Mark Shuttleworth: Difference between revisions

Mark Shuttleworth
Mark Shuttleworth
	Shuttleworth in Dublin, 2011
Born	Mark Richard Shuttleworth; 18 September 1973 (age 50); Welkom, Orange Free State, South Africa
Nationality	South African and British
Occupation	Entrepreneur
	Space career
Space Adventures Tourist
Time in space	9d 21h 25m
Missions	Soyuz TM-34/TM-33
Mission insignia
Website	www.markshuttleworth.com

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Mark Richard Shuttleworth (born 18 September 1973) is a South African and British entrepreneur who is the founder and CEO of Canonical, the company behind the development of the Linux-based Ubuntu operating system.^[1] In 2002, Shuttleworth became the first South African to travel to space, doing so as a space tourist.^[2]^[3]^[4] He lives on the Isle of Man and holds dual citizenship from South Africa and the United Kingdom.^[5]^[6] According to the Sunday Times Rich List in 2020, Shuttleworth is worth an estimated £500 million.^[7]

Early life[edit]

Shuttleworth was born in Welkom, Free State, South Africa, to a surgeon and a nursery-school teacher,^[8] Shuttleworth attended school at Western Province Preparatory School (where he eventually became Head Boy in 1986), followed by one term at Rondebosch Boys' High School, and then Bishops/Diocesan College where he was Head Boy in 1991.^[9]^[10] Shuttleworth obtained a Bachelor of Business Science degree in Finance and Information Systems at the University of Cape Town. As a student, he became involved in the installation of the first residential Internet connections at the university.^[11]

Work[edit]

In 1995, Shuttleworth founded Thawte Consulting, a company which specialized in digital certificates and Internet security. In December 1999, Shuttleworth sold Thawte to VeriSign, earning Shuttleworth R3.5 billion (US$575 million, equivalent to $989 million in 2023).^[12]

In September 2000, Shuttleworth formed HBD Venture Capital (Here be Dragons), a business incubator and venture capital provider now managed by Knife Capital.^[13] In March 2004 he formed Canonical Ltd., for the promotion and commercial support of free software projects, especially the Ubuntu operating system. In December 2009, Shuttleworth stepped down as the CEO of Canonical Ltd, with Jane Silber taking over the position.^[14] Shuttleworth returned to the position of CEO of Canonical in July 2017 at the end of Silber's tenure.^[15]

Linux and FOSS[edit]

In the 1990s, Shuttleworth participated as one of the developers of the Debian operating system.^[16]

In 2001, he formed the Shuttleworth Foundation, a nonprofit organisation dedicated to social innovation which also funds educational, free, and open source software projects in South Africa, such as the Freedom Toaster.^[17]

In 2004, he returned to the free-software world by funding the development of Ubuntu, a Linux distribution based on Debian, through his company, Canonical Ltd.^[17]

In 2005, he founded the Ubuntu Foundation and made an initial investment of 10 million dollars. In the Ubuntu project, Shuttleworth is often referred to with the tongue-in-cheek title "Self-Appointed Benevolent Dictator for Life" (SABDFL).^[18] To come up with a list of names of people to hire for the project, Shuttleworth took six months of Debian mailing list archives with him while travelling to Antarctica aboard the icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov in early 2004.^[19] In September 2005, he purchased a 65% stake of Impi Linux.^[20]

On 15 October 2006, it was announced that Mark Shuttleworth had become the first patron of KDE, the highest level of sponsorship available.^[21] This relationship ended in 2012, together with financial support for Kubuntu, the Ubuntu variant with KDE as main desktop.

On 17 December 2009, Shuttleworth announced that, effective March 2010, he would step down as CEO of Canonical to focus energy on product design, partnership, and customers. Jane Silber, COO at Canonical since 2004, took on the job of CEO at Canonical.^[22]

In September 2010, he received an honorary degree from the Open University for this work.^[23]

On 9 November 2012, Shuttleworth and Kenneth Rogoff took part in a debate opposite Garry Kasparov and Peter Thiel at the Oxford Union, entitled "The Innovation Enigma".^[24]

On 25 October 2013, Shuttleworth and Ubuntu were awarded the Austrian anti-privacy Big Brother Award for sending local Ubuntu Unity Dash searches to Canonical servers by default.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28] A year earlier, in 2012, Shuttleworth had defended the anonymisation method used.^[29] He later reversed the decision, and no current Ubuntu version does this.

