1954 Chlef earthquake: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 36°16′N 1°35′E / 36.27°N 1.59°E / 36.27; 1.59
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{{Short description|Earthquake of the coast of Algeria}}
{{Infobox earthquake
{{Infobox earthquake
|title = 1954 Chlef earthquake
|title = 1954 Chlef earthquake
|timestamp = 1954-09-09 01:04:43
⚫
|date = {{Start-date|September 9, 1954}}
|isc-event = 891046
|origintime =
|anss-url = iscgem891046
⚫
|map2 = {{Location map | Algeria
⚫
|local-date = {{Start date|1954|09|09}}
|local-time = 02:04:43
⚫
|map2 = {{Location map+ | Algeria
⚫
| places =
{{Location map~|Algeria|lat=36.77|long=3.22|label=Algiers|label_size=120|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Algeria|lat=36.27|long=1.59|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
{{Location map~|Algeria|lat=35.7|long=-0.63|label=Oran|label_size=120|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
| relief = 1
| relief = 1
⚫
| label =
| lat = 36.285
| long = 1.566
| mark = Bullseye1.png
| marksize = 40
| position = top
| width = 250
| width = 250
| float = right
| float = right
| caption = }}
| caption = }}
|magnitude =
|magnitude = 6.7 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
|depth = {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
|depth =
|location = {{coord|36.285|N|1.566|E|region:DZ_type:event|display=inline,title}} <ref>{{harvnb|Dewey|1991|p=448}}</ref>
|location = {{coord|36.27|N|1.59|E|region:DZ_type:event|display=inline,title}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
|type = [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|Dip-slip]]<ref name=Dewey/>
|countries affected = Algeria
|countries affected = [[Chlef Province]] <br> [[French Algeria]]
|tsunami =
|damages = [[United States dollar|$]]6 million <ref name=NGDC/>
|casualties = 1,250 dead
|intensity = {{MMI|11}} <ref name=NGDC/>
|tsunami = {{convert|0.33|m|abbr=on}} <ref name=PAGER-CAT/>
|casualties = 1,243–1,409 dead <ref name=PAGER-CAT/> <br> 5,000 injured<ref name=PAGER-CAT/>
}}
}}


The '''1954 Chlef earthquake''' struck [[Chlef Province]] in [[Algeria]] on September 9. Measuring 6.8 on the [[Richter scale]], it killed 1,250 people and injured 3,000, destroying [[Chlef]], then named Orléansville. It was followed by multiple aftershocks.
The '''1954 Chlef earthquake''' struck [[Chlef Province]] in [[French Algeria]] on September 9 at {{tooltip|02:04:43 local time|01:04:43 UTC}}. The shock measured 6.7 on the [[moment magnitude scale]] and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (''Extreme''). It destroyed [[Chlef]], then named Orléansville, leaving over 1,243 people dead and 5,000 injured. Damage was estimated at [[United States dollar|$]]6 million. It was followed by multiple aftershocks. Algeria faces annual earthquakes and has undergone several changes to its earthquake building codes since its first earthquake engineering regulations from 1717.


