1221: Difference between revisions

1221 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1221; MCCXXI
Ab urbe condita	1974
Armenian calendar	670; ԹՎ ՈՀ
Assyrian calendar	5971
Balinese saka calendar	1142–1143
Bengali calendar	628
Berber calendar	2171
English Regnal year	5 Hen. 3 – 6 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1765
Burmese calendar	583
Byzantine calendar	6729–6730
Chinese calendar	庚かのえ辰たつ年とし (Metal Dragon); 3918 or 3711; — to —; 辛からし巳み年ねん (Metal Snake); 3919 or 3712
Coptic calendar	937–938
Discordian calendar	2387
Ethiopian calendar	1213–1214
Hebrew calendar	4981–4982
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1277–1278
- Shaka Samvat	1142–1143
- Kali Yuga	4321–4322
Holocene calendar	11221
Igbo calendar	221–222
Iranian calendar	599–600
Islamic calendar	617–618
Japanese calendar	Jōkyū 3; (承うけたまわ久ひさし３年ねん)
Javanese calendar	1129–1130
Julian calendar	1221; MCCXXI
Korean calendar	3554
Minguo calendar	691 before ROC; 民みん前まえ691年ねん
Nanakshahi calendar	−247
Thai solar calendar	1763–1764
Tibetan calendar	阳金龙年; (male Iron-Dragon); 1347 or 966 or 194; — to —; 阴金蛇へび年ねん; (female Iron-Snake); 1348 or 967 or 195

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century; 13th century ; 14th century;
Decades:	1200s; 1210s; 1220s ; 1230s; 1240s;
Years:	1218; 1219; 1220; 1221 ; 1222; 1223; 1224;

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Year 1221 (MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events[edit]

By place[edit]

Byzantine Empire[edit]

November – Emperor Theodore I Laskaris dies after a 16-year reign and is succeeded by his son-in-law John III Doukas Vatatzes. John fends off Theodore's brothers, who believe that they have the better claim for the throne of the Empire of Nicaea. In December, he becomes the sole ruler, and during his reign, the Empire becomes the most powerful of the Byzantine successor states and the frontrunner in the race to recover Constantinople from the Latin Empire.^[1] John also cultivates a close relationship with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and negotiates with Pope Honorius III about the possibility of reuniting the Church.

Fifth Crusade[edit]

June – Sultan Al-Kamil again offers peace terms to Cardinal Pelagius with the cession of Jerusalem and all Palestine apart from Oultrejordain, together with a 30 years' truce and money compensation for the dismantling of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, a German contingent under Louis I of Bavaria arrives at Damietta, with orders from Frederick II not to launch an attack on Cairo until the emperor's arrival. Louis and Pelagius decide to advance into Egypt towards Mansoura, where Al-Kamil has built a fortress to protect Cairo. The Crusaders assemble their armies and tents are set up just up the Nile, on June 29.^[2]
July 4 – Pelagius orders a three-days fast in preparation for the advance. King John I of Jerusalem arrives at Damietta to rejoin the Crusade at the command of Honorius III. The Crusader force moves towards Sheremsah, halfway between Faraskur and Mansoura on the east bank of the Nile, occupying the city on July 12. Sources tell of 630 ships of various sizes, 5,000 knights, 4,000 archers, and 40,000 men. A horde of pilgrims march with the army. They are ordered to keep close to the river, to supply the Crusaders with water. Pelagius plans a new offensive and leaves a large garrison at Damietta.^[3]
July 24 – Pelagius moves the Crusader forces near Ashmun al-Rumman, on the opposite bank from Mansoura. Queen-Regent Alice of Cyprus and leaders of the military orders warn Pelagius of a large Muslim army being formed in Syria. Meanwhile, the Egyptian army under Al-Kamil crosses the Nile near Lake Manzaleh and establishes themselves between the Crusader camp and Damietta. In the Ushmum canal at Sheremsah, Al-Kamil's ships sail down the Nile and block the Crusaders' line of communications to Damietta. In August, Pelagius orders a retreat, but the route is cut off by Egyptians.^[4]
August 26–28 – Battle of Mansoura: The Crusader army led by Pelagius and John I of Jerusalem is defeated by the Egyptian forces at Mansoura. John and the military orders fight a last stand on the river banks of the Nile. He beats off a Nubian assault (supported by elite Turkish cavalry) and drives them back, but only after thousands of soldiers have perished. The remaining Crusaders are surrounded by Al-Kamil's forces and begin a desperate retreat to Damietta. The city is well-garrisoned and supplied with arms; a naval squadron under Henry, Count of Malta ("Enrico Pescatore") defends the harbour against the Egyptians.^[5] The Crusaders retreat under cover of darkness. Many of the soldiers cannot bear to abandon their stores of wine, and drink them all rather than leave them. The Teutonic Knights set fire to the stores that they cannot carry, thus informing the Egyptians that they are abandoning their positions. In the meantime, Al-Kamil orders opening of the sluices along the right bank of the Nile, flooding the area. Pelagius on his ship is carried by the floodwaters past the blockading Egyptian fleet. Other ships, carrying the medical supplies of the army and much of its food, escape, but many are captured.^[6]
August 28 – Pelagius sues for peace and sends an envoy to Al-Kamil. The terms of surrender are accepted, which includes the retreat from Damietta – leaving Egypt with the remnants of the Crusader army and an 8-year truce. After prisoners are exchanged, Al-Kamil enters Damietta on September 8. The Fifth Crusade ends with nothing gained for the West, with much lost, men, resources and reputations. The Crusaders blame Frederick II for not being there. Pelagius is accused of ineffectual leadership and a misguided view, which has led to rejecting the sultan's peace offerings.^[7]

