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Union territory: Difference between revisions

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{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Form of administrative division in India}}
{{Short description|Form of administrative division in India}}
{{About|the union territories of India|other uses|Federal territory|and|Union territory (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the union territories of India|other uses|Federal territory|and|Union territory (disambiguation)}}
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}}
}}


A '''union territory''' is a type of [[administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[India|Republic of India]]. Unlike the [[states and union territories of India|states of India]], which have their own governments, union territories are [[federal territory|federal territories]] governed, in part or in whole, by the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]].<ref name="UT" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/knowindia/state_uts.php |title=States and Union Territories |publisher=KnowIndia.gov.in |access-date=2013-11-17|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024173954/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php |archive-date=2013-10-24|df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/union-territories.html|title=Union Territories of India|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122082149/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/union-territories.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There are currently eight union territories in India, namely [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].
A '''union territory''' is a type of [[administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[India|Republic of India]]. Unlike the [[states and union territories of India|states of India]], which have their own governments, union territories are [[federal territory|federal territories]] governed, in part or in whole, by the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]].<ref name="UT" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/knowindia/state_uts.php |title=States and Union Territories |publisher=KnowIndia.gov.in |access-date=2013-11-17|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024173954/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php |archive-date=2013-10-24|df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/union-territories.html|title=Union Territories of India|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122082149/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/union-territories.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There are currently eight union territories in India: [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Delhi|Delhi (NCT)]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].



== History ==
== History ==
Line 48: Line 48:
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]


By the early 1970s, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh had become full-fledged states, and [[Chandigarh]] became a union territory. Another three ([[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]) were formed from acquired territories that formerly belonged to non-British colonial powers ([[Portuguese India]] and [[French India]], respectively).
By the early 1970s, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh had become full-fledged states, and [[Chandigarh]] became a union territory. Another three ([[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]) were formed from acquired territories that formerly belonged to non-British colonial powers ([[Portuguese India]] and [[French India]], respectively).


In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]]. The act contains provisions to reconstitute the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories, one to be eponymously called [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and the other [[Ladakh]] on 31 October 2019.
In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]]. The act contains provisions to reconstitute the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories, one to be eponymously called [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and the other [[Ladakh]] on 31 October 2019.


In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Daman and Diu]] into a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=2019-07-10 | agency=The Print | access-date=2019-08-22 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi | archive-date=14 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414072735/https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Press Trust of India|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs -- Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|date=2019-11-22|access-date=2019-11-22|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414072252/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite act|type=|index=|date=21 November 2019|article=Article 240 (2)|article-type=|legislature=[[Lok Sabha]]|title=Bill No. 366 of 2019|trans-title=The Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union Territories) Bill, 2019|page=|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|language=en}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021105/http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf |date=24 February 2021 }}</ref> this is because these places are very close around .
In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Daman and Diu]] into a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=2019-07-10 | agency=The Print | access-date=2019-08-22 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi | archive-date=14 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414072735/https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Press Trust of India|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs -- Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|date=2019-11-22|access-date=2019-11-22|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414072252/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite act|type=|index=|date=21 November 2019|article=Article 240 (2)|article-type=|legislature=[[Lok Sabha]]|title=Bill No. 366 of 2019|trans-title=The Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union Territories) Bill, 2019|page=|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|language=en}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021105/http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf |date=24 February 2021 }}</ref>



== Administration ==
== Administration ==
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The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states. The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government. Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puducherry-cm-n-rangasamy-seeks-clear-formula-for-devolution-of-central-funds/articleshow/46167853.cms |title=Puducherry CM N Rangasamy seeks 'clear formula' for devolution of Central funds |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929045505/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puducherry-cm-n-rangasamy-seeks-clear-formula-for-devolution-of-central-funds/articleshow/46167853.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As union territories are directly ruled by the [[Government of India|union government]], some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states.
The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states. The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government. Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puducherry-cm-n-rangasamy-seeks-clear-formula-for-devolution-of-central-funds/articleshow/46167853.cms |title=Puducherry CM N Rangasamy seeks 'clear formula' for devolution of Central funds |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929045505/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puducherry-cm-n-rangasamy-seeks-clear-formula-for-devolution-of-central-funds/articleshow/46167853.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As union territories are directly ruled by the [[Government of India|union government]], some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states.


