after [[return of spontaneous circulation]] (ROSC) can achieve optimal neuroprotective benefit. The hypothermia cap was applied to 20 patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, with a median of 10 min after ROSC. The median time between initiation of cooling and hospital admission was 28 minutes. No side effects related to the hypothermia cap were observed. The study concluded that "prehospital use of hypothermia caps is a safe and effective procedure to start therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. This approach is rapidly available, inexpensive, non-invasive, easy to learn and applicable in almost any situation."<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Christian |last1=Storm |first2=Joerg C. |last2=Schefold |first3=Thoralf |last3=Kerner |first4=Willi |last4=Schmidbauer |first5=Jola |last5=Gloza |first6=Anne |last6=Krueger |first7=Achim |last7=Jörres |first8=Dietrich |last8=Hasper |date=October 2008 | title=Prehospital cooling with hypothermia caps (PreCoCa): a feasibility study | journal =Clinical Research in Cardiology | volume =97 | issue =10 | pages =768–72 | pmid =18512093 | doi =10.1007/s00392-008-0678-1|s2cid=24467783 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | [[Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]] (HIE) is a condition that occurs when the brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply, and is most commonly observed in newborn babies due to [[birth asphyxia]]. It is the leading cause of [[cerebral palsy]], an irreversible neonatal brain injury that can result in long-term cognitive, motor, and visual impairments. About 10,000 babies are born each year with cerebral palsy. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | In such cases, by slowing down cell metabolism and body functions, a hypothermic cap can be used to lessen a baby's need for oxygen. Research throughout the late 1990s and 2000s demonstrated that for every degree a baby's body temperature is lowered, its body functions and demand for energy slow down by 10 to 15 percent. Therefore, slowing metabolic demands through [[hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy|hypothermia therapy]] can rectify a mismatch between oxygen supply and cell need, lowering the risk for cerebral palsy.<ref>Cronin |
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Hypothermia caps appear useful to prevent [[hair loss]] during some kinds of [[chemotherapy]], specifically when [[taxanes]] or [[anthracyclines]] are used.<ref name="Grevelman 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Grevelman|first1=EG|last2=Breed|first2=WP|title=Prevention of chemotherapy-induced hair loss by scalp cooling.|journal=Annals of Oncology|date=March 2005|volume=16|issue=3|pages=352–8|pmid=15642703|doi=10.1093/annonc/mdi088|doi-access=}}</ref> It should not be used when cancer is present in the skin of the scalp or in people with [[lymphoma]] or [[leukemia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Breed|first1=WP|title=What is wrong with the 30-year-old practice of scalp cooling for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced hair loss?|journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |date=January 2004|volume=12|issue=1|pages=3–5|pmid=14615930|doi=10.1007/s00520-003-0551-8|s2cid=25031894 }}</ref> There are generally only minor side effects from treatment.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Komen|first1=MM|last2=Smorenburg|first2=CH|last3=van den Hurk|first3=CJ|last4=Nortier|first4=JW|title=[Scalp cooling for chemotherapy-induced alopecia].|journal=Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde|date=2011|volume=155|issue=45|pages=A3768|pmid=22085565}}</ref> |
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The first U.S. patent, filed in 1979 and granted in 1984,<ref>{{cite patent |inventor-last=Bowen |inventor-first=Mark |title=Cap structure for creating temperature controlled environment for reducing alopecia |number=4425916 |country=US |fdate=1979-06-01 |gdate=1984-01-17}}</ref><ref>Bowen, Mark. [http://www.google.com/patents/USD268696?printsec=drawing#v=onepage&q&f=false Scalp hypothermia cap. Patent No. D268696 (Drawing)]. U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1980-08-18, issued 1983-04-19.</ref> was for [[Mark Barron (entrepreneur)|Mark Barron's]] "Chemo Cap", which consisted of resizable gel-filled nylon pouches that were frozen and worn for 15 to 20 minutes prior to treatment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lawrence |first=Gary |date=September 2, 1979 |url=http://markbbarron.com/img/chemocap-article.jpg |title=Cap helps prevent patient's loss of hair in cancer treatment |newspaper=Valley News |location=Los Angeles, CA |page=7 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618100351/http://markbbarron.com/img/chemocap-article.jpg |archivedate=June 18, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, studies throughout the 1980s and early 1990s were not sufficiently encouraging,<ref name="Grevelman 2005"/> and the patent expired in 1998. An analysis of 53 studies from 1995 through 2003, however, showed an average success rate of 73%.<ref name="Grevelman 2005"/> |
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| ⚫ | Among babies who meet the criteria for hypothermia therapy—full-term with no known pre-existing conditions, having neonatal distress, and an abnormal neurological exam<ref |