Mongol Empire[edit]

Spring – Genghis Khan orders an armed reconnaissance expedition into the Caucasus (consisting of Georgia and Armenia) under the command of Subutai and Jebe ("the Arrow"). The Mongols defeat two Georgian armies around Tbilisi, but lack the will or equipment to besiege the capital city. During the fighting, King George IV of Georgia himself is severely wounded and his elite knights are massacred. The Mongols then return to Azerbaijan and Persia, and burn and pillage a few more cities.^[8]
February – The cities of Merv (perhaps the world's largest up to this date), Herat and Nishapur which have peacefully surrendered rise up in arms. Genghis Khan sends his son Tolui to spend an extra month to subdue the revolts. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in a genocide.^[9]
September – Battle of Parwan: Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni recruits an army of Turkic and Afghan warriors numbering some 60,000 men. As soon as news of this reaches Genghis Khan he sends a Mongol army of 30,000 men, led by his stepbrother Shikhikhutug. Meanwhile, Jalal al-Din moves to Parwan (modern Afghanistan), where the two armies meet in a narrow valley. Jalal al-Din takes the initiative, ordering his right-wing of Turks to dismount and engage in a skirmish. On the third day, the Mongols are finally defeated by the Khwarezmian forces and are forced to retreat. Shikhikhutug is driven off in defeat, losing over half his army.^[10]
October – The Mongol army raids Georgia for the second time, and Subutai and Jebe allow their forces to pass through the Caucasus Mountains.^[8]
November 24 – Battle of the Indus: Left with some 20,000 men, Jalal al-Din Mangburni has headed for the Indus River where Genghis catches up with him. In a desperate battle the Khwarezmain forces are destroyed, completing the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire, while Jalal al-Din flees across the river and escapes into India.^[9]

Europe[edit]

June 16 – The Jewish population of Erfurt (Duchy of Thuringia) is massacred after a ritual murder libel. A crowd storms the synagogue where the Jews have gathered with the threat of baptism or death. The Jewish quarter, including the synagogue, is razed: many Jews are tortured and killed.
Siege of Tallinn: An Estonian Crusader army tries to conquer the Danish stronghold of Tallinn with the help of Revalians, Harrians and Vironians. They besiege the stronghold for 14 days but finally retreat their forces.

Britain[edit]

June 21 – 10-year-old Joan of England, eldest daughter of the late King John, marries the 21-year-old King Alexander II of Scotland at York Minster.^[11]

Asia[edit]

May 13 – Emperor Juntoku is forced to abdicate, and is briefly succeeded by his 2-year-old son Chūkyō on the throne of Japan. Ex-Emperor Go-Toba leads the unsuccessful Jōkyū War against the Kamakura shogunate.
July 29 – The 9-year-old Go-Horikawa ascends to the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Kyoto Imperial Palace in Japan. He is a grandson of the late Emperor Takakura and a nephew of the exiled Go-Toba.^[12]

Mesoamerica[edit]

The Maya of the Yucatán revolt against the rulers of Chichen Itza.^[13]^[14]

Births[edit]

May 13 – Alexander Nevsky, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1263)^[15]
June 4 – Przemysł I, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1257)
October 9 – Salimbene di Adam, Italian chronicler (d. 1290)^[16]
November 2 – Saif al-Din Qutuz, Egyptian military leader (d. 1260)
November 23 – Alfonso X ("the Wise"), king of Castile (d. 1284)^[17]
Barisone III, Sardinian judge of Logudoro (or Torres) (d. 1236)
Bonaventure, Italian theologian and philosopher (d. 1274)^[18]
Hugh XI of Lusignan, French nobleman and knight (d. 1250)
Margaret of Provence, queen consort of France (d. 1295)
Nisshō, Japanese Buddhist priest and teacher (d. 1323)
Theobald II, Count of Bar, French nobleman and knight (d. 1291)
Walter Devereux, Anglo-Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1292)
William Mauduit, 8th Earl of Warwick, English nobleman and knight (d. 1268)

Deaths[edit]

