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{{Short description|Second wife of Frederick II, Count of Celje}}
{{ infobox nobility
{{ infobox noble
|name = Princess Veronika
|image =
|name = Veronika of Desenice
|title = Countess of Celje
|image = Veronika Deseniška.jpg
|title = [[House of Celje|Countess of Celje]]<br>[[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|Princess of the Holy Roman Empire]]
|image_size =
|image_size =
|caption =
|caption = Veronika of Desinić (1817)
|spouse = [[Frederick II, Count of Celje]]
|spouse = [[Frederick II, Count of Celje]]
|birth_date =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|birth_place =
|death_date = 17 October 1425
|death_date = 17 October 1425
|death_place = [[Ojstrica Castle]]
|death_place = [[Ojstrica Castle]], [[Loke, Tabor|Loke]], [[Duchy of Styria]]
}}
}}
'''Veronika of Desenice''' (died 17 October 1425)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://nl.ijs.si/fedora/get/sbl:4255/VIEW/ |title=Veronika Deseniška |trans-title=Veronika of Desenice |encyclopedia=Slovenski biografski leksikon |editors=Vide Ogrin, Petra (electronic ed.). Cankar, Izidor et al. (printed ed.) |year=1925–1991 (printed ed.). 2009 (electronic ed.) |language=Slovenian|last=Grafenauer |first=Bogo |isbn=978-961-268-001-5}}</ref> ({{lang-hr|Veronika Desinićka}}; {{lang-sl|Veronika Deseniška}}) was the second wife of [[Frederick II, Count of Celje]].
'''Veronika of Desenice''' ({{lang-sl|Veronika Deseniška}} or {{lang|sl|Veronika z Desenic}}, {{lang-hr|Veronika Desinićka|lit=Veronika of [[Desinić]]}}; died 17 October 1425)<ref name="SBL">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.slovenska-biografija.si/oseba/sbi776191/ |title=Veronika Deseniška |trans-title=Veronika of Desenice |encyclopedia=Slovenski biografski leksikon |editor1=Vide Ogrin, Petra |year=2009 |language=Slovenian|last=Grafenauer |first=Bogo |isbn=978-961-268-001-5}}</ref> was the second wife of [[Frederick II, Count of Celje]].
She is known for having been subjected to a witch trial by her father-in-law, who objected to her marriage to his son, but failed to have her
condemned and instead had her imprisoned and murdered.


==Early life==
==Early life==

Little is known of her early life. It is believed the name ''Deseniška'' derives from the village of [[Desinić]] in [[Croatia]], where Frederick also had extensive estates, and it appears in the forms ''Dessnitz'', ''Dessenitz'', ''Desnicze'', ''Teschnitz'', ''Teschenitz'', and ''Dessewitz'' in various historical sources.
Little is known of her early life. It is believed the name ''Deseniška'' derives from the village of [[Desinić]] in [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|Croatia]], where Frederick also had extensive estates, and it appears in the forms ''Dessnitz'', ''Dessenitz'', ''Desnicze'', ''Teschnitz'', ''Teschenitz'', and ''Dessewitz'' in various historical sources. The toponym ''Desenice'' is a [[back-formation]] from the adjective ''Deseniška''.

She was possibly employed as a maid to [[Elizabeth of Frankopan]], the first wife of [[Frederick II, Count of Celje]].<ref>Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 58-62</ref>


==Marriage and persecution==
==Marriage and persecution==

Veronika was minor nobility and Frederick's father [[Hermann II, Count of Celje|Hermann II]] was greatly opposed to the marriage. The chronicles of the Counts of Celje suggest he had his son arrested and, while holding him prisoner, initiated a trial against Veronika accusing her of [[witchcraft]]. She was acquitted by the court.
When Elizabeth of Frankopan suddenly died in 1422, Frederick was accused of having murdered her to be able to marry his mistress Veronika,<ref>Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 58-62</ref> and
Frederick's father [[Hermann II, Count of Celje]] accused his son of having committed adultery with Veronika.<ref>Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 58-62</ref>

