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{{short description|US state in which alcohol was prohibited}}
{{short description|US state in which alcohol was prohibited}}
A '''dry state''' was a state in the United States in which the manufacture, distribution, importation, and sale of [[alcoholic beverages]] was [[Alcohol prohibition in the United States|prohibited or tightly restricted]]. Some states, such as [[North Dakota]], entered the United States as dry states, and others went dry after passage of prohibition legislation. No state remains completely dry, but some states do contain [[Dry county|dry counties]].
A '''dry state''' was a state in the United States in which the manufacture, distribution, importation, and sale of [[alcoholic beverages]] was [[Alcohol prohibition in the United States|prohibited or tightly restricted]]. Some states, such as [[North Dakota]], entered the United States as dry states, and others went dry after the passage of prohibition legislation or the [[Volstead Act]]. No state remains completely dry, but some states do contain [[Dry county|dry counties]].


Prior to the adoption of nationwide prohibition in 1920, state legislatures passed local option laws that allowed a county or township to go dry if it chose to do so.<ref>{{cite book | author =James H. Madison | title =Indiana Through Tradition and Change: A History of the Hoosier State and Its People, 1920–1945 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | series =The History of Indiana | volume =5 | edition = | year =1982 | location =Indianapolis | page =40 | url = | isbn =}}</ref> The [[Maine law]], passed in 1851 in [[Maine]], was among the first statutory implementations of the developing [[temperance movement]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry Stephen Clubb| title=The Maine Liquor Law: Its Origin, History, and Results, Including a Life of Hon. Neal Dow|publisher=Fowler and Wells, for the Maine Law Statistical Society| year=1856| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ApAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Maine+Liquor+Law%3A+Its+Origin%2C+History%2C+and+Results&q= | accessdate=2013-10-23}}</ref> Following Maine's lead, prohibition laws were soon passed in the states of [[Delaware]], [[Ohio]], [[Illinois]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Minnesota]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[New York (state)|New York]]; however, all but one were repealed.<ref name=McGrew>{{cite web | author=Jane McGrew | title =History of Alcohol Prohibition | work = | publisher =National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse | date = | url = http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/LIBRARY/studies/nc/nc2a.htm | accessdate =2013-10-22}}</ref> The debate over prohibition increased in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as the drys, including the [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (WCTU), the [[National Prohibition Party]], the [[Anti-Saloon League]], and others, continued to support temperance and prohibition legislation, while the wets opposed it.<ref name=McGrew/> By 1913 nine states had statewide prohibition and 31 others had local option laws, placing more than 50 percent of the United States population under some form of [[alcohol prohibition]].<ref name=McGrew/>
Prior to the adoption of nationwide prohibition in 1920, state legislatures passed local option laws that allowed a county or township to go dry if it chose to do so.<ref>{{cite book | author =James H. Madison | title =Indiana Through Tradition and Change: A History of the Hoosier State and Its People, 1920–1945 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | series =The History of Indiana | volume =5 | year =1982 | location =Indianapolis | page =40 }}</ref> The [[Maine law]], passed in 1851 in [[Maine]], was among the first statutory implementations of the developing [[temperance movement]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry Stephen Clubb| title=The Maine Liquor Law: Its Origin, History, and Results, Including a Life of Hon. Neal Dow|publisher=Fowler and Wells, for the Maine Law Statistical Society| year=1856| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ApAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Maine+Liquor+Law%3A+Its+Origin%2C+History%2C+and+Results | access-date=2013-10-23}}</ref>
Following Maine's lead, prohibition laws were soon passed in the states of [[Delaware]], [[Ohio]], [[Illinois]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Minnesota]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut]], [[Pennsylvania]] and [[New York (state)|New York]]; however, all but one were repealed.<ref name=McGrew>{{cite web | author=Jane McGrew | title =History of Alcohol Prohibition | publisher =National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse | url = http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/LIBRARY/studies/nc/nc2a.htm | access-date =2013-10-22}}</ref> The debate over prohibition increased in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as the drys, including the [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (WCTU), the [[National Prohibition Party]], the [[Anti-Saloon League]], and others, continued to support temperance and prohibition legislation, while the wets opposed it.<ref name=McGrew/> By 1913 nine states had statewide prohibition and 31 others had local option laws, placing more than 50 percent of the United States population under some form of [[alcohol prohibition]].<ref name=McGrew/>