After the introduction of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]], UT-GST is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly. UT- GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udyogsoftware.com/why-union-territory-gst-law-utgst-is-important-under-gst/ |title=Why Union Territory GST law (UTGST) is important? |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031622/http://www.udyogsoftware.com/why-union-territory-gst-law-utgst-is-important-under-gst/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
After the introduction of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]], UT-GST is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly. UT-GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udyogsoftware.com/why-union-territory-gst-law-utgst-is-important-under-gst/ |title=Why Union Territory GST law (UTGST) is important? |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031622/http://www.udyogsoftware.com/why-union-territory-gst-law-utgst-is-important-under-gst/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Constitutional status ==
== Constitutional status ==
Line 76: Line 75:


== Current union territories ==
== Current union territories ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:8%;"|Union territory


{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|[[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
|+
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|[[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle<br />code]]
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|[[Zonal Council|Zone]]
! scope="col"|State<ref name="SUT"/>
! scope="col"|[[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|title=ISO codes|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|Capital
! scope="col"|[[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle <br/> code]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aptransport.org/html/registration-statecodes.html|title=Registration statecodes|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|Largest city
! scope="col"|[[Zonal Council|Zone]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/en/page/zonal-council|title=Zonal council|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|UT established
! scope="col"|Capital<ref name="SUT">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/|title=State/UTs and capitals|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|Population
! scope="col"|Largest city<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 - Class I|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|[[List of states and union territories of India by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col"|{{tooltip|Established|Date of establishment as a state}}<ref name="State">{{cite report|url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/Research_notes/English/Re_org_English.pdf|title=States Reorganisation|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:8%;"|Official<br />languages
! scope="col"|[[List of states and union territories of India by population|Population]] <br/> ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref>{{cite report|title=State-wise population|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:8%;"|Additional official<br />languages
! scope="col"|[[List of states and union territories of India by area|Area]] <br/> (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref>{{cite report|url=https://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SelectedSocio-EconomicStatisticsIndia2017_27oct17.pdf|title=Socio-economic statistics|access-date=1 January 2019|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"|Official <br/> languages<ref name="Lang">{{cite web|url=http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"|Additional official <br/> languages<ref name="Lang"/>
|-
|-
! scope="row"|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
! scope="row"|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| IN-AN
| IN-AN
| AN
| AN
| Southern
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
| colspan=2|[[Port Blair]]
| colspan=2|[[Port Blair]]
| 1 November 1956
| 1 November 1956
| align=right|380,581
| 380,581
| align=right|8,249
| 8,249
| [[Hindi]], English
| [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| —
| —
|-
|-
Line 105: Line 104:
| IN-CH
| IN-CH
| CH
| CH
| Northern
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| colspan="2" | [[Chandigarh]]
| colspan="2" | [[Chandigarh]]
| 1 November 1966
| 1 November 1966
| align=right|1,055,450
| 1,055,450
| align=right|114
| 114
| English
| [[English language|English]]
| —
| —
|-
|-
Line 116: Line 115:
| IN-DH
| IN-DH
| DD