Algeria faces annual earthquakes and has undergone several changes to its earthquake building codes since its first earthquake engineering regulations from 1717.
== Geology ==
== Geology ==
Powerful earthquakes strike Algeria annually, ranging in [[Mercalli scale]] intensity from VI (Strong) to XI (Extreme).<ref name=paz57/> Chlef was hit by another [[1980 El Asnam earthquake|major earthquake]] in 1980 which killed 3,500 people.<ref name=ambra/> The [[Atlas Mountains]] area faces aseismic [[Deformation (engineering)|deformation]] (change in shape not originating from movement of faults), with only marginal plate shifting each year.<ref name=ambra>{{cite web|url=http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/content/14/2/143.abstract|author=Ambraseys, N.N.|title=The El Asnam (Algeria) earthquake of 10 October 1980; conclusions drawn from a field study|publisher=Geological Society of London|date=1981|accessdate=September 6, 2013}}</ref> Both Chlef earthquakes originated from the same [[fault (geology)#Dip-slip_faults|reverse fault]] zone.<ref>{{harvnb|Dewey|1991|p=446}}</ref>
Powerful earthquakes strike Algeria annually, ranging in [[Mercalli intensity scale]] intensity from VI (''Strong'') to XI (''Extreme'').<ref name=paz57/> Chlef was hit by another [[1980 El Asnam earthquake|major earthquake]] in 1980 which killed 3,500 people.<ref name=ambra/> The [[Atlas Mountains]] area faces aseismic [[Deformation (engineering)|deformation]] (change in shape not originating from movement of faults), with only marginal plate shifting each year.<ref name=ambra>{{cite journal|url=http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/content/14/2/143.abstract|author=Ambraseys, N.N.|authorlink=Nicholas Ambraseys|title=The El Asnam (Algeria) earthquake of 10 October 1980; conclusions drawn from a field study|journal=Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology|publisher=Geological Society of London|date=1981|volume=14|issue=2|pages=143–148|accessdate=September 6, 2013|doi=10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1981.014.02.05|s2cid=140701882|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828103819/http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/content/14/2/143.abstract|url-status=live}}</ref> Both Chlef earthquakes originated from the same [[fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|reverse fault]] zone.<ref name=Dewey>{{citation|url=http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/81/2/446.abstract|last=Dewey|first=James W.|volume=81|issue=2|page=446|date=1991|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|title=The 1954 and 1980 Algerian earthquakes: Implications for the characteristic-displacement model of fault behavior|access-date=2013-09-08|archive-date=2016-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021203019/http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/81/2/446.abstract|url-status=live}}</ref>


The 1954 earthquake measured 6.8 on the [[Richter scale]] according to the [[United States Geological Survey]]<ref name=today/> and had a depth of {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=cons171>El-Robrini, Gennesseaux, and Mauffret, pg 171.</ref> There is evidence of [[Shear (geology)#Microstructures_of_shear_zones|crustal shortening]] along a NW-SE trend near the epicenter, but the structure of any faults is poorly understood.<ref name=cons171/> Because Algeria has a thin [[continental shelf|shelf]] and a steep coastal slope, submarine [[landslide]]s are quite common, especially during earthquakes.<ref name=cons172>El-Robrini, Gennesseaux, and Mauffret, pgs 171-2.</ref> During the 1954 earthquake, five underwater telephone cables in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]<ref name=deadly/> were cut by an avalanche, three recording the exact time of impact.<ref name=cons172/>
The 1954 earthquake measured 6.7 on the [[moment magnitude scale]] according to the [[International Seismological Centre]] and had a depth of {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}}. There is evidence of [[Shear (geology)#Microstructures of shear zones|crustal shortening]] along a NW-SE trend near the epicenter, but the structure of any faults is poorly understood.<ref name=cons171>El-Robrini, Gennesseaux, and Mauffret, pg 171.</ref> Because Algeria has a thin [[continental shelf|shelf]] and a steep coastal slope, submarine [[landslide]]s are quite common, especially during earthquakes.<ref name=cons172>El-Robrini, Gennesseaux, and Mauffret, pgs 171–2.</ref> During the 1954 earthquake, five underwater telephone cables in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]<ref name=deadly/> were cut by an avalanche, three recording the exact time of impact.<ref name=cons172/>