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Today there are two types of caps; Manual cold caps sometimes referred to as 'Cold Caps/Cold Capping' & machine cooling often referred to as 'Scalp Cooling' However they can be used interchangeably. |
|||
| ⚫ | Induced pediatric hypothermia was approved in the U.S. by the FDA in March 2007. The most prominent such hypothermia cap |
||
There are three major providers of scalp cooling; Penguin Cold Cap, Paxman & Dignitana. |
|||
===Cardiac arrest=== |
|||
| ⚫ | A 2008 trial demonstrated that the pre-hospital induction of [[therapeutic hypothermia]] after cardiac arrest as soon as possible after [[return of spontaneous circulation]] (ROSC) can achieve optimal neuroprotective benefit. The hypothermia cap was applied to 20 patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, with a median of 10 min after ROSC. The median time between initiation of cooling and hospital admission was 28 minutes. No side effects related to the hypothermia cap were observed. The study concluded that "prehospital use of hypothermia caps is a safe and effective procedure to start therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. This approach is rapidly available, inexpensive, non-invasive, easy to learn and applicable in almost any situation."<ref>{{cite journal | |
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===Other uses=== |
===Other uses=== |
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The use of hypothermia caps has also shown promise in inhibiting [[stroke]] [[paralysis]]. Studies are underway testing a combination treatment consisting of four drugs plus a hypothermia cap to try to slow the cell death that is triggered by an [[ischemic stroke]].<ref>Ruttan, Susan (January 27, 2006). [http://www.chemocap.com/images/icy.jpg "Icy head may reduce stroke"]. ''The Windsor Star''. p. D10</ref> Ischemic strokes are caused when a clot blocks blood flow to the brain, and comprise roughly 80% of all strokes.<ref |
The use of hypothermia caps has also shown promise in inhibiting [[stroke]] [[paralysis]]. Studies are underway testing a combination treatment consisting of four drugs plus a hypothermia cap to try to slow the cell death that is triggered by an [[ischemic stroke]].<ref name="Ruttan 2006">Ruttan, Susan (January 27, 2006). [http://www.chemocap.com/images/icy.jpg "Icy head may reduce stroke"]. ''The Windsor Star''. p. D10</ref> Ischemic strokes are caused when a clot blocks blood flow to the brain, and comprise roughly 80% of all strokes.<ref name="Ruttan 2006"/> The slowing of cell death is theorized to give the brain time to find an alternate blood supply through unblocked arteries, meaning patients may potentially avoid physical and speech impairments caused by ischemic strokes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =van der Worp |first1=H B |last2=Macleod |first2=M R |last3=Kollmar |first3=R |date=June 2010 | title=Therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischemic stroke: ready to start large randomized trials? | journal =Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism | publisher=Nature Publishing Group | volume =30 | issue =6 | pages =1079–93 | doi =10.1038/jcbfm.2010.44|pmc=2949207 | pmid=20354545}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Numerous studies have also suggested that therapeutic hypothermia can provide safe and effective adjunctive treatment for migraine headaches. For instance, a 1989 study in ''Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain'' showed 64.5% of 45 patients with migraine or migraine plus chronic daily headache evaluated use of a cold wrap for 20 to 30 minutes as mildly, moderately or completely effective.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Robbins |first=L. D. | year =1989 | title=Cryotherapy for Headache. | journal =Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain | volume =29 | issue =9 | pages =598–600 | doi =10.1111/j.1526-4610.1989.hed2909598.x|pmid=2584002 |s2cid=42372766 }}</ref> In a 1984 study using a frozen gel pack, 80% of migraine patients reported the pack was effective. Numerous over-the-counter hypothermia caps today offer therapy for headaches.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Diamond S, Freitag FG |date=January 1986 | title=Cold as an adjunctive therapy for headache. | journal =Postgraduate Medicine | volume =79 | issue =1 | pages =305–9 | pmid =3941818 | doi = 10.1080/00325481.1986.11699255}}</ref> |
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==Side effects== |
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In tests, minor [[cardiac arrhythmias]] occurred slightly more often in cooled infants, however the effect was not unexpected because mild [[sinus bradycardia]] is known to be associated with [[hypothermia]]. In tests, all cases were resolved with appropriate therapy. The cold cap system also increased the incidence of scalp [[edema]]; however, all cases were resolved prior to or after completion of treatment.<ref name="medscape">{{cite web |author=Waknine, Yael |title=FDA Approvals: Olympic Cool-Cap, Spanner Stent, CellSearch System|publisher=MedscapeCME |date=January 3, 2006|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/550202 |accessdate=October 8, 2009 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Numerous studies have also suggested that therapeutic hypothermia can provide safe and effective adjunctive treatment for migraine headaches. For instance, a 1989 study in ''Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain'' showed 64.5% of 45 patients with migraine or migraine plus chronic daily headache evaluated use of a cold wrap for 20 to 30 minutes as mildly, moderately or completely effective.<ref>{{cite journal | |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Therapeutic hypothermia]] |