| DD
| Western
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
|[[Daman, India|Daman]]
|[[Daman, India|Daman]]
|[[Silvassa]]
|[[Silvassa]]
| 26 January 2020
| 26 January 2020
| align=right|587,106
| 587,106
| align=right|603
| 603
| Hindi, English
| Hindi, English
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
Line 128: Line 127:
| IN-DL
| IN-DL
| DL
| DL
| Northern
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
| 1 November 1956
| 1 November 1956
| align=right|16,787,941
| 16,787,941
| align=right|1,484
| 1,484
| Hindi, English
| [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Urdu
| [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
! scope="row" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| IN-JK
| IN-JK
| JK
| JK
| Northern
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[Srinagar]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Jammu]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jkslsa.gov.in/states.php|title=Jammu and Kashmir capital|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Legal Services Authority}}</ref>
| [[Srinagar]] <small>(Summer)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar {{!}} History, Life, Lakes, & Map|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Srinagar|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820161123/https://www.britannica.com/place/Srinagar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jk_capital">{{Cite news|title=Jammu and Kashmir Government Puts An End To 149-Year-Old Practice Of 'Darbar Move'|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-jammu-and-kashmir-government-puts-an-end-to-149-year-old-practice-of-darbar-move/386683|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Outlook India|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726184112/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-jammu-and-kashmir-government-puts-an-end-to-149-year-old-practice-of-darbar-move/386683|url-status=live}}</ref><br />[[Jammu]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref name="jk_capital" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Jammu {{!}} History, Map, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906130526/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Srinagar]]
| [[Srinagar]]
| 31 October 2019
| 31 October 2019
| style="text-align:right;"|12,258,433
| 12,258,433
| style="text-align:right;"|42,241
| 42,241
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]], English, Hindi, [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], Urdu
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]], English, Hindi, [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| —
| —
|-
|-
Line 152: Line 151:
| IN-LA
| IN-LA
| LA
| LA
| Northern
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[Leh]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Kargil]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ut-hqrs-head-of-police-to-have-sectts-at-both-leh-kargil-mathur/|title=LG, UT Hqrs, Head of Police to have Sectts at both Leh, Kargil: Mathur|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=12 November 2019|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213231004/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ut-hqrs-head-of-police-to-have-sectts-at-both-leh-kargil-mathur/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Leh]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Kargil]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ut-hqrs-head-of-police-to-have-sectts-at-both-leh-kargil-mathur/|title=LG, UT Hqrs, Head of Police to have Sectts at both Leh, Kargil: Mathur|work=Daily Excelsior|date=12 November 2019|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213231004/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ut-hqrs-head-of-police-to-have-sectts-at-both-leh-kargil-mathur/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Leh]]
| [[Leh]]
| 31 October 2019
| 31 October 2019
| style="text-align:right;"|290,492
| 290,492
| style="text-align:right;"|59,146
| 59,146
| Hindi, English
| [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| —
| —
|-
|-
Line 164: Line 163:
| IN-LD
| IN-LD
| LD
| LD
| Southern
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
|[[Kavaratti]]
|[[Kavaratti]]
|[[Andrott]]
|[[Andrott]]
| 1 November 1956
| 1 November 1956
| align=right|64,473
| 64,473
| align=right|32
| 32
| [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| English, Hindi
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|-
|-
Line 176: Line 175:
| IN-PY
| IN-PY
| PY
| PY
| Southern
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
| colspan=2|[[Pondicherry]]
| colspan=2|[[Pondicherry]]