Spaceflight[edit]

Shuttleworth gained worldwide fame on 25 April 2002, as the second self-funded space tourist (after Dennis Tito in 2001) and the first South African in space.^[a] Flying through Space Adventures, he launched aboard the Russian Soyuz TM-34 mission as a spaceflight participant,^[30] paying approximately US$20 million^[31] for the voyage (equivalent to $32.39 million in 2023). Two days later, the Soyuz spacecraft arrived at the International Space Station, where he spent eight days participating in experiments related to AIDS and genome research. On 5 May 2002, he returned to Earth on Soyuz TM-33. In order to participate in the flight, Shuttleworth had to undergo one year of training and preparation, including seven months spent in Star City, Russia.^[32]

When he was in space, he spoke to Thabo Mbeki, then president of South Africa, on video link as part of the Freedom Day celebrations to mark the end of apartheid.^[33]

He also had a radio conversation with Nelson Mandela and a 14-year-old South African girl, Michelle Foster, who asked him to marry her. He politely dodged the question, stating that he was "very honoured at the question" before changing the subject.^[31] The terminally ill Foster was provided the opportunity to have a conversation with Mark Shuttleworth and Nelson Mandela by the Reach for a Dream foundation.^[34]^[35]

Transport[edit]

He has a private jet, a Bombardier Global Express, which is often referred to as Canonical One but is in fact owned through his HBD Venture Capital company.^[36]^[37]^[38] The dragon depicted on the side of the plane is Norman, the HBD Venture Capital mascot.^[39]

Legal clash with the South African Reserve Bank[edit]

Upon moving R2.5 billion in capital from South Africa to the Isle of Man, the South African Reserve Bank imposed a R250 million levy in order to release his assets.^[40] Shuttleworth won a case in the Supreme Court of Appeal to have the levy monies returned. However, on 18 June 2015 the Constitutional Court of South Africa reversed and set aside the findings of the lower courts, ruling that the dominant purpose of an exit charge was to regulate conduct rather than to raise revenue.^[41] The court held "...that the exit charge was not inconsistent with the Constitution. The dominant purpose of the exit charge was not to raise revenue but rather to regulate conduct by discouraging the export of capital to protect the domestic economy."^[42]

Notes[edit]

^ Shuttleworth is the first citizen of an independent African country to go into space. Patrick Baudry, an earlier astronaut, was also born in Africa; however, since Baudry's native Cameroon was a French colony at the time of his birth, he is considered a French citizen. Shuttleworth also had British citizenship at the time of his flight.

References[edit]