Following two unsuccessful attempts at national prohibition legislation (one in 1913 and the other in 1915), Congress approved a resolution on December 19, 1917, to prohibit the manufacture, sale, transportation, and importation of alcoholic beverages in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prohibition wins in Senate, 47 to 8 |newspaper=New York Times|
Following two unsuccessful attempts at national prohibition legislation (one in 1913 and the other in 1915), Congress approved a resolution on December 19, 1917, to prohibit the manufacture, sale, transportation, and importation of alcoholic beverages in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prohibition wins in Senate, 47 to 8 |newspaper=New York Times|
url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/12/19/96281151.pdf|format=PDF |date=December 19, 1917 |page=6 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> The resolution was sent to the states for ratification and became the [[18th Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]]. On January 8, 1918, Mississippi became the first state to ratify the amendment and on January 16, 1919, Nebraska became the 36th state to do so, securing its passage with the required three-fourths of the states.<ref>See U.S. Const. art. V.</ref> By the end of February 1919, only three states remained as hold-outs to ratification: New Jersey, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.<ref name=McGrew/> The National Prohibition Act, also known as the [[Volstead Act]], was enacted on October 18, 1919. [[Prohibition in the United States]] went into effect on January 17, 1920.<ref name=McGrew/> Nationwide prohibition was repealed in 1933 with the passage of the [[21st Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-first Amendment]] on February 20 and its ratification on December 5.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html|title=Amendments 11–27|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|US National Archives]]}}</ref>
url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/12/19/96281151.pdf|date=December 19, 1917 |page=6 |access-date=2013-10-22}}</ref> The resolution was sent to the states for ratification and became the [[18th Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]]. On January 8, 1918, Mississippi became the first state to ratify the amendment and on January 16, 1919, Nebraska became the 36th state to do so, securing its passage with the required three-fourths of the states.<ref>See U.S. Const. art. V.</ref> By the end of February 1919, only three states remained as hold-outs to ratification: New Jersey, Connecticut and Rhode Island.<ref name=McGrew/>
The National Prohibition Act, also known as the [[Volstead Act]], was enacted on October 18, 1919. [[Prohibition in the United States]] went into effect on January 17, 1920.<ref name=McGrew/> Nationwide prohibition was [[repeal]]ed in 1933 with the passage of the [[21st Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-first Amendment]] on February 20 and its ratification on December 5.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html|title=Amendments 11–27|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|US National Archives]]}}</ref>