January 17 – Walter de Clifford, English nobleman (b. 1160)
February 18 – Theodoric I, Margrave of Meissen (b. 1162)
March 26 – Raoul de Neuville, French bishop and diplomat
March 27 – Berengaria of Portugal, queen consort of Denmark (b. 1198)
April 25 – Baruch ben Samuel of Mainz, German rabbi
July 7 – Peter of Cornwall, English priest and writer (b. 1140)
August 6 – Dominic, founder of the Dominican Order, canonized (b. 1170)^[19]
September 15 – Geoffrey of Rohan, French nobleman (b. 1190)
October 4 – William IV, Count of Ponthieu (Talvas), Norman nobleman (b. 1179)
October 21 – Alix, Duchess of Brittany (or Alis), Breton noblewoman (b. 1200)
October 31 – Ulrich II, Bishop of Passau, German abbot and prince-bishop
November – Theodore I Laskaris, emperor of Nicaea (b. 1175)
December – Roger of San Severino, archbishop of Benevento
Adam of Perseigne, French Cistercian abbot (b. 1145)
Albertet de Sestaro, French jongleur and troubadour
Asukai Masatsune, Japanese waka poet and writer
Lalibela (Gebre Meskel), ruler of the Ethiopian Empire (b. 1162)
Gruffydd Fychan ap Iorwerth, Welsh knight (b. 1150)
Hassan III of Alamut, ruler of the Nizari Ismaili State (b. 1187)
Henry I of Rodez, French nobleman and troubadour
John of Tynemouth, English priest, archdeacon and lawyer
Najmuddin Kubra, Khwarezmian philosopher (b. 1145)
Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk, English nobleman and knight (b. 1144)
Walter de Lindsay of Lamberton, Scottish nobleman and knight

References[edit]

^ George Akropolites (2007). The History, p. 160. Trans. Ruth Macrides. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 140. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 141. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
^ Maalouf, Amin (2006). The Crusades through Arab Eyes, pp. 225–226. Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-863-56023-1.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
^ ^a ^b Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 207. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
^ ^a ^b Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 205–206. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
^ Tanner, Stephen (2009). Afghanistan - A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban, p. 94. Da Capo Press.
^ Agnes Mure MacKenzie (1957). The Foundations of Scotland, p. 251.
^ Perkins, George W. (August 1998). "Mourning Attire". The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). Stanford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0804763887.
^ Richard Bodley Scott; Graham Briggs; Rudy Scott Nelson (2009). Blood and Gold: The Americas at War. Osprey Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1846036910. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1883). The native races. 1882-86. British Columbia: History Company.
^ V.A. Kuchkin (1986). О дате рождения Александра Невского [About the Birthdate of Alexander Nevsky]. Вопросы истории [Questions of History] (in Russian) (2): 174–176. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015.
^ Rayborn, Tim (October 9, 2014). "Popular Religion, Heresy and Mendicancy". Against the Friars: Antifraternalism in Medieval France and England. McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 978-0786468317.
^ Francisco Márquez Villanueva; Carlos Alberto Vega (1990). Alfonso X of Castile, the learned king, 1221-1284: an international symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984. Dept. of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University. p. 165. ISBN 0940940434.
^ M. Walsh, ed. (1991). Butler's Lives of the Saints. New York: HarperCollins. p. 216. ISBN 9780060692995.
^ Perkins, Charles Callahan (1864). "The Arca Di S. Domenico.". Tuscan sculptors: their lives, works and times, Volume 1. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 19. Saint Dominic 1221 August 6.

[1] George Akropolites (2007). The History, p. 160. Trans. Ruth Macrides. New York: Oxford University Press.

[2] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 140. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[3] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[4] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 141. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[5] Maalouf, Amin (2006). The Crusades through Arab Eyes, pp. 225–226. Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-863-56023-1.

[6] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[7] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[RuncimanIII207-8] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 207. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[RuncimanIII205-9] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 205–206. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[10] Tanner, Stephen (2009). Afghanistan - A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban, p. 94. Da Capo Press.

[11] Agnes Mure MacKenzie (1957). The Foundations of Scotland, p. 251.

[12] Perkins, George W. (August 1998). "Mourning Attire". The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). Stanford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0804763887.

[13] Richard Bodley Scott; Graham Briggs; Rudy Scott Nelson (2009). Blood and Gold: The Americas at War. Osprey Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1846036910. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2014.

[14] Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1883). The native races. 1882-86. British Columbia: History Company.

[rozhdenia-15] V.A. Kuchkin (1986). О дате рождения Александра Невского [About the Birthdate of Alexander Nevsky]. Вопросы истории [Questions of History] (in Russian) (2): 174–176. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015.

[16] Rayborn, Tim (October 9, 2014). "Popular Religion, Heresy and Mendicancy". Against the Friars: Antifraternalism in Medieval France and England. McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 978-0786468317.

[17] Francisco Márquez Villanueva; Carlos Alberto Vega (1990). Alfonso X of Castile, the learned king, 1221-1284: an international symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984. Dept. of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University. p. 165. ISBN 0940940434.

[walsh-18] M. Walsh, ed. (1991). Butler's Lives of the Saints. New York: HarperCollins. p. 216. ISBN 9780060692995.