Frederick negotiated with the Republic of Venice to assure protection for him and Veronika; his negotiations proved successful in 1425, and the same year, he married Veronika against the will of his father as well as the Emperor Sigismund.<ref>Ingrid Roitner: Desinić (Desenik, Deschenitz, Teschnitz) Veronika von: Geliebte und zweite Frau Graf Friedrichs II. von Cilli († 1454). In: Ilse Korotin (Hrsg.): biografıA. Lexikon österreichischer Frauen. Band 1: A–H. Böhlau, Wien/Köln/Weimar 2016, ISBN 978-3-205-79590-2, S. 879.</ref>
Veronika was of lesser status,<ref name="SBL"/> and Frederick's father [[Hermann II, Count of Celje|Hermann II]] was greatly opposed to the marriage.

Emperor Sigismund called upon Frederick, and on his arrival had him captured and returned to his father. The chronicles of the Counts of Celje suggest he had his son arrested and, while holding him prisoner, initiated a witch trial against Veronika, accusing her of having enchanted Frederick and attempted to murder Hermann II by poison.<ref>Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 58-61</ref>
The witch trial failed; provided with good defense, she was acquitted by the court on lack of evidence.<ref>Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 58-61</ref>


==Murder==
==Murder==

Despite the court's ruling, she was incarcerated in [[Ojstrica Castle]] near [[Tabor, Slovenia|Tabor]] and murdered (supposedly on the orders of Hermann II) by being drowned in 1425. She was buried in [[Braslovče]] and a few years later Frederick arranged for her remains to be reburied at the [[Carthusian]] [[monastery]] at [[Jurklošter]] and in her memory also made an endowment to the monastery at [[Bistra, Vrhnika|Bistra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.ijs.si:8080/fedora/get/sbl:4255/VIEW/ |title=Slovenski biografski leksikon |trans-title=Slovene Biographical Lexicon |publisher=Research Centre of the [[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219183158/http://nl.ijs.si:8080/fedora/get/sbl:4255/VIEW/ |archive-date=19 December 2009 |language=Slovenian}}</ref>
Despite the court's ruling, her father-in-law had her incarcerated in [[Ojstrica Castle]] near [[Tabor, Slovenia|Tabor]] where she was murdered, supposedly on the orders of Hermann II, who reportedly ordered his knight Jobst von Helfenberg to drown her in her bath 17 October 1425.<ref>Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 61-62</ref>

She was buried in [[Braslovče]] and a few years later Frederick arranged for her remains to be reburied at the [[Carthusian]] [[monastery]] at [[Jurklošter]] and in her memory also made an endowment to the monastery at [[Bistra, Vrhnika|Bistra]].<ref name="SBL"/>


==In culture==
==In culture==
⚫
Veronika and Frederick's tragic love story, which also marked the beginning of the end of the [[Counts of Celje|House of Cilli]], has been an inspiration for numerous literary creations.


⚫
Veronika and Frederick's tragic love story, which also marked the beginning of the end of the [[Counts of Celje|House of Cilli]], has been an inspiration for numerous literary creations.
⚫
Among others, she was the protagonist of [[Josipina Turnograjska]]'s 1851 story ''Nedolžnost in sila'' (Innocence and Force), [[Josip Jurčič]]'s 1880 play ''Veronika Deseniška'', [[Oton Župančič]]'s 1924 play ''Veronika Deseniška'', [[Bratko Kreft]]'s 1932 play ''Celjski Grofje'' (The Counts of Celje), [[Danilo Švara]]'s 1946 [[opera]] ''Veronika Deseniška'', [[Franček Rudolf]]'s 1968 play ''Celjski grof na žrebcu'' (The Count of Celje on a Stallion) and 1974 play ''Veronika'', and [[Dušan Čater]]'s 1996 children's novel ''Veronika Deseniška''. She has also inspired works in [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[German language|German]], [[Czech language|Czech]], and [[Italian language|Italian]].