^ "Canonical". Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
^ "Nasa makes space tourism U-turn". BBC News Online. 12 December 2001. Retrieved 2 September 2012. approval to plans to make the South African internet millionaire Mark Shuttleworth
^ "Space tourist lifts off". BBC News Online. 25 April 2002. Retrieved 2 September 2012. South African internet millionaire Mark Shuttleworth is heading for a short stay
^ "International Space Station: Soyuz 3 Taxi Flight Crew: Mark Richard Shuttleworth". 4 April 2004. Archived from the original on 4 February 2002. Retrieved 2 September 2012. Mark was born on 18 September 1973 in mining town Welkom, in South Africa's Free State province
^ Leake, Jonathan; Swinford, Steven (19 July 2009). "It's blast-off Britain as ban on space flight ends". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013. Mark Shuttleworth, a South African entrepreneur with dual British nationality, took a different route, paying £12m for Russia ...
^ "Mark Shuttleworth – Contact Details". Mark Shuttleworth. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ Times, The Sunday. "Rich List 2020: Profiles 201‑300=". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
^ Vance, Ashlee (10 January 2009). "A Software Populist Who Doesn't Do Windows". New York Times. Retrieved 12 January 2009. charismatic 35-year-old billionaire from South Africa ... son of a surgeon and a kindergarten teacher
^ Western Province Preparatory School (18 February 2011). "WPPS embraces every aspect of today's educational requirements" (A Commercial Feature). Cape Times. p. 12. Retrieved 29 September 2012. and 1986 head boy Mark Shuttleworth, who, as the first South African in space, flew with the Soyuz mission to the International Space Station^{[dead link]}
^ "Interesting Facts". Invitation to Bishops. Bishops Diocesan College. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012. Mark Shuttleworth was Head boy in 1991 and was the first Afronaut in Space on 2 April 2002
^ "Quick facts about UCT". news.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ "VeriSign Buys South Africa's Thawte for $575 Million". InternetNews.com. 23 December 1999. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
^ "An Exec Who Invests Mark Shuttleworth's Money Keeps Every Rejection Letter He Has Ever Received – Here's Why". BusinessInsider.
^ Shuttleworth, Mark (17 December 2009). "My New Focus at Canonical". Retrieved 21 December 2009.
^ Jane Silber (12 April 2017). "A new vantage point". Ubuntu Insights. Canonical Ltd. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
^ "Developers LDAP Search". The Debian Project. Retrieved 20 April 2010. User Mark Shuttleworth (login "marks", PGP/GPG key id 0xD54F0847)
^ ^a ^b Khamlichi, M. el. "Mark Shuttleworth - The Man Behind Ubuntu Operating System". Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ "Ubuntu carves niche in Linux landscape". CNET. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015.
^ Linux Format, Jeff Waugh (LXF 87). Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Shuttleworth bets on ImpiLinux". MyADSL. 29 September 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2006.
^ "Mark Shuttleworth Becomes the First Patron of KDE". KDE. 15 October 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
^ "Mark Shuttleworth steps down as CEO of Canonical". Mark Shuttleworth. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
^ "Honorary Awards 2010" (PDF). Conferment of Honorary Degrees and Presentation of Graduates. The Open University. 25 February 2010. pp. 8, 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010. Mr Mark Shuttleworth, DUniv, Versailles, 11 September
^ "Innovation or stagnation – a great debate". The Oxford Martin School Blog. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
^ "BBA 2013 – quintessenz – Big Brother Awards 2013 – Yes We Scan!". Marketing (Press release) (in German). Big Brother Awards. Retrieved 10 November 2013. Körberlgeld mit lokaler Suche: Marc Shuttleworth, Ubuntu
^ Sneddon, Joey-Elijah (28 October 2013). "Ubuntu's Amazon Shopping Feature Wins Anti-Privacy Award". OMG!Ubuntu. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
^ "Ubuntu's Mark Shuttleworth wins Austria's Big Brother Award". Muktware. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
^ Lee, Micah. "Fix Ubuntu". Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
^ "Amazon search results in the Dash". Mark Shuttleworth Blog Archive. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
^ "Soyuz ISS Missions" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b Space.com, Nelson Mandela Chats with Shuttleworth, 2 May 2002. Archived 6 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Mark Shuttleworth". paulcolmer.co.za. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
^ "A leap forward, Mbeki tells Mark". News24. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
^ BBC News, "Afronaut mourns his 'bride'", 28 May 2002.
^ Dispatch online, Mark's biggest fan dies of cancer, 28 May 2002. Archived 29 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine
^ "UbuntuWeeklyNewsletter/Issue16 - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com.
^ Ask Slashdot: Mark Shuttleworth "Canonical One doesn't *actually* belong to Canonical"
^ Airliners.net: Bombardier BD-700-1A10 Global Express
^ "12 Things You Didn't Know About South African Millionaire Mark Shuttleworth". AFKInsider. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ "Mark Shuttleworth wants his R250 million back from SARB". htxt Africa. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
^ Mogoeng, CJ; DCJ Moseneke, DCJ; Cameron, J; Froneman, J; Jappie, AJ; Khampepe, J; Molemela, AJ; Nkabinde, J; Theron, AJ; Tshiqi, AJ (18 June 2015). "South African Reserve Bank and Another v Shuttleworth and Another". Constitutional Court of South Africa.
^ "South African Reserve Bank and Another v Shuttleworth and Another (CCT194/14, CCT199/14) [2015] ZACC 17; 2015 (5) SA 146 (CC); 2015 (8) BCLR 959 (CC) (18 June 2015)". www.saflii.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.

External links[edit]

[african-30] Shuttleworth is the first citizen of an independent African country to go into space. Patrick Baudry, an earlier astronaut, was also born in Africa; however, since Baudry's native Cameroon was a French colony at the time of his birth, he is considered a French citizen. Shuttleworth also had British citizenship at the time of his flight.

[1] "Canonical". Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.