== List of formerly dry states ==
== List of formerly dry states ==
Line 15: Line 19:
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Maine]]
| [[Maine]]
| 1851
| {{dts|1851}}
| 1856
| {{dts|1856}}
| <ref>{{cite web | author= Kat Eschner| title = Why Was Maine the First State to Try Prohibition? | publisher =Smithsonian Magazine | date =2017-06-02 |url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/maine-first-state-try-prohibition-180963503/ | access-date=2013-05-08}}</ref>
| [citation-needed]
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Vermont]]
| [[Vermont]]
| 1853
| {{dts|1853}}
| 1902
| {{dts|1902}}
| <ref>{{cite web | title = Prohibition & Temperance | publisher =Champlain Valley National Heritage Partnership |url= https://champlainvalleynhp.org/heritage/prohibition-temperance/#:~:text=In%201853%2C%20Vermont%20prohibited%20the,it%20was%20repealed%20in%201903. | access-date=2024-05-08}}</ref>
|
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Kansas]]
| [[Kansas]]
| 1880-11-23
| {{dts|1880-11-23}}
| 1948
| {{dts|1948}}
| <ref>{{cite web |date=February 24, 2003 |title=Kansas Liquor Laws |url=http://skyways.lib.ks.us/ksleg/KLRD/Publications/Kansas_liquor_laws_2003.pdf |work=Kansas Legislative Research Department |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013021/http://skyways.lib.ks.us/ksleg/KLRD/Publications/Kansas_liquor_laws_2003.pdf |archivedate=October 22, 2013 |format=pdf |accessdate=September 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name=APM17>{{cite book | title =The Anti-Prohibition Manual: A Summary of Facts and Figures Dealing with Prohibition, 1917 | publisher =National Association of Distillers and Wholesale Dealers | series = | volume = | edition = | year =1917 | location =Cincinnati, Ohio | page =8 | url =https://archive.org/details/antiprohibitionm17nati | isbn =}}</ref>
| <ref>{{cite web |date=February 24, 2003 |title=Kansas Liquor Laws |url=http://skyways.lib.ks.us/ksleg/KLRD/Publications/Kansas_liquor_laws_2003.pdf |work=Kansas Legislative Research Department |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013021/http://skyways.lib.ks.us/ksleg/KLRD/Publications/Kansas_liquor_laws_2003.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=September 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name=APM17>{{cite book | title =The Anti-Prohibition Manual: A Summary of Facts and Figures Dealing with Prohibition, 1917 | publisher =National Association of Distillers and Wholesale Dealers | year =1917 | location =Cincinnati, Ohio | page =[https://archive.org/details/antiprohibitionm17nati/page/8 8] | url =https://archive.org/details/antiprohibitionm17nati }}</ref>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Iowa]]
| [[Iowa]]
| 1882-07-27
| {{dts|1882-07-27}}
| 1894
| {{dts|1894}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Prohibition Rule: Murder in Sioux City|url=http://www.historynet.com/the-prohibition-rule-murder-in-sioux-city.htm|work=Wild West Magazine|accessdate=2013-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Original Gangsters: The Iowa City Beer Riots of 1884|url=http://littlevillagemag.com/the-hops-original-gangsters-the-iowa-city-beer-riots-of-1884/|work=Little Village Magazine|accessdate=2013-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sioux City's Prohibition Past Fascinates Historians|url=http://siouxcityjournal.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/sioux-city-s-prohibition-past-fascinates-historians/article_f3c41279-0c0d-5c97-b98b-ffe9dde66e0a.html|work=The Sioux City Journal|accessdate=2013-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beer Business Has Been In-and-Out Venture Here, but Whisky Has Flowed Freely Much of the Time|url=http://siouxcityjournal.com/blogs/siouxland_history/business/beer-business-has-been-in-and-out-venture-here-but/article_fcaa6aa7-baf7-5c4f-8cc8-4e8aa38d7370.html|work=Sioux City Journal|accessdate=2013-03-27}}</ref>
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Prohibition Rule: Murder in Sioux City|url=http://www.historynet.com/the-prohibition-rule-murder-in-sioux-city.htm|work=Wild West Magazine|date=12 June 2006|access-date=2013-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Original Gangsters: The Iowa City Beer Riots of 1884|url=http://littlevillagemag.com/the-hops-original-gangsters-the-iowa-city-beer-riots-of-1884/|work=Little Village Magazine|date=26 March 2013|access-date=2013-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sioux City's Prohibition Past Fascinates Historians|url=http://siouxcityjournal.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/sioux-city-s-prohibition-past-fascinates-historians/article_f3c41279-0c0d-5c97-b98b-ffe9dde66e0a.html|work=The Sioux City Journal|date=2 October 2011 |access-date=2013-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beer Business Has Been In-and-Out Venture Here, but Whisky Has Flowed Freely Much of the Time|url=http://siouxcityjournal.com/blogs/siouxland_history/business/beer-business-has-been-in-and-out-venture-here-but/article_fcaa6aa7-baf7-5c4f-8cc8-4e8aa38d7370.html|work=Sioux City Journal|date=5 March 2012 |access-date=2013-03-27}}</ref>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[North Dakota]]
| [[North Dakota]]
| 1889-11-02
| {{dts|1889-11-02}}
| 1932
| {{dts|1932}}
|
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[South Dakota]]
| [[South Dakota]]
| 1889-11-02
| {{dts|1889-11-02}}
|
|
|
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Oklahoma]]
| [[Oklahoma]]
| 1907-09-17
| {{dts|1907-09-17}}
| {{dts|1959-04-7}} {{Efn|Beer was legalized in 1933}}
| 1959
| <ref>{{cite web | author=Jimmie Franklin | title =Prohibition | publisher =The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma history and culture |url= https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=PR018 | access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Prohibition is repealed | publisher =Oklahoma Digital Prairie |url=https://digitalprarieok.net/prohibition-repealed/| access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| 1908-01-01
| {{dts|1908-01-01}}
|1938
| 1933