== Damage and casualties ==
== Damage and casualties ==
⚫
Shaking extended west to [[Mostaganem]], south to [[Tiaret]], and east to [[Tizi Ouzou]], and many [[aftershock]]s followed the earthquake, including a major tremor at 22:18 [[UTC]] on September 16 which further damaged Orleansville.<ref name=deadly>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |title=Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths Since 1900 |date=November 30, 2012 |accessdate=September 6, 2013 |publisher=United States Geological Survey |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114225331/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |archivedate=January 14, 2013 }}</ref> The main shock ruptured {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} of rock, ripping [[fault (geology)|faults]] and creating visible fissures in the ground along the Dahra [[Massif]]. Survivors described a sensation of rotating along an axis and that the rubble reminded them of "bombed cities in Europe."<ref name=archivenyt>{{cite news|title=1954:Algerian Earthquake: In Our Pages: 100, 75 And 50 Years Ago|date=September 10, 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The [[United States Geological Survey]] lists the 1954 quake among the deadliest earthquakes in history.<ref name=today>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&day=9&submit=View+Date|title=Today in Earthquake History: September 9|date=October 2, 2012|accessdate=September 6, 2013|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|archive-date=November 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114210810/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&day=9&submit=View+Date|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP) reported that it was the worst earthquake in North African history.<ref name=archivenyt/>
The earthquake hit [[Chlef Province]]<ref name=today/> at 2:17 AM [[local time]], lasting 12 seconds.<ref name=archivenyt/> The initial death toll was set at 396 then raised to about 800,<ref name=archivenyt>{{cite news|title=1954:Algerian Earthquake: In Our Pages: 100, 75 And 50 Years Ago|date=September 10, 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=Sulzberher, Arthur Ochs Jr.}}</ref> but this was revised to 1,250 people. The earthquake injured 3,000 and devastated the province. Some victims were buried while in bed.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60810F63D59107A93C2A81782D85F408585F9|publisher=Sulzberher, Arthur Ochs Jr.|title=800 Feared Dead In Algeria Quake; Tremor Rocks 50-Mile Area, Catching People Asleep|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 10, 1954|accessdate=September 6, 2013}}</ref>

⚫
Shaking extended west to [[Mostaganem]], south to [[Tiaret]], and east to [[Tizi Ouzou]], and many [[aftershock]]s followed the earthquake, including a major tremor at 22:18 [[UTC]] on September 16 which further damaged Orleansville.<ref name=deadly>{{cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php|title=Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths Since 1900|date=November 30, 2012|accessdate=September 6, 2013|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> The main shock ruptured {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} of rock, ripping [[fault (geology)|faults]] and creating visible fissures in the ground along the Dahra [[Massif]]. Survivors described a sensation of rotating along an axis and that the rubble reminded them of "bombed cities in Europe."<ref name=archivenyt/>

The [[United States Geological Survey]] lists the 1954 quake among the deadliest earthquakes in history.<ref name=today>{{cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&day=9&submit=View+Date|title=Today in Earthquake History: September 9|date=October 2, 2012|accessdate=September 6, 2013|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> [[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP) reported that it was the worst earthquake in North African history.<ref name=archivenyt/>


== Aftermath ==
== Aftermath ==
The [[French army]] on the spot largely participated in the relief and triggered the first airlift [[aeromedical evacuation]] in Africa. [[Bell 47]]G helicopters, three [[Junkers_Ju_52#Variants|Amiot AAC.1]] Toucan and two [[Douglas DC-3]] evacuated 396 victims, including 147 on the first day, avoiding any traffic jams on site.<ref>Ollivier et Monjauze, « Le service de santé de l’Air en Algérie », Regards sur la France, no 7 « Le service de santé des armées en Algérie 1830-1958, numéro spécial », octobre-novembre 1958, p. 257-264.</ref>
[[Chlef#Orl.C3.A9ansville|Orléansville]] was devastated by the earthquake; a fifth of it wholly destroyed,<ref name=NYT/> it was rebuilt and renamed El Asnam and later Chlef.<ref name=deadly/>