[2] "Nasa makes space tourism U-turn". BBC News Online. 12 December 2001. Retrieved 2 September 2012. approval to plans to make the South African internet millionaire Mark Shuttleworth

[3] "Space tourist lifts off". BBC News Online. 25 April 2002. Retrieved 2 September 2012. South African internet millionaire Mark Shuttleworth is heading for a short stay

[4] "International Space Station: Soyuz 3 Taxi Flight Crew: Mark Richard Shuttleworth". 4 April 2004. Archived from the original on 4 February 2002. Retrieved 2 September 2012. Mark was born on 18 September 1973 in mining town Welkom, in South Africa's Free State province

[5] Leake, Jonathan; Swinford, Steven (19 July 2009). "It's blast-off Britain as ban on space flight ends". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013. Mark Shuttleworth, a South African entrepreneur with dual British nationality, took a different route, paying £12m for Russia ...

[6] "Mark Shuttleworth – Contact Details". Mark Shuttleworth. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

[7] Times, The Sunday. "Rich List 2020: Profiles 201‑300=". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

[nyt-vance-8] Vance, Ashlee (10 January 2009). "A Software Populist Who Doesn't Do Windows". New York Times. Retrieved 12 January 2009. charismatic 35-year-old billionaire from South Africa ... son of a surgeon and a kindergarten teacher

[wpps-ad-9] Western Province Preparatory School (18 February 2011). "WPPS embraces every aspect of today's educational requirements" (A Commercial Feature). Cape Times. p. 12. Retrieved 29 September 2012. and 1986 head boy Mark Shuttleworth, who, as the first South African in space, flew with the Soyuz mission to the International Space Station^{[dead link]}

[bishops-invite-10] "Interesting Facts". Invitation to Bishops. Bishops Diocesan College. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012. Mark Shuttleworth was Head boy in 1991 and was the first Afronaut in Space on 2 April 2002

[11] "Quick facts about UCT". news.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

[12] "VeriSign Buys South Africa's Thawte for $575 Million". InternetNews.com. 23 December 1999. Retrieved 15 November 2010.

[13] "An Exec Who Invests Mark Shuttleworth's Money Keeps Every Rejection Letter He Has Ever Received – Here's Why". BusinessInsider.

[14] Shuttleworth, Mark (17 December 2009). "My New Focus at Canonical". Retrieved 21 December 2009.

[15] Jane Silber (12 April 2017). "A new vantage point". Ubuntu Insights. Canonical Ltd. Retrieved 10 August 2017.

[16] "Developers LDAP Search". The Debian Project. Retrieved 20 April 2010. User Mark Shuttleworth (login "marks", PGP/GPG key id 0xD54F0847)

[:0-17] Khamlichi, M. el. "Mark Shuttleworth - The Man Behind Ubuntu Operating System". Retrieved 21 April 2020.

[18] "Ubuntu carves niche in Linux landscape". CNET. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015.

[19] Linux Format, Jeff Waugh (LXF 87). Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine

[impi-20] "Shuttleworth bets on ImpiLinux". MyADSL. 29 September 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2006.

[kdepatron-21] "Mark Shuttleworth Becomes the First Patron of KDE". KDE. 15 October 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2006.

[ceo-22] "Mark Shuttleworth steps down as CEO of Canonical". Mark Shuttleworth. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2009.

[23] "Honorary Awards 2010" (PDF). Conferment of Honorary Degrees and Presentation of Graduates. The Open University. 25 February 2010. pp. 8, 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010. Mr Mark Shuttleworth, DUniv, Versailles, 11 September

[24] "Innovation or stagnation – a great debate". The Oxford Martin School Blog. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.

[25] "BBA 2013 – quintessenz – Big Brother Awards 2013 – Yes We Scan!". Marketing (Press release) (in German). Big Brother Awards. Retrieved 10 November 2013. Körberlgeld mit lokaler Suche: Marc Shuttleworth, Ubuntu

[26] Sneddon, Joey-Elijah (28 October 2013). "Ubuntu's Amazon Shopping Feature Wins Anti-Privacy Award". OMG!Ubuntu. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

[27] "Ubuntu's Mark Shuttleworth wins Austria's Big Brother Award". Muktware. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

[28] Lee, Micah. "Fix Ubuntu". Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2013.

[29] "Amazon search results in the Dash". Mark Shuttleworth Blog Archive. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

[iss-nasa-31] "Soyuz ISS Missions" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2011.

[space-32] Space.com, Nelson Mandela Chats with Shuttleworth, 2 May 2002. Archived 6 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine

[33] "Mark Shuttleworth". paulcolmer.co.za. Retrieved 19 November 2023.