| 16 August 1962
| 16 August 1962
| align=right|1,247,953
| 1,247,953
| align=right|479
| 479
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]], English, French
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|}
|}
Line 187: Line 186:
== Former union territories ==
== Former union territories ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+Former union territories of India<ref name="State"/><ref name="Consti">{{cite report|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/Part1.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|-
!Map
!Name
!Name
![[Zonal Council|Zone]]
![[Zonal Council|Zone]]
!Capital
!Capital
!Area
!Area
!Begin
!UT established
!End
!UT disestablished
!Successor(s)
!Now part of
!Map
|-
|-
| [[File:IN-AR.svg|50px]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| North-Eastern
| [[North-Eastern Zonal Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Itanagar]]
| [[Itanagar]]
| {{cvt|83743|km²}}
| {{cvt|83743|km2}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| {{dts|20 February 1987}}
| {{dts|20 February 1987}}
| As an Indian state
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-AR.svg|50px]]
|-
|-
| [[File:IN-DN.svg|50px]]
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| Western
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
| [[Silvassa]]
| [[Silvassa]]
| {{cvt|491|km²}}
| {{cvt|491|km2}}
| {{dts|11 August 1961}}
| {{dts|11 August 1961}}
| {{dts|26 January 2020}}
| {{dts|26 January 2020}}
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] (UT)
| [[File:IN-DN.svg|50px]]
|-
|-
| [[File:IN-DD.svg|50px]]
| [[Daman and Diu]]
| [[Daman and Diu]]
| Western
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
| [[Daman, India|Daman]]
| [[Daman, India|Daman]]
| {{cvt|112|km²}}
| {{cvt|112|km2}}
| {{dts|30 May 1987}}
| {{dts|30 May 1987}}
| {{dts|26 January 2020}}
| {{dts|26 January 2020}}
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] (UT)
| [[File:IN-DD.svg|50px]]
|-
|-
| [[File:IN-GDD.svg|50px]]
| [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]
| [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]
| Western
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
| [[Panaji]]
| [[Panaji]]
| {{cvt|3814|km²}}
| {{cvt|3814|km2}}
| {{dts|19 December 1961}}
| {{dts|19 December 1961}}
| {{dts|30 May 1987}}
| {{dts|30 May 1987}}
| [[Goa]] state and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory
| [[Goa]] (state), [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] (UT)
| [[File:IN-GDD.svg|50px]]
|-
|-
| [[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]]
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| Northern
| [[Shimla]]
| [[Shimla]]
| {{cvt|55673|km²}}
| {{cvt|55673|km2}}
| {{dts|1 November 1956}}
| {{dts|1 November 1956}}
| {{dts|25 January 1971}}
| {{dts|25 January 1971}}
| As an Indian state
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
|-
| [[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
| [[Manipur]]
| [[Manipur]]
| North-Eastern
| [[North-Eastern Zonal Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Imphal]]
| [[Imphal]]
| {{cvt|22327|km²}}
| {{cvt|22327|km2}}
| {{dts|1 November 1956}}
| {{dts|1 November 1956}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| As an Indian state
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|-
|-
| [[Union Territory of Mizoram|Mizoram]]
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
| [[North-Eastern Zonal Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Mizoram]]
| North-Eastern
| [[Aizawl]]
| [[Aizawl]]
| {{cvt|21,081|km²}}
| {{cvt|21,081|km2}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| {{dts|20 February 1987}}
| {{dts|20 February 1987}}
| As an Indian state
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
|-
|-
| [[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
| [[Nagaland]]
| [[Nagaland]]
| North-Eastern
| [[North-Eastern Zonal Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Kohima]]
| [[Kohima]]
| {{cvt|16579|km²}}
| {{cvt|16579|km2}}
| {{dts|29 November 1957}}
| {{dts|29 November 1957}}
| {{dts|1 December 1963}}
| {{dts|1 December 1963}}
| As an Indian state
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
|-
|-
| [[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
| [[Tripura]]
| [[Tripura]]
| North-Eastern
| [[North-Eastern Zonal Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Agartala]]
| [[Agartala]]
| {{cvt|10491|km²}}
| {{cvt|10491|km2}}
| {{dts|1 November 1956}}
| {{dts|1 November 1956}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| {{dts|21 January 1972}}
| As an Indian state
| As an Indian state
| [[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|}
|}