[19] Perkins, Charles Callahan (1864). "The Arca Di S. Domenico.". Tuscan sculptors: their lives, works and times, Volume 1. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 19. Saint Dominic 1221 August 6.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{Year dab|1221}}
 {{Year nav|1221}}
+{{C13 year in topic}}
-{{C13 year in topic}}Year '''1221''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]].
+[[File:Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid Indus river, escaping Chinggis Khan and his army.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] (left) crosses the [[Indus River]] and escapes [[Genghis Khan]].]]
+Year '''1221''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]].
 == Events ==
 <onlyinclude>
+=== By place ===
-* November &ndash; Emperor [[Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I]] ('''Laskaris''') dies after a 16-year reign and is succeeded by his son-in-law [[John III Doukas Vatatzes|John III]] ('''Doukas'''). John fends off Theodore's brothers, who believe that they have the better claim for the throne of the [[Empire of Nicaea]]. In December, he becomes the sole ruler, and during his reign, the Empire becomes the most powerful of the Byzantine successor states and the frontrunner in the race to recover [[Constantinople]] from the [[Latin Empire]].<ref>George Akropolites (2007). ''The History'', p. 160. Trans. [[Ruth Macrides]]. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> John also cultivates a close relationship with Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] and negotiates with Pope [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]] about the possibility of reuniting the Church.
-* June &ndash; Sultan [[Al-Kamil]] again offers peace terms to Cardinal [[Pelagio Galvani|Pelagius]] with the cession of [[Jerusalem]] and all [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] apart from [[Oultrejordain]], together with a 30 years' truce and money compensation for the dismantling of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, a German contingent under [[Louis I, Duke of Bavaria|Louis I of Bavaria]] arrives at [[Damietta]], with orders from Frederick II not to launch an attack on [[Cairo]] until the emperor's arrival. Louis and Pelagius decide to advance into [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] towards [[Mansoura, Egypt|Mansoura]], where Al-Kamil has build a fortress to protect Cairo. The Crusaders assemble their armies and tents are set up just up the [[Nile]], on [[June 29]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 140. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
+==== Byzantine Empire ====
-* [[July 4]] &ndash; Pelagius orders a three-days fast in preparation for the advance. King [[John of Brienne|John I of Jerusalem]] arrives at Damietta, to rejoin the Crusade at the command of Honorius III. The Crusader force moves towards [[Sheremsah]], halfway between [[Faraskur]] and Mansoura on the east bank of the Nile, occupying the city on [[July 12]]. Sources tell of 630 ships of various sizes, 5,000 knights, 4,000 archers, and 40,000 men. A horde of pilgrims march with the army. They are ordered to keep close to the river, to supply the Crusaders with water. Pelagius plans a new offensive and leaves a large garrison at Damietta.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 140–141. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
+* [[November]] &ndash; Emperor [[Theodore I Laskaris]] dies after a 16-year reign and is succeeded by his son-in-law [[John III Doukas Vatatzes]]. John fends off Theodore's brothers, who believe that they have the better claim for the throne of the [[Empire of Nicaea]]. In December, he becomes the sole ruler, and during his reign, the Empire becomes the most powerful of the Byzantine successor states and the frontrunner in the race to recover [[Constantinople]] from the [[Latin Empire]].<ref>George Akropolites (2007). ''The History'', p. 160. Trans. [[Ruth Macrides]]. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> John also cultivates a close relationship with [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]], and negotiates with [[Pope Honorius III]] about the possibility of reuniting the Church.
-* [[July 24]] &ndash; Pelagius moves the Crusader forces near [[Ashmun al-Rumman]], on the opposite bank from Mansoura. Queen-Regent [[Alice of Champagne|Alice of Cyprus]] and leaders of the military orders warn Pelagius of a large Muslim army being formed in [[Syria]]. Meanwhile, the Egyptian army under Al-Kamil crosses the Nile near [[Lake Manzaleh]] and establishes themselves between the Crusader camp and Damietta. In the Ushmum canal at Sheremsah, Al-Kamil's ships sail down it and block the Crusaders' line of communications to Damietta. In August, Pelagius orders a retreat, but the route is cut off by Egyptian troops.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 141. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
-* January &ndash; The [[Mongol]] army under [[Jochi]] captures the city of Gurganj (modern-day [[Konye-Urgench]] in [[Turkmenistan]]), and massacres the inhabitants, reported by contemporary scholars as being over a million.
+==== Fifth Crusade ====
-* February &ndash; The oasis city of [[Merv]] on the [[Silk Road]] is sacked by the [[Mongols]] under [[Tolui]], at the orders of [[Genghis Khan]]. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in a [[genocide]].