[34] "A leap forward, Mbeki tells Mark". News24. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

[35] BBC News, "Afronaut mourns his 'bride'", 28 May 2002.

[36] Dispatch online, Mark's biggest fan dies of cancer, 28 May 2002. Archived 29 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine

[37] "UbuntuWeeklyNewsletter/Issue16 - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com.

[38] Ask Slashdot: Mark Shuttleworth "Canonical One doesn't *actually* belong to Canonical"

[39] Airliners.net: Bombardier BD-700-1A10 Global Express

[40] "12 Things You Didn't Know About South African Millionaire Mark Shuttleworth". AFKInsider. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

[htxt_levy-41] "Mark Shuttleworth wants his R250 million back from SARB". htxt Africa. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.

[42] Mogoeng, CJ; DCJ Moseneke, DCJ; Cameron, J; Froneman, J; Jappie, AJ; Khampepe, J; Molemela, AJ; Nkabinde, J; Theron, AJ; Tshiqi, AJ (18 June 2015). "South African Reserve Bank and Another v Shuttleworth and Another". Constitutional Court of South Africa.

[43] "South African Reserve Bank and Another v Shuttleworth and Another (CCT194/14, CCT199/14) [2015] ZACC 17; 2015 (5) SA 146 (CC); 2015 (8) BCLR 959 (CC) (18 June 2015)". www.saflii.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|South African entrepreneur; second self-funded visitor to the International Space Station}}
+{{Short description|South African entrepreneur and space tourist (born 1973)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
 {{Use South African English|date=December 2012}}
 {{Infobox person
 | name               = Mark Shuttleworth
-| image              = Mark Shuttleworth (2009).jpg
+| image              = Markshuttleworth-dublin-20101116.jpg
-| caption            = Shuttleworth at the Ubuntu Party in [[Paris]], France, in November 2009
+| caption            = Shuttleworth in [[Dublin]], 2011
 | birth_name         = Mark Richard Shuttleworth
 | occupation         = Entrepreneur
-| nationality        = South African-British
+| nationality        = South African and British
 | birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|9|18}}
-| birth_place        = [[Welkom]], [[ Free State Province| Free State]], {{nowrap|[[South Africa]]}}
+| birth_place        = [[Welkom]], [[Free State Province|Orange Free State]], {{nowrap|[[South Africa]]}}
-| net_worth          = {{nochange}} £500 million <small>(Sunday Times Rich List 2020)</small>
 | website            = {{Official URL}}
 | module             = {{Infobox astronaut | child=yes
@@ Line 24: / Line 23: @@
 }}
-'''Mark Richard Shuttleworth''' (born 18 September 1973) is a South African-British entrepreneur who is the founder and CEO of [[Canonical Ltd.|Canonical]], the company behind the development of the Linux-based [[Ubuntu]] operating system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canonical |url=https://www.canonical.com/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408174354/https://www.canonical.com/about |archive-date=8 April 2017 |access-date=10 August 2017 |publisher=Canonical Ltd}}</ref> In 2002, Shuttleworth became the first [[South Africa]]n to travel to space as a [[Space tourism|space tourist]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2001 |title=Nasa makes space tourism U-turn |work=BBC News Online |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1706176.stm |access-date=2 September 2012 |quote=approval to plans to make the South African internet millionaire Mark Shuttleworth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2002 |title=Space tourist lifts off |work=BBC News Online |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1945950.stm |access-date=2 September 2012 |quote=South African internet millionaire Mark Shuttleworth is heading for a short stay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2004 |title=International Space Station: Soyuz 3 Taxi Flight Crew: Mark Richard Shuttleworth |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp4/taxi4/shuttleworth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020204004443/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp4/taxi4/shuttleworth.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2002 |access-date=2 September 2012 |quote=Mark was born on 18 September 1973 in mining town Welkom, in South Africa's Free State province}}</ref> and indeed the first African from an independent country to travel to space.{{Efn|name="african"}} He lives on the [[Isle of Man]] and holds [[multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]] from South Africa and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Leake |first1=Jonathan |last2=Swinford |first2=Steven |date=19 July 2009 |title=It's blast-off Britain as ban on space flight ends |work=The Sunday Times |location=London |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article178922.ece |access-date=7 April 2013 |quote=Mark Shuttleworth, a South African entrepreneur with dual British nationality, took a different route, paying £12m for Russia ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark Shuttleworth – Contact Details |url=https://www.markshuttleworth.com/contact-details |access-date=24 September 2010 |publisher=Mark Shuttleworth}}</ref> According to the ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' in 2020, Shuttleworth is worth an estimated £500 million.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=The Sunday|title=Rich List 2020: Profiles 201‑300=|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rich-list-2020-profiles-201-300-kqng3sckj|access-date=2020-09-23|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