| <ref>{{cite web | author=Stephen Fowler | title =A Brief History of Alcohol (And the Lack Thereof) in the State of Georgia | publisher=Georgia Public Broadcasting| date=2018-03-08| url= https://www.gpb.org/news/2018/03/08/brief-history-of-alcohol-and-the-lack-thereof-in-georgia | access-date=2024-05-12}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | author=Kaylynn Washnock | title =Prohibition in Georgia | publisher=New Georgia Encyclopedia| date=2020-07-20| url= https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/prohibition-in-georgia/ | access-date=2024-05-12}}</ref>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Mississippi]]
| [[Mississippi]]
| 1908-12-31
| {{dts|1908-12-31}}
| 1966
| {{dts|1966}}
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[North Carolina]]
| [[North Carolina]]
| 1909-01-01
| {{dts|1909-01-01}}
| 1937
| {{dts|1937}}
| <ref name=APM17/><ref>Patrick Horn, [http://docsouth.unc.edu/highlights/temperance.html "The Temperance Movement in North Carolina"]</ref>
| <ref name=APM17/><ref>Patrick Horn, [http://docsouth.unc.edu/highlights/temperance.html "The Temperance Movement in North Carolina"]</ref>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Tennessee]]
| [[Tennessee]]
| 1909-07-01
| {{dts|1909-07-01}}
| 1939
| {{dts|1939}}
| <ref name=APM17/><ref>Tennessee Encyclopedia, [https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/temperance/ "The Temperance in Tennessee" ]</ref>
| <ref name=APM17/><ref>Tennessee Encyclopedia, [https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/temperance/ "The Temperance in Tennessee" ]</ref>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Alabama]]
| [[Alabama]]
| 1915-07-01
| {{dts|1915-07-01}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Oregon]]
| [[Oregon]]
| 1916-01-01
| {{dts|1916-01-01}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[West Virginia]]
| [[West Virginia]]
| 1914-07-01
| {{dts|1914-07-01}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| 1916-01-01
| {{dts|1916-01-01}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Montana]]
| [[Montana]]
| 1918-12-31
| {{dts|1918-12-31}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Nebraska]]
| [[Nebraska]]
| 1917-05-01
| {{dts|1917-05-01}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Indiana]]
| [[Indiana]]
| 1918
| {{dts|1918}}
|
|
| <ref>Passed in 1917, subsequent attempts to overturn the law failed in 1918, when a court ruled Indiana's statewide prohibition law as constitutional and the state went dry. See {{cite book | author =Jason S. Lantzer | title ='Prohibition is Here to Stay': The Reverend Edward S. Shumaker and the Dry Crusade in Indiana | publisher =University of Notre Dame Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year =2009 | location =Notre Dame, Indiana | pages =80–83 | url = | isbn =978-0-268-03383-5}}</ref>
| <ref>Passed in 1917, subsequent attempts to overturn the law failed in 1918, when a court ruled Indiana's statewide prohibition law as constitutional and the state went dry. See {{cite book | author =Jason S. Lantzer | title ='Prohibition is Here to Stay': The Reverend Edward S. Shumaker and the Dry Crusade in Indiana | publisher =University of Notre Dame Press | year =2009 | location =Notre Dame, Indiana | pages =80–83 | isbn =978-0-268-03383-5}}</ref>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Michigan]]
| [[Michigan]]
| 1918-04-30
| {{dts|1918-04-30}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Florida]]
| [[Florida]]
| 1918-12-09
| {{dts|1918-12-09}}
|
|
|
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Kentucky]]
| [[Kentucky]]
| 1919-11<ref>Date the state prohibition law was passed.</ref>
| {{dts|1919-11}}<ref>Date the state prohibition law was passed.</ref>
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web | author=Jim Warren | title =Revisiting Prohibition: Kentucky was ahead of the times | work = | publisher =Lexington Herald-Leader | date =2011-10-18 |url= http://www.kentucky.com/2011/10/18/1924968/alcohol-sales-were-banned-in-kentucky.html | accessdate=2013-10-01}}</ref>
| <ref>{{cite web | author=Jim Warren | title =Revisiting Prohibition: Kentucky was ahead of the times | publisher =Lexington Herald-Leader | date =2011-10-18 |url= http://www.kentucky.com/2011/10/18/1924968/alcohol-sales-were-banned-in-kentucky.html | access-date=2013-10-01}}</ref>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Texas]]
| [[Texas]]
| 1919-05
| {{dts|1919-05}}
| 1935
| {{dts|1935}}
| <ref name=APM18>{{cite book | last = | first = | coauthors = | title =The Anti-Prohibition Manual: A Summary of Facts and Figures Dealing with Prohibition, 1918 | publisher =National Association of Distillers and Wholesale Dealers | series = | volume = | edition = | year =1918 | location =Cincinnati, Ohio | page =8 | url =https://archive.org/details/antiprohibitionm00nati | isbn =}}</ref>
| <ref name=APM18>{{cite book | title =The Anti-Prohibition Manual: A Summary of Facts and Figures Dealing with Prohibition, 1918 | publisher =National Association of Distillers and Wholesale Dealers | year =1918 | location =Cincinnati, Ohio | page =[https://archive.org/details/antiprohibitionm00nati/page/8 8] | url =https://archive.org/details/antiprohibitionm00nati }}</ref>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Virginia]]
| [[Virginia]]
| 1916-11-01
| {{dts|1916-11-01}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[South Carolina]]
| [[South Carolina]]
| 1915-12-31
| {{dts|1915-12-31}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Idaho]]
| [[Idaho]]
| 1916-01-01
| {{dts|1916-01-01}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Colorado]]
| [[Colorado]]
| 1916-01-01
| {{dts|1916-01-01}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Arkansas]]
| [[Arkansas]]
| 1916-01-01
| {{dts|1916-01-01}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
|- valign="top" halign="left"
|- valign="top" halign="left"
| [[Arizona]]
| [[Arizona]]
| 1915-01-01
| {{dts|1915-01-01}}
|
|
| <ref name=APM17/>
| <ref name=APM17/>
Line 156: Line 163:
* [[Alcoholic beverage control state]]
* [[Alcoholic beverage control state]]
* [[List of alcohol laws of the United States by state]]
* [[List of alcohol laws of the United States by state]]
* [[Alcohol prohibition in India]]