+* [[June]] &ndash; Sultan [[Al-Kamil]] again offers peace terms to Cardinal [[Pelagio Galvani|Pelagius]] with the cession of [[Jerusalem]] and all [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] apart from [[Oultrejordain]], together with a 30 years' truce and money compensation for the dismantling of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, a German contingent under [[Louis I, Duke of Bavaria|Louis I of Bavaria]] arrives at [[Damietta]], with orders from Frederick II not to launch an attack on [[Cairo]] until the emperor's arrival. Louis and Pelagius decide to advance into [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] towards [[Mansoura, Egypt|Mansoura]], where Al-Kamil has built a fortress to protect Cairo. The Crusaders assemble their armies and tents are set up just up the [[Nile]], on [[June 29]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 140. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
-* [[February 4]] &ndash; The city of [[Nizhny Novgorod]] is founded by Grand Prince [[Yuri II of Vladimir]].
+* [[July 4]] &ndash; Pelagius orders a three-days fast in preparation for the advance. King [[John of Brienne|John I of Jerusalem]] arrives at Damietta to rejoin the Crusade at the command of Honorius III. The Crusader force moves towards [[Sheremsah]], halfway between [[Faraskur]] and Mansoura on the east bank of the Nile, occupying the city on [[July 12]]. Sources tell of 630 ships of various sizes, 5,000 knights, 4,000 archers, and 40,000 men. A horde of pilgrims march with the army. They are ordered to keep close to the river, to supply the Crusaders with water. Pelagius plans a new offensive and leaves a large garrison at Damietta.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 140–141. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
-* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Emperor Juntoku]] is forced to abdicate, and is briefly succeeded by his 2-year-old son [[Emperor Chūkyō]], on the throne of [[Japan]]. Ex-[[Emperor Go-Toba]] leads the unsuccessful [[Jōkyū War]], against the [[Kamakura shogunate]].
+* [[July 24]] &ndash; Pelagius moves the Crusader forces near [[Ashmun al-Rumman]], on the opposite bank from Mansoura. Queen-Regent [[Alice of Champagne|Alice of Cyprus]] and leaders of the military orders warn Pelagius of a large Muslim army being formed in [[Syria]]. Meanwhile, the Egyptian army under Al-Kamil crosses the Nile near [[Lake Manzaleh]] and establishes themselves between the Crusader camp and Damietta. In the Ushmum canal at Sheremsah, Al-Kamil's ships sail down the Nile and block the Crusaders' line of communications to Damietta. In August, Pelagius orders a retreat, but the route is cut off by Egyptians.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 141. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
-* [[June 16]] &ndash; The [[Jews]] of [[Erfurt]], [[Germany]] are massacred, after a [[Blood libel|ritual murder libel]]. A crowd storms the [[synagogue]] where the Jews have gathered. The threat is baptism or death. The Jewish quarter, including the synagogue, is razed; many Jews are tortured and killed. Among the martyrs are Shem Tov ha-Levi, and Rabbi and Mrs. Shmuel Kalonymos. This day will be observed as a fast day (al Kiddush Hashem) for many years.
+* [[August 26]]–[[August 28|28]] &ndash; [[Battle of Mansurah (1221)|Battle of Mansoura]]: The Crusader army led by Pelagius and John I of Jerusalem is defeated by the Egyptian forces at Mansoura. John and the military orders fight a last stand on the river banks of the Nile. He beats off a Nubian assault (supported by elite Turkish cavalry) and drives them back, but only after thousands of soldiers have perished. The remaining Crusaders are surrounded by Al-Kamil's forces and begin a desperate retreat to Damietta. The city is well-garrisoned and supplied with arms; a naval squadron under [[Henry, Count of Malta]] ("Enrico Pescatore") defends the harbour against the Egyptians.<ref>Maalouf, Amin (2006). ''The Crusades through Arab Eyes'', pp. 225–226. Saqi Books. {{ISBN|978-0-863-56023-1}}.</ref> The Crusaders retreat under cover of darkness. Many of the soldiers cannot bear to abandon their stores of wine, and drink them all rather than leave them. The [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]] set fire to the stores that they cannot carry, thus informing the Egyptians that they are abandoning their positions. In the meantime, Al-Kamil orders opening of the sluices along the right bank of the Nile, flooding the area. Pelagius on his ship is carried by the floodwaters past the blockading Egyptian fleet. Other ships, carrying the medical supplies of the army and much of its food, escape, but many are captured.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 141–142. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
-* [[July 29]] &ndash; 10-year-old [[Emperor Go-Horikawa]] ascends to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] of [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Perkins|first1=George W.|title=The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333)|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0804763887|page=59|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8rKCOSmKEMC&q=Emperor+Go-Horikawa+1221&pg=PA59|chapter=Mourning Attire|date=August 1998}}</ref>
+* [[August 28]] &ndash; Pelagius sues for peace and sends an envoy to Al-Kamil. The terms of surrender are accepted, which includes the retreat from Damietta – leaving Egypt with the remnants of the Crusader army and an 8-year truce. After prisoners are exchanged, Al-Kamil enters Damietta on [[September 8]]. The [[Fifth Crusade]] ends with nothing gained for the West, with much lost, men, resources and reputations. The Crusaders blame Frederick II for not being there. Pelagius is accused of ineffectual leadership and a misguided view, which has led to rejecting the sultan's peace offerings.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 142–143. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