While Algeria had set earthquake resistance regulations as early as 1717, it was the 1954 earthquake that ushered in fully comprehensive reforms for seismic-resistant design.<ref name=paz57>{{cite book|title=International Handbook of Earthquake Engineering: Codes, Programs, and Examples|editor=Paz, Mario|date=1994|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0412982118|page=57}}</ref>
[[Chlef#Orléansville|Orléansville]] was devastated by the earthquake; a fifth of it wholly destroyed,<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/09/10/archives/800-feared-dead-in-algeria-quake-tremor-rocks-50mile-area-catching.html|title=800 Feared Dead In Algeria Quake; Tremor Rocks 50-Mile Area, Catching People Asleep|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 10, 1954|accessdate=September 6, 2013|archive-date=June 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618135549/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/09/10/archives/800-feared-dead-in-algeria-quake-tremor-rocks-50mile-area-catching.html|url-status=live}}</ref> it was rebuilt and renamed El Asnam and later Chlef.<ref name=deadly/> While Algeria had set earthquake resistance regulations as early as 1717, it was the 1954 earthquake that ushered in fully comprehensive reforms for seismic-resistant design.<ref name=paz57>{{cite book|title=International Handbook of Earthquake Engineering: Codes, Programs, and Examples|editor=Paz, Mario|date=1994|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0412982118|page=57}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[List of earthquakes in Algeria]]
* [[List of earthquakes in 1954]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Algeria]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=ISC-GEM>{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2015|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 2.0|access-date=2015-12-30|archive-date=2016-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125091901/http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|year=1972|type=Data Set|access-date=2015-12-30|archive-date=2017-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721203405/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=PAGER-CAT>{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/PAGER_CAT_2008_06.1.zip|author=USGS|date=September 4, 2009|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|series=Version 2008_06.1|access-date=May 21, 2024|archive-date=April 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418033518/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/PAGER_CAT_2008_06.1.zip|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

=== Sources ===
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|url=http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/81/2/446.abstract|last=Dewey|first=James W.|volume=81|issue=2|pages=446–467|date=1991|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|title=The 1954 and 1980 Algerian earthquakes: Implications for the characteristic-displacement model of fault behavior|publisher=[[Seismological Society of America]]}}
*{{cite journal|last1=El-Robrini|first1=M.|last2=Gennesseaux|first2= M.|last3= Mauffret|first3= A.|title=Consequences of the El-Asnam earthquakes: Turbidity currents and slumps on the Algerian margin (Western Mediterranean)|journal=Geo-Marine Letters|year=1985|volume=5|issue=3|pages=171–176|doi=10.1007/BF02281635}}
* {{cite journal|last1=El-Robrini|first1=M.|last2=Gennesseaux|first2= M.|last3= Mauffret|first3= A.|title=Consequences of the El-Asnam earthquakes: Turbidity currents and slumps on the Algerian margin (Western Mediterranean)|journal=Geo-Marine Letters|year=1985|volume=5|issue=3|pages=171–176|doi=10.1007/BF02281635|bibcode=1985GML.....5..171E|s2cid=129874657 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*{{EQ-isc-link|891046}}

{{Earthquakes in Africa}}
{{Earthquakes in Algeria}}
{{Earthquakes in the 1950s}}


[[Category:1954 earthquakes]]
[[Category:1954 earthquakes]]
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[[Category:Earthquakes in Algeria|1954]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Algeria|1954]]
[[Category:Chlef Province]]
[[Category:Chlef Province]]
[[Category:1950s tsunamis]]
[[Category:Tsunamis in Algeria]]
[[Category:1954 disasters in Algeria]]

Revision as of 14:58, 21 May 2024

1954 Chlef earthquake
1954 Chlef earthquake is located in Algeria
Algiers
Algiers
1954 Chlef earthquake
Oran
Oran
UTC time1954-09-09 01:04:43
ISC event891046
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local dateSeptember 9, 1954 (1954-09-09)
Local time02:04:43
Magnitude6.7 Mw[1]
Depth15 km (9.3 mi)[1]
Epicenter36°16′N 1°35′E / 36.27°N 1.59°E / 36.27; 1.59[1]
TypeDip-slip[2]
Areas affectedChlef Province
French Algeria
Total damage$6 million [3]
Max. intensityMMI XI (Extreme) [3]
Tsunami0.33 m (1 ft 1 in) [4]
Casualties1,243–1,409 dead [4]
5,000 injured[4]

The 1954 Chlef earthquake struck Chlef Province in French Algeria on September 9 at 02:04:43 local time. The shock measured 6.7 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). It destroyed Chlef, then named Orléansville, leaving over 1,243 people dead and 5,000 injured. Damage was estimated at $6 million. It was followed by multiple aftershocks. Algeria faces annual earthquakes and has undergone several changes to its earthquake building codes since its first earthquake engineering regulations from 1717.