Line 284: Line 284:


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Staff Selection Commission]]
* [[Federalism in India]]
* [[Federalism in India]]
* [[Lawmaking procedure in India]]
* [[Lawmaking procedure in India]]
* [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]
* [[List of acts of the Parliament of India]]
* [[List of acts of the Parliament of India]]
* [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]
* [[Staff Selection Commission]]


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 12:15, 11 May 2024

Union territory
CategoryFederated states
LocationRepublic of India
Number8 (as of 2022)
PopulationsLakshadweep – 64,473 (lowest)
National Capital Territory of Delhi – 31,181,376 (highest)
AreasLakshadweep – 32 km2 (12 sq mi) (smallest)
Ladakh – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) (largest)
Government
Subdivisions

A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed, in part or in whole, by the Union Government of India.[1][2][3] There are currently eight union territories in India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Delhi (NCT), Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep and Puducherry.

History

Comparison of the administrative divisions of India in 1951 and 1956

When the Constitution of India was adopted in 1949, the Indian federal structure included:

After the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Part C and Part D states were combined into a single category of "Union territory". Due to various other reorganisations, only 6 union territories remained:

By the early 1970s, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh had become full-fledged states, and Chandigarh became a union territory. Another three (Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Puducherry) were formed from acquired territories that formerly belonged to non-British colonial powers (Portuguese India and French India, respectively).

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019. The act contains provisions to reconstitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, one to be eponymously called Jammu and Kashmir, and the other Ladakh on 31 October 2019.

In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[5][6][7]

Administration

The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a union territory, as it has done for Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry. Generally, the President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant governor for each UT.[1]

Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir operate differently from the other five. They were given partial statehood and Delhi was redefined as the [National Capital Territory] (NCT) and incorporated into a larger area known as the National Capital Region (NCR). Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir have an elected legislative assembly and an executive council of ministers with a partially state-like function.[8]

Due to the existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their domains and territories of legislation. Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development. The status of "union territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on. These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control.[9]

The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states. The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government. Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government.[10] As union territories are directly ruled by the union government, some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states.

After the introduction of GST, UT-GST is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly. UT-GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories.[11]

Constitutional status

Article 1 (1) of the Indian constitution says that India shall be a "Union of States", which is elaborated under Parts V (The Union) and VI (The States) of the constitution. Article 1 (3) says the territory of India comprises the territories of the states, the union territories and other territories that may be acquired. The concept of union territories was not in the original version of the constitution, but was added by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.[12] Article 366(30) also defines Union territory as any union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the territory of India but not specified in that Schedule. In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India, it is applicable to the whole country including union territories. Where it refers to only India, it applies to all states only but not to union territories. Thus, citizenship (part II), fundamental rights (part III), Directive Principles of State Policy (part IV), Judiciary role, the Union Territories (part VIII), Article 245, etc. apply to union territories as it refers specifically to Territories of India. The executive power of the Union (i.e. union of states only) rests with President of India. The President of India is also the chief administrator of union territories as per Article 239. The union public service commission's role does not apply to all territories of India as it refers to India only in Part XIV.

The constitutional status of a union territory is similar to a state under the perennial president's rule per Article 356 subject to specific exemptions to a few union territories with legislative assembly. As Per Article 240 (1), supreme power is accorded to the president in regulating the affairs of all the union territories except Chandigarh, NCT and Puducherry, including powers to override the laws made by Parliament and the constitution of India. Article 240 (2) allows implementing tax haven laws in these union territories to attract foreign capital and investments into India instead of depending on foreign tax haven countries.

The difference between states as listed in the First Schedule of the constitution and union territories with legislative assembly is that states were given autonomous powers as provided in the constitution without any possible interference by the parliament whereas UTs with legislative assembly (Part VIII) has similar powers but parliament is empowered to modify or repeal or suspend the laws made by a union territory (ultimate authority by the parliament unlike the independent nature of the states).