-* A large and highly efficient Mongol army, dispatched under [[Subutai]] by [[Genghis Khan]] to [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], defeats two Georgian armies around [[Tbilisi]], but lacks the will or equipment to besiege the city.
-* [[Genghis Khan]] enters the [[Indus Valley]] in modern-day [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jeune|first1=Sir Francis Henry|title=The Mahometan Power in India: The Arnold Prize Essay for 1867|date=1867|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-s2AQAAMAAJ&q=Genghis+Khan+1221+indus&pg=PA20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Lindsay Brown|author2=Paul Clammer|author3=Rodney Cocks|title=Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway|date=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1741045420|page=189|chapter=North-west Frontier Province}}</ref>
+==== Mongol Empire ====
-* Majd al-Mulk al-Muzaffar, the [[grand vizier]] of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], is killed in a [[genocide]] by the Mongol invaders.
+* Spring &ndash; [[Genghis Khan]] orders an armed reconnaissance expedition into the [[Caucasus]] (consisting of [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] and [[Armenia]]) under the command of [[Subutai]] and [[Jebe]] ("the Arrow"). The Mongols defeat two Georgian armies around [[Tbilisi]], but lack the will or equipment to besiege the capital city. During the fighting, King [[George IV of Georgia]] himself is severely wounded and his elite knights are massacred. The Mongols then return to [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Iran|Persia]], and burn and pillage a few more cities.<ref name=RuncimanIII207/>
-* [[Nizari Ismaili state|Nizari Ismaili]] emissaries meet [[Genghis Khan]] in [[Balkh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daftary |first1=Farhad |title=Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis |date=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6164-0 |page=xxx |language=en}}</ref>
+* February &ndash; The cities of [[Merv]] (perhaps the world's largest up to this date), [[Herat]] and [[Nishapur]] which have peacefully surrendered rise up in arms. Genghis Khan sends his son [[Tolui]] to spend an extra month to subdue the revolts. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in a [[genocide]].<ref name=RuncimanIII205/>
-* The [[Maya peoples|Maya]] of the [[Yucatán region|Yucatán]] revolt against the rulers of [[Chichen Itza]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Bodley Scott|author2=Graham Briggs|author3=Rudy Scott Nelson|title=Blood and Gold: The Americas at War|date=2009|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1846036910|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsY3rtoy8KoC&q=Chichen+Itza+revolt+1221&pg=PA35|access-date=December 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227215302/https://books.google.ca/books?id=WsY3rtoy8KoC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=Chichen+Itza+revolt+1221&source=bl&ots=4z9kwdYItx&sig=oWKAhMg8_8XLT2GEmYO0Cj7g5mw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5QufVPu-O46fyASB1oGYAw&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Chichen%20Itza%20revolt%201221&f=false#v=onepage&q=Chichen%20Itza%20revolt%201221&f=false|archive-date=December 27, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bancroft|first1=Hubert Howe|title=The native races. 1882-86|date=1883|publisher=History Company|location=British Columbia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23V0AAAAMAAJ&q=Chichen+Itza+revolt+1221&pg=PA631}}</ref>
+* September &ndash; [[Battle of Parwan]]: Sultan [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] recruits an army of Turkic and Afghan warriors numbering some 60,000 men. As soon as news of this reaches Genghis Khan he sends a Mongol army of 30,000 men, led by his stepbrother [[Shikhikhutug]]. Meanwhile, Jalal al-Din moves to [[Parwan Province|Parwan]] (modern [[Afghanistan]]), where the two armies meet in a narrow valley. Jalal al-Din takes the initiative, ordering his right-wing of Turks to dismount and engage in a skirmish. On the third day, the Mongols are finally defeated by the Khwarezmian forces and are forced to retreat. Shikhikhutug is driven off in defeat, losing over half his army.<ref>Tanner, Stephen (2009). ''Afghanistan - A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban'', p. 94. Da Capo Press.</ref>
-</onlyinclude>
+* October &ndash; The Mongol army raids Georgia for the second time, and Subutai and Jebe allow their forces to pass through the [[Caucasus Mountains]].<ref name=RuncimanIII207>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 207. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
+* [[November 24]]  &ndash; [[Battle of the Indus]]: Left with some 20,000 men, Jalal al-Din Mangburni has headed for the [[Indus River]] where Genghis catches up with him. In a desperate battle the Khwarezmain forces are destroyed, completing the [[Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire]], while Jalal al-Din flees across the river and escapes into [[India]].<ref name=RuncimanIII205>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 205–206. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
+==== Europe ====
+* [[June 16]] &ndash; The Jewish population of [[Erfurt]] ([[Duchy of Thuringia]]) is massacred after a [[Blood libel|ritual murder libel]]. A crowd storms the synagogue where the Jews have gathered with the threat of [[baptism]] or death. The Jewish quarter, including the synagogue, is razed: many Jews are tortured and killed.
+* [[Siege of Tallinn]]: An Estonian Crusader army tries to conquer the Danish stronghold of [[Tallinn]] with the help of [[Revala|Revalians]], [[Harjumaa (ancient county)|Harrians]] and [[Virumaa|Vironians]]. They besiege the stronghold for 14 days but finally retreat their forces.