* [[Therapeutic hypothermia]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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[[Category:Medical |
[[Category:Medical devices]] |
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[[Category:Cooling technology]] |
[[Category:Cooling technology]] |
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[[Category:Caps]] |
[[Category:Caps]] |
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Revision as of 09:20, 10 May 2024
A hypothermia cap (also referred to as cold cap or cooling cap) is a therapeutic device used to cool the human scalp. Its most prominent medical applications are in preventing or reducing alopecia in chemotherapy, and for preventing cerebral palsy in babies born with neonatal encephalopathy caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). It can also be used to provide neuroprotection after cardiac arrest, to inhibit stroke paralysis, and as cryotherapy for migraine headaches.
Worn tight on the head, hypothermia caps are typically made of a synthetic such as neoprene, silicone or polyurethane, and filled with a coolant agent such as ice or gel which is either frozen to a very cold temperature (−25 °C to −30 °C, or −13 °F to −22 °F) before application or continuously cooled by an auxiliary control unit.
In the United States a course of treatment may cost US$1,500 to US$3,000.[1]
Medical uses
Neonatal encephalopathy
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition that occurs when the brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply, and is most commonly observed in newborn babies due to birth asphyxia. It is the leading cause of cerebral palsy, an irreversible neonatal brain injury that can result in long-term cognitive, motor, and visual impairments. About 10,000 babies are born each year with cerebral palsy.
In such cases, by slowing down cell metabolism and body functions, a hypothermic cap can be used to lessen a baby's need for oxygen. Research throughout the late 1990s and 2000s demonstrated that for every degree a baby's body temperature is lowered, its body functions and demand for energy slow down by 10 to 15 percent. Therefore, slowing metabolic demands through hypothermia therapy can rectify a mismatch between oxygen supply and cell need, lowering the risk for cerebral palsy.[2]
Among babies who meet the criteria for hypothermia therapy—full-term with no known pre-existing conditions, having neonatal distress, and an abnormal neurological exam[2]—cooling must begin within six hours of birth and body temperature must be maintained at 33–34 °C (91–93 °F) for 72 hours before being gradually warmed again. An alternative to hypothermia caps involves pumping cold water through a specially adapted blanket, cooling the whole body.[3]
Induced pediatric hypothermia was approved in the U.S. by the FDA in March 2007. The most prominent such hypothermia cap which utilizes a cooling unit, a control unit and temperature probes to maintain a steady flow of cool water through a cap covering the head.[4]
Cardiac arrest
A 2008 trial demonstrated that the pre-hospital induction of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest as soon as possible after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) can achieve optimal neuroprotective benefit. The hypothermia cap was applied to 20 patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, with a median of 10 min after ROSC. The median time between initiation of cooling and hospital admission was 28 minutes. No side effects related to the hypothermia cap were observed. The study concluded that "prehospital use of hypothermia caps is a safe and effective procedure to start therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. This approach is rapidly available, inexpensive, non-invasive, easy to learn and applicable in almost any situation."[5]
Chemotherapy-induced hair loss
Hypothermia caps appear useful to prevent hair loss during some kinds of chemotherapy, specifically when taxanes or anthracyclines are used.[6] It should not be used when cancer is present in the skin of the scalp or in people with lymphoma or leukemia.[7] There are generally only minor side effects from treatment.[8]
The first U.S. patent, filed in 1979 and granted in 1984,[9][10] was for Mark Barron's "Chemo Cap", which consisted of resizable gel-filled nylon pouches that were frozen and worn for 15 to 20 minutes prior to treatment.[11] However, studies throughout the 1980s and early 1990s were not sufficiently encouraging,[6] and the patent expired in 1998. An analysis of 53 studies from 1995 through 2003, however, showed an average success rate of 73%.[6]
Today there are two types of caps; Manual cold caps sometimes referred to as 'Cold Caps/Cold Capping' & machine cooling often referred to as 'Scalp Cooling' However they can be used interchangeably.