Three of the union territories have representation in the upper house of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha: Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry. Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and NCT of Delhi are the only 3 Union Territories that are exceptional among union territories in that each has its own locally elected legislative assembly and have a Chief Minister.[citation needed]

Current union territories

State[13] ISO[14] Vehicle
code
[15]
Zone[16] Capital[13] Largest city[17] Established[18] Population
(2011)[19]
Area
(km2)[20]
Official
languages[21]
Additional official
languages[21]
Andaman and Nicobar Islands IN-AN AN Southern Port Blair 1 November 1956 380,581 8,249 Hindi, English
Chandigarh IN-CH CH Northern Chandigarh 1 November 1966 1,055,450 114 English
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu IN-DH DD Western Daman Silvassa 26 January 2020 587,106 603 Hindi, English Gujarati
Delhi IN-DL DL Northern New Delhi Delhi 1 November 1956 16,787,941 1,484 Hindi, English Urdu, Punjabi[22]
Jammu and Kashmir IN-JK JK Northern Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter)[23]
Srinagar 31 October 2019 12,258,433 42,241 Dogri, English, Hindi, Kashmiri, Urdu
Ladakh IN-LA LA Northern Leh (Summer)
Kargil (Winter)[24]
Leh 31 October 2019 290,492 59,146 Hindi, English
Lakshadweep IN-LD LD Southern Kavaratti Andrott 1 November 1956 64,473 32 Hindi, English Malayalam
Puducherry IN-PY PY Southern Pondicherry 16 August 1962 1,247,953 479 Tamil, French, English Telugu, Malayalam

Former union territories

Former union territories of India[18][25]
Name Zone Capital Area Begin End Successor(s) Map
Arunachal Pradesh North-Eastern Itanagar 83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi) 21 January 1972 20 February 1987 As an Indian state
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Western Silvassa 491 km2 (190 sq mi) 11 August 1961 26 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)
Daman and Diu Western Daman 112 km2 (43 sq mi) 30 May 1987 26 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)
Goa, Daman and Diu Western Panaji 3,814 km2 (1,473 sq mi) 19 December 1961 30 May 1987 Goa (state), Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)
Himachal Northern Shimla 55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi) 1 November 1956 25 January 1971 As an Indian state
Manipur North-Eastern Imphal 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi) 1 November 1956 21 January 1972 As an Indian state
Mizoram North-Eastern Aizawl 21,081 km2 (8,139 sq mi) 21 January 1972 20 February 1987 As an Indian state
Nagaland North-Eastern Kohima 16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi) 29 November 1957 1 December 1963 As an Indian state
Tripura North-Eastern Agartala 10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi) 1 November 1956 21 January 1972 As an Indian state

Proposed union territories

There have been a number of movements and proposals to carve out additional states and union territories.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Union Territories. Know India: National Portal of India Archived 2012-11-26 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "States and Union Territories". KnowIndia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  3. ^ "Union Territories of India". Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  4. ^ "The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956". Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  5. ^ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (10 July 2019). "There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu". New Delhi. The Print. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  6. ^ "Govt plans to merge 2 UTs -- Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli". Press Trust of India. 22 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  7. ^ Bill No. 366 of 2019 [The Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union Territories) Bill, 2019] (PDF) (Article 240 (2)). Lok Sabha. 21 November 2019. Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "Union territories with and without legislature: How will Ladakh be different from Jammu and free fire". India Today. 6 August 2019.
  9. ^ "Supreme Court judgement, New Delhi Municipal Corporation ... vs State Of Punjab Etc.Etc on 19 December, 1996". Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  10. ^ "Puducherry CM N Rangasamy seeks 'clear formula' for devolution of Central funds". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  11. ^ "Why Union Territory GST law (UTGST) is important?". Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  12. ^ "The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956". Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  13. ^ a b "State/UTs and capitals". Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  14. ^ "ISO codes". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  15. ^ "Registration statecodes". Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  16. ^ "Zonal council". Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  17. ^ Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 - Class I (Report). Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  18. ^ a b States Reorganisation (PDF) (Report). Parliament of India. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  19. ^ State-wise population (Report). Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  20. ^ Socio-economic statistics (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  21. ^ a b "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  22. ^ "Official Language Act 2000" (PDF). Government of Delhi. 2 July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  23. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir capital". Jammu and Kashmir Legal Services Authority. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  24. ^ "LG, UT Hqrs, Head of Police to have Sectts at both Leh, Kargil: Mathur". Daily Excelsior. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  25. ^ "Article 1". Constitution of India (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

External links