⚫
Among others, she was the protagonist of [[Josipina Turnograjska]]'s 1851 story ''Nedolžnost in sila'' (Innocence and Force; named ''Veronika Desinska''),<ref>{{cite book |author1=Josipina Turnograjska |editor1-last=Lah |editor1-first=Ivan |title=Josipina Turnograjska: Njeno življenje in delo |date=1921 |publisher=Tisk Mariborske tiskarne |location=Maribor |page=64 |url=https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-EP3GV6XS/b390c84e-7cf6-42c6-b0e9-2050b6654f71/PDF |access-date=January 21, 2024 |chapter=Nedolžnost in sila}}</ref> [[Josip Jurčič]]'s 1880 play ''Veronika Deseniška'', [[Oton Župančič]]'s 1924 play ''Veronika Deseniška'', [[Bratko Kreft]]'s 1932 play ''Celjski Grofje'' (The Counts of Celje), [[Danilo Švara]]'s 1946 [[opera]] ''Veronika Deseniška'', [[Franček Rudolf]]'s 1968 play ''Celjski grof na žrebcu'' (The Count of Celje on a Stallion) and 1974 play ''Veronika'', and [[Dušan Čater]]'s 1996 children's novel ''Veronika Deseniška''. She has also inspired works in [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[German language|German]], [[Czech language|Czech]], and [[Italian language|Italian]].


The [[Veronika Award|Veronika Poetry Award]] and the Veronika Festival are named after Veronika of Desenice.<ref>[http://www.veronikini-veceri.si/veronikina-nagrada Veronika Award site]</ref><ref>[http://www.culture.si/en/Veronika_Award Veronika Award on Culture.si Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia site]</ref>
The [[Veronika Award|Veronika Poetry Award]] and the Veronika Festival are named after Veronika of Desenice.<ref>[http://www.veronikini-veceri.si/veronikina-nagrada Veronika Award site]</ref><ref>[http://www.culture.si/en/Veronika_Award Veronika Award on Culture.si Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia site]</ref>

The [[Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024|Slovene entry]] for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2024]], performed by [[Raiven]], is [[Veronika (song)|titled after Veronika]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovision.tv/story/raiven-brings-her-ethereal-symphony-slovenia|title=Raiven brings her ethereal symphony from Slovenia|work=Eurovision.tv|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]]|date=2023-12-12|access-date=2023-12-12}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 41: Line 61:
[[Category:Deaths by drowning]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning]]
[[Category:People murdered in Slovenia]]
[[Category:People murdered in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Hrvatsko zagorje]]
[[Category:History of Croatia]]
[[Category:1425 deaths]]
[[Category:1425 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Slovene mythology]]
[[Category:Slovene mythology]]
[[Category:15th-century Austrian people]]
[[Category:15th-century Austrian people]]
[[Category:People accused of witchcraft]]

Latest revision as of 11:15, 19 May 2024

Veronika of Desenice
Countess of Celje
Princess of the Holy Roman Empire
Veronika of Desinić (1817)
Died17 October 1425
Ojstrica Castle, Loke, Duchy of Styria
Spouse(s)Frederick II, Count of Celje

Veronika of Desenice (Slovene: Veronika Deseniška or Veronika z Desenic, Croatian: Veronika Desinićka, lit. 'Veronika of Desinić'; died 17 October 1425)[1] was the second wife of Frederick II, Count of Celje. She is known for having been subjected to a witch trial by her father-in-law, who objected to her marriage to his son, but failed to have her condemned and instead had her imprisoned and murdered.

Early life[edit]

Little is known of her early life. It is believed the name Deseniška derives from the village of Desinić in Croatia, where Frederick also had extensive estates, and it appears in the forms Dessnitz, Dessenitz, Desnicze, Teschnitz, Teschenitz, and Dessewitz in various historical sources. The toponym Desenice is a back-formation from the adjective Deseniška.