+==== Britain ====
+* [[June 21]] &ndash; 10-year-old [[Joan of England, Queen of Scotland|Joan of England]], eldest daughter of the late [[John, King of England|King John]], marries the 21-year-old King [[Alexander II of Scotland]] at [[York Minster]].<ref>Agnes Mure MacKenzie (1957). ''The Foundations of Scotland'', p. 251.</ref>
+==== Asia ====
+* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Emperor Juntoku]] is forced to abdicate, and is briefly succeeded by his 2-year-old son [[Emperor Chūkyō|Chūkyō]] on the throne of [[Japan]]. Ex-Emperor [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]] leads the unsuccessful [[Jōkyū War]] against the [[Kamakura shogunate]].
+* [[July 29]] &ndash; The 9-year-old [[Emperor Go-Horikawa|Go-Horikawa]] ascends to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] at the [[Kyoto Imperial Palace]] in Japan. He is a grandson of the late Emperor [[Emperor Takakura|Takakura]] and a nephew of the exiled Go-Toba.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Perkins|first1=George W.|title=The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333)|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0804763887|page=59|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8rKCOSmKEMC&q=Emperor+Go-Horikawa+1221&pg=PA59|chapter=Mourning Attire|date=August 1998}}</ref>
+==== Mesoamerica ====
+* The [[Maya peoples|Maya]] of the [[Yucatán region|Yucatán]] revolt against the rulers of [[Chichen Itza]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Bodley Scott|author2=Graham Briggs|author3=Rudy Scott Nelson|title=Blood and Gold: The Americas at War|date=2009|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1846036910|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsY3rtoy8KoC&q=Chichen+Itza+revolt+1221&pg=PA35|access-date=December 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227215302/https://books.google.ca/books?id=WsY3rtoy8KoC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=Chichen+Itza+revolt+1221&source=bl&ots=4z9kwdYItx&sig=oWKAhMg8_8XLT2GEmYO0Cj7g5mw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5QufVPu-O46fyASB1oGYAw&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Chichen%20Itza%20revolt%201221&f=false#v=onepage&q=Chichen%20Itza%20revolt%201221&f=false|archive-date=December 27, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bancroft|first1=Hubert Howe|title=The native races. 1882-86|date=1883|publisher=History Company|location=British Columbia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23V0AAAAMAAJ&q=Chichen+Itza+revolt+1221&pg=PA631}}</ref></onlyinclude>
 == Births ==
-* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Alexander Nevsky]], Grand Prince of [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]] (d. [[1263]])<ref name="rozhdenia">{{cite journal |url= http://www.maxknow.ru/images/upload/articles45/1160.htm |script-title= ru:О дате рождения Александра Невского |trans-title= About the Birthdate of Alexander Nevsky |journal= Вопросы истории [Questions of History] |author= V.A. Kuchkin |date= 1986 |issue= 2 |pages= 174–176 |language= ru |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222201904/http://www.maxknow.ru/images/upload/articles45/1160.htm |archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref>
+* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Alexander Nevsky]], Kievan Grand Prince (d. [[1263]])<ref name="rozhdenia">{{cite journal |url= http://www.maxknow.ru/images/upload/articles45/1160.htm |script-title= ru:О дате рождения Александра Невского |trans-title= About the Birthdate of Alexander Nevsky |journal= Вопросы истории [Questions of History] |author= V.A. Kuchkin |date= 1986 |issue= 2 |pages= 174–176 |language= ru |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222201904/http://www.maxknow.ru/images/upload/articles45/1160.htm |archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref>
+* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Przemysł I of Greater Poland|Przemysł I]], Polish [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight (d. [[1257]])
 * [[October 9]] &ndash; [[Salimbene di Adam]], Italian chronicler (d. [[1290]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rayborn|first1=Tim|title=Against the Friars: Antifraternalism in Medieval France and England|date=9 October 2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786468317|page=17|chapter=Popular Religion, Heresy and Mendicancy}}</ref>
+* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Qutuz|Saif al-Din Qutuz]], Egyptian military leader (d. [[1260]])
-* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] ('''the Wise'''), king of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] (d. [[1284]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Francisco Márquez Villanueva|author2=Carlos Alberto Vega|title=Alfonso X of Castile, the learned king, 1221-1284: an international symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984|date=1990|publisher=Dept. of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University|isbn=0940940434|pages=165}}</ref>
+* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] ("the Wise"), king of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] (d. [[1284]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Francisco Márquez Villanueva|author2=Carlos Alberto Vega|title=Alfonso X of Castile, the learned king, 1221-1284: an international symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984|date=1990|publisher=Dept. of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University|isbn=0940940434|pages=165}}</ref>