+'''Mark Richard Shuttleworth''' (born 18 September 1973) is a South African and British entrepreneur who is the founder and CEO of [[Canonical Ltd.|Canonical]], the company behind the development of the Linux-based [[Ubuntu]] operating system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canonical |url=https://www.canonical.com/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408174354/https://www.canonical.com/about |archive-date=8 April 2017 |access-date=10 August 2017 |publisher=Canonical Ltd}}</ref> In 2002, Shuttleworth became the first [[South Africa]]n to travel to space, doing so as a [[Space tourism|space tourist]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2001 |title=Nasa makes space tourism U-turn |work=BBC News Online |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1706176.stm |access-date=2 September 2012 |quote=approval to plans to make the South African internet millionaire Mark Shuttleworth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2002 |title=Space tourist lifts off |work=BBC News Online |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1945950.stm |access-date=2 September 2012 |quote=South African internet millionaire Mark Shuttleworth is heading for a short stay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2004 |title=International Space Station: Soyuz 3 Taxi Flight Crew: Mark Richard Shuttleworth |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp4/taxi4/shuttleworth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020204004443/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp4/taxi4/shuttleworth.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2002 |access-date=2 September 2012 |quote=Mark was born on 18 September 1973 in mining town Welkom, in South Africa's Free State province}}</ref> He lives on the [[Isle of Man]] and holds [[multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]] from South Africa and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Leake |first1=Jonathan |last2=Swinford |first2=Steven |date=19 July 2009 |title=It's blast-off Britain as ban on space flight ends |work=The Sunday Times |location=London |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article178922.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104181549/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article178922.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=7 April 2013 |quote=Mark Shuttleworth, a South African entrepreneur with dual British nationality, took a different route, paying £12m for Russia ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark Shuttleworth – Contact Details |url=https://www.markshuttleworth.com/contact-details |access-date=24 September 2010 |publisher=Mark Shuttleworth}}</ref> According to the ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' in 2020, Shuttleworth is worth an estimated £500 million.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=The Sunday|title=Rich List 2020: Profiles 201‑300=|newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rich-list-2020-profiles-201-300-kqng3sckj|access-date=2020-09-23|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
 ==Early life==
-Shuttleworth was born in [[Welkom]] South Africa, [[Free State Province| Free State]] to a surgeon and a nursery-school teacher,<ref name="nyt-vance">{{Cite news |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |date=10 January 2009 |title=A Software Populist Who Doesn't Do Windows |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/business/11ubuntu.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=12 January 2009 |quote=charismatic 35-year-old billionaire from South Africa ... son of a surgeon and a kindergarten teacher}}</ref> Shuttleworth attended school at [[Western Province Prep|Western Province Preparatory School]] (where he eventually became [[Head Girl and Head Boy|Head Boy]] in 1986), followed by one term at [[Rondebosch Boys' High School]], and then at Bishops/[[Diocesan College]], where he was Head Boy in 1991.<ref name="wpps-ad">{{Cite web |last=Western Province Preparatory School |author-link=Western Province Preparatory School |date=18 February 2011 |title=WPPS embraces every aspect of today's educational requirements |url=http://www.wpps.org.