Geology

Powerful earthquakes strike Algeria annually, ranging in Mercalli intensity scale intensity from VI (Strong) to XI (Extreme).[5] Chlef was hit by another major earthquake in 1980 which killed 3,500 people.[6] The Atlas Mountains area faces aseismic deformation (change in shape not originating from movement of faults), with only marginal plate shifting each year.[6] Both Chlef earthquakes originated from the same reverse fault zone.[2]

The 1954 earthquake measured 6.7 on the moment magnitude scale according to the International Seismological Centre and had a depth of 15 km (9.3 mi). There is evidence of crustal shortening along a NW-SE trend near the epicenter, but the structure of any faults is poorly understood.[7] Because Algeria has a thin shelf and a steep coastal slope, submarine landslides are quite common, especially during earthquakes.[8] During the 1954 earthquake, five underwater telephone cables in the Mediterranean Sea[9] were cut by an avalanche, three recording the exact time of impact.[8]

Damage and casualties

Shaking extended west to Mostaganem, south to Tiaret, and east to Tizi Ouzou, and many aftershocks followed the earthquake, including a major tremor at 22:18 UTC on September 16 which further damaged Orleansville.[9] The main shock ruptured 16 km (9.9 mi) of rock, ripping faults and creating visible fissures in the ground along the Dahra Massif. Survivors described a sensation of rotating along an axis and that the rubble reminded them of "bombed cities in Europe."[10] The United States Geological Survey lists the 1954 quake among the deadliest earthquakes in history.[11] Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that it was the worst earthquake in North African history.[10]

Aftermath

The French army on the spot largely participated in the relief and triggered the first airlift aeromedical evacuation in Africa. Bell 47G helicopters, three Amiot AAC.1 Toucan and two Douglas DC-3 evacuated 396 victims, including 147 on the first day, avoiding any traffic jams on site.[12]

Orléansville was devastated by the earthquake; a fifth of it wholly destroyed,[13] it was rebuilt and renamed El Asnam and later Chlef.[9] While Algeria had set earthquake resistance regulations as early as 1717, it was the 1954 earthquake that ushered in fully comprehensive reforms for seismic-resistant design.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c ISC (2015), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 2.0, International Seismological Centre, archived from the original on 2016-11-25, retrieved 2015-12-30
  2. ^ a b Dewey, James W. (1991), "The 1954 and 1980 Algerian earthquakes: Implications for the characteristic-displacement model of fault behavior", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 81 (2): 446, archived from the original on 2016-10-21, retrieved 2013-09-08
  3. ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K, archived from the original on 2017-07-21, retrieved 2015-12-30
  4. ^ a b c USGS (September 4, 2009), PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey, archived from the original on April 18, 2022, retrieved May 21, 2024
  5. ^ a b Paz, Mario, ed. (1994). International Handbook of Earthquake Engineering: Codes, Programs, and Examples. Springer. p. 57. ISBN 978-0412982118.
  6. ^ a b Ambraseys, N.N. (1981). "The El Asnam (Algeria) earthquake of 10 October 1980; conclusions drawn from a field study". Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology. 14 (2). Geological Society of London: 143–148. doi:10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1981.014.02.05. S2CID 140701882. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  7. ^ El-Robrini, Gennesseaux, and Mauffret, pg 171.
  8. ^ a b El-Robrini, Gennesseaux, and Mauffret, pgs 171–2.
  9. ^ a b c "Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths Since 1900". United States Geological Survey. November 30, 2012. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  10. ^ a b "1954:Algerian Earthquake: In Our Pages: 100, 75 And 50 Years Ago". The New York Times. September 10, 2004.
  11. ^ "Today in Earthquake History: September 9". United States Geological Survey. October 2, 2012. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  12. ^ Ollivier et Monjauze, « Le service de santé de l’Air en Algérie », Regards sur la France, no 7 « Le service de santé des armées en Algérie 1830-1958, numéro spécial », octobre-novembre 1958, p. 257-264.
  13. ^ "800 Feared Dead In Algeria Quake; Tremor Rocks 50-Mile Area, Catching People Asleep". The New York Times. September 10, 1954. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2013.

Sources

External links

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