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Alcohol and health}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dry State}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dry State}}

[[Category:Alcohol law in the United States]]
[[Category:Alcohol law in the United States]]
[[Category:Prohibition in the United States]]
[[Category:Prohibition in the United States]]

Latest revision as of 16:14, 22 May 2024

A dry state was a state in the United States in which the manufacture, distribution, importation, and sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited or tightly restricted. Some states, such as North Dakota, entered the United States as dry states, and others went dry after the passage of prohibition legislation or the Volstead Act. No state remains completely dry, but some states do contain dry counties.

Prior to the adoption of nationwide prohibition in 1920, state legislatures passed local option laws that allowed a county or township to go dry if it chose to do so.[1] The Maine law, passed in 1851 in Maine, was among the first statutory implementations of the developing temperance movement in the United States.[2]

Following Maine's lead, prohibition laws were soon passed in the states of Delaware, Ohio, Illinois, Rhode Island, Minnesota, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and New York; however, all but one were repealed.[3] The debate over prohibition increased in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as the drys, including the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), the National Prohibition Party, the Anti-Saloon League, and others, continued to support temperance and prohibition legislation, while the wets opposed it.[3] By 1913 nine states had statewide prohibition and 31 others had local option laws, placing more than 50 percent of the United States population under some form of alcohol prohibition.[3]

Following two unsuccessful attempts at national prohibition legislation (one in 1913 and the other in 1915), Congress approved a resolution on December 19, 1917, to prohibit the manufacture, sale, transportation, and importation of alcoholic beverages in the United States.[4] The resolution was sent to the states for ratification and became the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. On January 8, 1918, Mississippi became the first state to ratify the amendment and on January 16, 1919, Nebraska became the 36th state to do so, securing its passage with the required three-fourths of the states.[5] By the end of February 1919, only three states remained as hold-outs to ratification: New Jersey, Connecticut and Rhode Island.[3]

The National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act, was enacted on October 18, 1919. Prohibition in the United States went into effect on January 17, 1920.[3] Nationwide prohibition was repealed in 1933 with the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment on February 20 and its ratification on December 5.[6]

List of formerly dry states[edit]

This table lists the effective dates each state went dry and any dates of repeal that do not coincide with the end of national prohibition in 1933.