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=465&Itemid=256 |access-date=29 September 2012 |website=Cape Times |page=12 |format=A Commercial Feature |quote=and 1986 head boy Mark Shuttleworth, who, as the first South African in space, flew with the Soyuz mission to the International Space Station}}{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref name="bishops-invite">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Facts |url=http://www.bishops.org.za/info/invitation/?menuid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017074219/http://www.bishops.org.za/info/invitation/?menuid=2 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=29 September 2012 |website=Invitation to Bishops |publisher=Bishops [[Diocesan College]] |quote=Mark Shuttleworth was Head boy in 1991 and was the first Afronaut in Space on 2 April 2002 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Shuttleworth obtained a [[Bachelor of Business Science]] degree in [[Finance]] and [[Information systems|Information Systems]] at the [[University of Cape Town]]. As a student, he became involved in the installation of the first residential Internet connections at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick facts about UCT |url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2015-03-09-quick-facts-about-uct |access-date=2017-11-15 |website=news.uct.ac.za }}</ref>
+Shuttleworth was born in [[Welkom]], [[Free State Province|Free State]], South Africa, to a surgeon and a nursery-school teacher,<ref name="nyt-vance">{{Cite news |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |date=10 January 2009 |title=A Software Populist Who Doesn't Do Windows |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/business/11ubuntu.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=12 January 2009 |quote=charismatic 35-year-old billionaire from South Africa ... son of a surgeon and a kindergarten teacher}}</ref> Shuttleworth attended school at Western Province Preparatory School (where he eventually became [[Head Girl and Head Boy|Head Boy]] in 1986), followed by one term at [[Rondebosch Boys' High School]], and then Bishops/[[Diocesan College]] where he was Head Boy in 1991.<ref name="wpps-ad">{{Cite web |last=Western Province Preparatory School |author-link=Western Province Preparatory School |date=18 February 2011 |title=WPPS embraces every aspect of today's educational requirements |url=http://www.wpps.org.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=465&Itemid=256 |access-date=29 September 2012 |website=Cape Times |page=12 |format=A Commercial Feature |quote=and 1986 head boy Mark Shuttleworth, who, as the first South African in space, flew with the Soyuz mission to the International Space Station}}{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref name="bishops-invite">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Facts |url=http://www.bishops.org.za/info/invitation/?menuid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017074219/http://www.bishops.org.za/info/invitation/?menuid=2 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=29 September 2012 |website=Invitation to Bishops |publisher=Bishops [[Diocesan College]] |quote=Mark Shuttleworth was Head boy in 1991 and was the first Afronaut in Space on 2 April 2002 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Shuttleworth obtained a [[Bachelor of Business Science]] degree in [[Finance]] and [[Information systems|Information Systems]] at the [[University of Cape Town]]. As a student, he became involved in the installation of the first residential Internet connections at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick facts about UCT |url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2015-03-09-quick-facts-about-uct |access-date=2017-11-15 |website=news.uct.ac.za }}</ref>
 ==Work==
 In 1995, Shuttleworth founded [[Thawte Consulting]], a company which specialized in [[digital certificate]]s and [[Internet security]]. In December 1999, Shuttleworth sold Thawte to [[VeriSign]], earning Shuttleworth [[South African rand|R]]3.5&nbsp;billion ({{US$|575}}&nbsp;million, equivalent to [[Dollar sign|$]]{{Inflation|US-GDP|575|1999|r=0}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 1999 |title=VeriSign Buys South Africa's Thawte for $575 Million |url=http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/266911/VeriSign-Buys-South-Africas-Thawte-for-575-Million.htm |access-date=15 November 2010 |website=InternetNews.com}}</ref>
-In September 2000, Shuttleworth formed HBD Venture Capital (''Here be Dragons''), a [[business incubator]] and [[venture capital]] provider now managed by Knife Capital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/vc-exec-keeps-rejection-letters-2018-3|title=An Exec Who Invests Mark Shuttleworth's Money Keeps Every Rejection Letter He Has Ever Received – Here's Why|website=BusinessInsider}}</ref> In March 2004 he formed Canonical Ltd., for the promotion and commercial support of [[free software]] projects, especially the [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] operating system. In December 2009, Shuttleworth stepped down as the CEO of Canonical Ltd, [[Jane Silber]] took Canonical CEO position.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |date=17 December 2009 |title=My New Focus at Canonical |url=http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/295 |access-date=21 December 2009}}</ref> Shuttleworth resumed the position of CEO of Canonical in July 2017 at the end of Silber's tenure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jane Silber |date=12 April 2017 |title=A new vantage point |url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/04/12/a-new-vantage-point |access-date=10 August 2017 |website=Ubuntu Insights |publisher=Canonical Ltd}}</ref>