There are three major providers of scalp cooling; Penguin Cold Cap, Paxman & Dignitana.
Other uses
The use of hypothermia caps has also shown promise in inhibiting stroke paralysis. Studies are underway testing a combination treatment consisting of four drugs plus a hypothermia cap to try to slow the cell death that is triggered by an ischemic stroke.[12] Ischemic strokes are caused when a clot blocks blood flow to the brain, and comprise roughly 80% of all strokes.[12] The slowing of cell death is theorized to give the brain time to find an alternate blood supply through unblocked arteries, meaning patients may potentially avoid physical and speech impairments caused by ischemic strokes.[13]
Numerous studies have also suggested that therapeutic hypothermia can provide safe and effective adjunctive treatment for migraine headaches. For instance, a 1989 study in Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain showed 64.5% of 45 patients with migraine or migraine plus chronic daily headache evaluated use of a cold wrap for 20 to 30 minutes as mildly, moderately or completely effective.[14] In a 1984 study using a frozen gel pack, 80% of migraine patients reported the pack was effective. Numerous over-the-counter hypothermia caps today offer therapy for headaches.[15]
Side effects
In tests, minor cardiac arrhythmias occurred slightly more often in cooled infants, however the effect was not unexpected because mild sinus bradycardia is known to be associated with hypothermia. In tests, all cases were resolved with appropriate therapy. The cold cap system also increased the incidence of scalp edema; however, all cases were resolved prior to or after completion of treatment.[16]
See also
References
- ^ Hershman, DL (14 February 2017). "Scalp Cooling to Prevent Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia: The Time Has Come". JAMA. 317 (6): 587–588. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.21039. PMID 28196237.
- ^ a b Cronin, Fran (January 31, 2012). "What To Do For Oxygen-Deprived Newborns? Cool Them Down". WBUR.org. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
- ^ Laurance, Jeremy (October 1, 2009). "Cooling 'cure' averts infant brain damage". The Independent. United Kingdom.
- ^ "FDA Approves Novel Device That Prevents or Reduces Brain Damage in Infants" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. December 20, 2006. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
- ^ Storm, Christian; Schefold, Joerg C.; Kerner, Thoralf; Schmidbauer, Willi; Gloza, Jola; Krueger, Anne; Jörres, Achim; Hasper, Dietrich (October 2008). "Prehospital cooling with hypothermia caps (PreCoCa): a feasibility study". Clinical Research in Cardiology. 97 (10): 768–72. doi:10.1007/s00392-008-0678-1. PMID 18512093. S2CID 24467783.
- ^ a b c Grevelman, EG; Breed, WP (March 2005). "Prevention of chemotherapy-induced hair loss by scalp cooling". Annals of Oncology. 16 (3): 352–8. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdi088. PMID 15642703.
- ^ Breed, WP (January 2004). "What is wrong with the 30-year-old practice of scalp cooling for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced hair loss?". Supportive Care in Cancer. 12 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1007/s00520-003-0551-8. PMID 14615930. S2CID 25031894.
- ^ Komen, MM; Smorenburg, CH; van den Hurk, CJ; Nortier, JW (2011). "[Scalp cooling for chemotherapy-induced alopecia]". Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. 155 (45): A3768. PMID 22085565.
- ^ US 4425916, Bowen, Mark, "Cap structure for creating temperature controlled environment for reducing alopecia", issued 1984-01-17
- ^ Bowen, Mark. Scalp hypothermia cap. Patent No. D268696 (Drawing). U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1980-08-18, issued 1983-04-19.
- ^ Lawrence, Gary (September 2, 1979). "Cap helps prevent patient's loss of hair in cancer treatment". Valley News. Los Angeles, CA. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016.
- ^ a b Ruttan, Susan (January 27, 2006). "Icy head may reduce stroke". The Windsor Star. p. D10
- ^ van der Worp, H B; Macleod, M R; Kollmar, R (June 2010). "Therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischemic stroke: ready to start large randomized trials?". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 30 (6). Nature Publishing Group: 1079–93. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.44. PMC 2949207. PMID 20354545.
- ^ Robbins, L. D. (1989). "Cryotherapy for Headache". Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 29 (9): 598–600. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1989.hed2909598.x. PMID 2584002. S2CID 42372766.
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