She was possibly employed as a maid to Elizabeth of Frankopan, the first wife of Frederick II, Count of Celje.[2]

Marriage and persecution[edit]

When Elizabeth of Frankopan suddenly died in 1422, Frederick was accused of having murdered her to be able to marry his mistress Veronika,[3] and Frederick's father Hermann II, Count of Celje accused his son of having committed adultery with Veronika.[4]

Frederick negotiated with the Republic of Venice to assure protection for him and Veronika; his negotiations proved successful in 1425, and the same year, he married Veronika against the will of his father as well as the Emperor Sigismund.[5] Veronika was of lesser status,[1] and Frederick's father Hermann II was greatly opposed to the marriage.

Emperor Sigismund called upon Frederick, and on his arrival had him captured and returned to his father. The chronicles of the Counts of Celje suggest he had his son arrested and, while holding him prisoner, initiated a witch trial against Veronika, accusing her of having enchanted Frederick and attempted to murder Hermann II by poison.[6] The witch trial failed; provided with good defense, she was acquitted by the court on lack of evidence.[7]

Murder[edit]

Despite the court's ruling, her father-in-law had her incarcerated in Ojstrica Castle near Tabor where she was murdered, supposedly on the orders of Hermann II, who reportedly ordered his knight Jobst von Helfenberg to drown her in her bath 17 October 1425.[8]

She was buried in Braslovče and a few years later Frederick arranged for her remains to be reburied at the Carthusian monastery at Jurklošter and in her memory also made an endowment to the monastery at Bistra.[1]

In culture[edit]

Veronika and Frederick's tragic love story, which also marked the beginning of the end of the House of Cilli, has been an inspiration for numerous literary creations.

Among others, she was the protagonist of Josipina Turnograjska's 1851 story Nedolžnost in sila (Innocence and Force; named Veronika Desinska),[9] Josip Jurčič's 1880 play Veronika Deseniška, Oton Župančič's 1924 play Veronika Deseniška, Bratko Kreft's 1932 play Celjski Grofje (The Counts of Celje), Danilo Švara's 1946 opera Veronika Deseniška, Franček Rudolf's 1968 play Celjski grof na žrebcu (The Count of Celje on a Stallion) and 1974 play Veronika, and Dušan Čater's 1996 children's novel Veronika Deseniška. She has also inspired works in Croatian, German, Czech, and Italian.

The Veronika Poetry Award and the Veronika Festival are named after Veronika of Desenice.[10][11]

The Slovene entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2024, performed by Raiven, is titled after Veronika.[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Grafenauer, Bogo (2009). "Veronika Deseniška" [Veronika of Desenice]. In Vide Ogrin, Petra (ed.). Slovenski biografski leksikon (in Slovenian). ISBN 978-961-268-001-5.
  2. ^ Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 58-62
  3. ^ Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 58-62
  4. ^ Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 58-62
  5. ^ Ingrid Roitner: Desinić (Desenik, Deschenitz, Teschnitz) Veronika von: Geliebte und zweite Frau Graf Friedrichs II. von Cilli († 1454). In: Ilse Korotin (Hrsg.): biografıA. Lexikon österreichischer Frauen. Band 1: A–H. Böhlau, Wien/Köln/Weimar 2016, ISBN 978-3-205-79590-2, S. 879.
  6. ^ Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 58-61
  7. ^ Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 58-61
  8. ^ Franz Otto Roth: Die „Hexe“ Veronika. Liebeszauber, Adelspolitik und „Renaissance“-Menschen im steirischen frühen 15. Jahrhundert. In: Mitteilungen des steiermärkischen Landesarchivs. Band 37, Graz 1987, ZDB-ID 510427-0. p. 61-62
  9. ^ Josipina Turnograjska (1921). "Nedolžnost in sila". In Lah, Ivan (ed.). Josipina Turnograjska: Njeno življenje in delo. Maribor: Tisk Mariborske tiskarne. p. 64. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
  10. ^ Veronika Award site
  11. ^ Veronika Award on Culture.si Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia site
  12. ^ "Raiven brings her ethereal symphony from Slovenia". Eurovision.tv. EBU. 2023-12-12. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
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