State Dry date Repeal date Ref
Maine 1851 1856 [7]
Vermont 1853 1902 [8]
Kansas November 23, 1880 1948 [9][10]
Iowa July 27, 1882 1894 [11][12][13][14]
North Dakota November 2, 1889 1932
South Dakota November 2, 1889
Oklahoma September 17, 1907 April 7, 1959 [a] [15][16]
Georgia January 1, 1908 1938 [17] [18]
Mississippi December 31, 1908 1966 [10]
North Carolina January 1, 1909 1937 [10][19]
Tennessee July 1, 1909 1939 [10][20]
Alabama July 1, 1915 [10]
Oregon January 1, 1916 [10]
West Virginia July 1, 1914 [10]
Washington January 1, 1916 [10]
Montana December 31, 1918 [10]
Nebraska May 1, 1917 [10]
Indiana 1918 [21]
Michigan April 30, 1918 [10]
Florida December 9, 1918
Kentucky November 1919[22] [23]
Texas May 1919 1935 [24]
Virginia November 1, 1916 [10]
South Carolina December 31, 1915 [10]
Idaho January 1, 1916 [10]
Colorado January 1, 1916 [10]
Arkansas January 1, 1916 [10]
Arizona January 1, 1915 [10]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Beer was legalized in 1933

References[edit]

  1. ^ James H. Madison (1982). Indiana Through Tradition and Change: A History of the Hoosier State and Its People, 1920–1945. The History of Indiana. Vol. 5. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 40.
  2. ^ Henry Stephen Clubb (1856). The Maine Liquor Law: Its Origin, History, and Results, Including a Life of Hon. Neal Dow. Fowler and Wells, for the Maine Law Statistical Society. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  3. ^ a b c d e Jane McGrew. "History of Alcohol Prohibition". National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  4. ^ "Prohibition wins in Senate, 47 to 8" (PDF). New York Times. December 19, 1917. p. 6. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  5. ^ See U.S. Const. art. V.
  6. ^ "Amendments 11–27". US National Archives.
  7. ^ Kat Eschner (2017-06-02). "Why Was Maine the First State to Try Prohibition?". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
  8. ^ "Prohibition & Temperance". Champlain Valley National Heritage Partnership. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  9. ^ "Kansas Liquor Laws" (PDF). Kansas Legislative Research Department. February 24, 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q The Anti-Prohibition Manual: A Summary of Facts and Figures Dealing with Prohibition, 1917. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Association of Distillers and Wholesale Dealers. 1917. p. 8.
  11. ^ "Prohibition Rule: Murder in Sioux City". Wild West Magazine. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  12. ^ "Original Gangsters: The Iowa City Beer Riots of 1884". Little Village Magazine. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  13. ^ "Sioux City's Prohibition Past Fascinates Historians". The Sioux City Journal. 2 October 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  14. ^ "Beer Business Has Been In-and-Out Venture Here, but Whisky Has Flowed Freely Much of the Time". Sioux City Journal. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  15. ^ Jimmie Franklin. "Prohibition". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma history and culture. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  16. ^ "Prohibition is repealed". Oklahoma Digital Prairie. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  17. ^ Stephen Fowler (2018-03-08). "A Brief History of Alcohol (And the Lack Thereof) in the State of Georgia". Georgia Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  18. ^ Kaylynn Washnock (2020-07-20). "Prohibition in Georgia". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  19. ^ Patrick Horn, "The Temperance Movement in North Carolina"
  20. ^ Tennessee Encyclopedia, "The Temperance in Tennessee"
  21. ^ Passed in 1917, subsequent attempts to overturn the law failed in 1918, when a court ruled Indiana's statewide prohibition law as constitutional and the state went dry. See Jason S. Lantzer (2009). 'Prohibition is Here to Stay': The Reverend Edward S. Shumaker and the Dry Crusade in Indiana. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 80–83. ISBN 978-0-268-03383-5.
  22. ^ Date the state prohibition law was passed.
  23. ^ Jim Warren (2011-10-18). "Revisiting Prohibition: Kentucky was ahead of the times". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  24. ^ The Anti-Prohibition Manual: A Summary of Facts and Figures Dealing with Prohibition, 1918. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Association of Distillers and Wholesale Dealers. 1918. p. 8.