-* [[Bonaventure]], Italian theologian and philosopher (d. [[1274]])<ref name=walsh>{{cite book |editor=M. Walsh|title=Butler's Lives of the Saints|url=https://archive.org/details/butlerslivesofsa00butl|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1991|page=[https://archive.org/details/butlerslivesofsa00butl/page/216 216]}}</ref>
+* [[Barisone III of Torres|Barisone III]], Sardinian judge of [[Judge of Logudoro|Logudoro]] (or Torres) (d. [[1236]])
+* [[Bonaventure]], Italian theologian and philosopher (d. [[1274]])<ref name=walsh>{{cite book |editor=M. Walsh|title=Butler's Lives of the Saints|url=https://archive.org/details/butlerslivesofsa00butl|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1991|page=[https://archive.org/details/butlerslivesofsa00butl/page/216 216]|isbn=9780060692995 }}</ref>
+* [[Hugh XI of Lusignan]], French nobleman and knight (d. [[1250]])
 * [[Margaret of Provence]], queen consort of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] (d. [[1295]])
+* [[Nisshō]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] priest and teacher (d. [[1323]])
+* [[Theobald II, Count of Bar]], French nobleman and knight (d. [[1291]])
+* [[Walter Devereux of Bodenham and Bromwich|Walter Devereux]], Anglo-Norman nobleman and knight (d. [[1292]])
+* [[William Mauduit, 8th Earl of Warwick]], English nobleman and knight (d. [[1268]])
 == Deaths ==
-* [[March 27]] &ndash; [[Berengaria of Portugal]], queen of [[Denmark]] (b. [[1198]])
+* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[Walter de Clifford (died 1221)|Walter de Clifford]], English nobleman (b. [[1160]])
+* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Theodoric I, Margrave of Meissen]] (b. [[1162]])
-* [[August 6]] &ndash; [[Saint Dominic|Dominic]], founder of the [[Dominican Order]] (b. [[1170]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Perkins|first1=Charles Callahan|title=Tuscan sculptors: their lives, works and times, Volume 1|date=1864|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green|page=[https://archive.org/details/tuscansculptors04perkgoog/page/n87 19]|url=https://archive.org/details/tuscansculptors04perkgoog|quote=Saint Dominic 1221 August 6.|chapter=The Arca Di S. Domenico.}}</ref>
-* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[William IV, Count of Ponthieu|William IV]] ('''Talvas'''), Norman [[Nobility|nobleman]] (b. [[1179]])
+* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Raoul de Neuville]], French bishop and diplomat
-* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Alix, Duchess of Brittany|Alix]] (or '''Alis'''), Breton noblewoman (b. [[1200]])
+* [[March 27]] &ndash; [[Berengaria of Portugal]], queen consort of [[Denmark]] (b. [[1198]])
-* [[Adam of Perseigne]], French [[cistercians|Cistercian]] abbot (b. [[1145]])
+* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Baruch ben Samuel]] of Mainz, German [[rabbi]]
+* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Peter of Cornwall]], English priest and writer (b. [[1140]])
+* [[August 6]] &ndash; [[Saint Dominic|Dominic]], founder of the [[Dominican Order]], canonized (b. [[1170]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Perkins|first1=Charles Callahan|title=Tuscan sculptors: their lives, works and times, Volume 1|date=1864|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green|page=[https://archive.org/details/tuscansculptors04perkgoog/page/n87 19]|url=https://archive.org/details/tuscansculptors04perkgoog|quote=Saint Dominic 1221 August 6.|chapter=The Arca Di S. Domenico.}}</ref>
+* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Geoffrey of Rohan]], French nobleman (b. [[1190]])
+* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[William IV, Count of Ponthieu]] (Talvas), Norman nobleman (b. [[1179]])
+* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Alix, Duchess of Brittany]] (or Alis), Breton noblewoman (b. [[1200]])
+* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[Ulrich II (bishop of Passau)|Ulrich II]], Bishop of Passau, German [[abbot]] and prince-bishop
+* November &ndash; [[Theodore I Laskaris]], emperor of [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]] (b. [[1175]])
+* December &ndash; [[Roger (archbishop of Benevento)|Roger of San Severino]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Benevento|Benevento]]
+* [[Adam of Perseigne]], French [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] abbot (b. [[1145]])
 * [[Albertet de Sestaro]], French jongleur and [[troubadour]]
+* [[Asukai Masatsune]], Japanese ''[[Waka (poetry)|waka]]'' poet and writer
-* [[Hassan III of Alamut|Hassan III]], ruler of the [[Nizari Ismaili state|Nizari Ismaili State]] (b. [[1187]])
+* [[Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia)|Lalibela]] (Gebre Meskel), ruler of the [[Ethiopian Empire]] (b. 1162)
-* [[Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk|Roger Bigod]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1144]])
+* [[Gruffydd Fychan ap Iorwerth]], Welsh knight (b. [[1150]])
-* [[Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I]] ('''Laskaris'''), emperor of [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]] (b. [[1175]])
+* [[Hassan III of Alamut]], ruler of the [[Nizari Ismaili state|Nizari Ismaili State]] (b. [[1187]])
-* [[Walter de Lindsay of Lamberton|Walter de Lindsay]], Scottish nobleman and knight
+* [[Henry I of Rodez]], French nobleman and troubadour
+* [[John of Tynemouth (canon lawyer)|John of Tynemouth]], English priest, archdeacon and lawyer
+* [[Najmuddin Kubra]], Khwarezmian philosopher (b. [[1145]])
+* [[Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1144]])
+* [[Walter de Lindsay of Lamberton]], Scottish nobleman and knight
 == References ==

1221 by topic
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1221 in poetry
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