+In September 2000, Shuttleworth formed HBD Venture Capital (''Here be Dragons''), a [[business incubator]] and [[venture capital]] provider now managed by Knife Capital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/vc-exec-keeps-rejection-letters-2018-3|title=An Exec Who Invests Mark Shuttleworth's Money Keeps Every Rejection Letter He Has Ever Received – Here's Why|website=BusinessInsider}}</ref> In March 2004 he formed Canonical Ltd., for the promotion and commercial support of [[free software]] projects, especially the [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] operating system. In December 2009, Shuttleworth stepped down as the CEO of Canonical Ltd, with [[Jane Silber]] taking over the position.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |date=17 December 2009 |title=My New Focus at Canonical |url=http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/295 |access-date=21 December 2009}}</ref> Shuttleworth returned to the position of CEO of Canonical in July 2017 at the end of Silber's tenure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jane Silber |date=12 April 2017 |title=A new vantage point |url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/04/12/a-new-vantage-point |access-date=10 August 2017 |website=Ubuntu Insights |publisher=Canonical Ltd}}</ref>
 ==Linux and FOSS==
 {{See also|Free and open-source software}}
+[[File:Mark Shuttleworth (2009).jpg|thumb|left|Shuttleworth speaking in 2009]]
 In the 1990s, Shuttleworth participated as one of the developers of the [[Debian]] [[operating system]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Developers LDAP Search |url=http://db.debian.org/ |access-date=20 April 2010 |publisher=The [[Debian]] Project |quote=User Mark Shuttleworth (login "marks", PGP/GPG key id 0xD54F0847)}}</ref>
@@ Line 43: / Line 42: @@
 In 2004, he returned to the free-software world by funding the development of [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]], a [[Linux distribution]] based on Debian, through his company, Canonical Ltd.<ref name=":0" />
-In 2005, he founded the Ubuntu Foundation and made an initial investment of 10 million dollars. In the Ubuntu project, Shuttleworth is often referred to with the [[tongue-in-cheek]] title "Self-Appointed [[Benevolent Dictator for Life]]" (SABDFL).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ubuntu carves niche in Linux landscape |publisher=[[CNET]] |url=http://news.cnet.com/Ubuntu+carves+niche+in+Linux+landscape/2100-7344_3-5886194.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106191945/http://www.cnet.com/news/ubuntu-carves-niche-in-linux-landscape/ |archive-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> To come up with a list of names of people to hire for the project, Shuttleworth took six months of Debian [[mailing list]] archives with him while travelling to [[Antarctica]] aboard the [[icebreaker]] ''[[Kapitan Khlebnikov (icebreaker)|Kapitan Khlebnikov]]'' in early 2004.<ref>[[Linux Format]], [http://www.linuxformat.co.uk/waugh.html Jeff Waugh (LXF 87)]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516200726/http://www.linuxformat.co.uk/waugh.html |date=16 May 2008 }}</ref> In September 2005, he purchased a 65% stake of Impi Linux.<ref name="impi">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2005 |title=Shuttleworth bets on ImpiLinux |url=http://mybroadband.co.za/nephp/?m=show&id=828 |access-date=28 August 2006 |publisher=MyADSL}}</ref>
+In 2005, he founded the Ubuntu Foundation and made an initial investment of 10 million dollars. In the Ubuntu project, Shuttleworth is often referred to with the [[tongue-in-cheek]] title "Self-Appointed [[Benevolent Dictator for Life]]" (SABDFL).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ubuntu carves niche in Linux landscape |publisher=[[CNET]] |url=http://news.cnet.com/Ubuntu+carves+niche+in+Linux+landscape/2100-7344_3-5886194.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106191945/http://www.cnet.com/news/ubuntu-carves-niche-in-linux-landscape/ |archive-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> To come up with a list of names of people to hire for the project, Shuttleworth took six months of Debian [[mailing list]] archives with him while travelling to [[Antarctica]] aboard the [[icebreaker]] ''[[Kapitan Khlebnikov]]'' in early 2004.<ref>[[Linux Format]], [http://www.linuxformat.co.uk/waugh.html Jeff Waugh (LXF 87)]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516200726/http://www.linuxformat.co.uk/waugh.html |date=16 May 2008 }}</ref> In September 2005, he purchased a 65% stake of Impi Linux.<ref name="impi">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2005 |title=Shuttleworth bets on ImpiLinux |url=http://mybroadband.co.za/nephp/?m=show&id=828 |access-date=28 August 2006 |publisher=MyADSL}}</ref>
 On 15 October 2006, it was announced that Mark Shuttleworth had become the first patron of [[KDE]], the highest level of [[Sponsor (commercial)|sponsorship]] available.<ref name="kdepatron">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2006 |title=Mark Shuttleworth Becomes the First Patron of KDE |url=http://dot.kde.org/2006/10/15/mark-shuttleworth-becomes-first-patron-kde |access-date=16 October 2006 |publisher=KDE}}</ref> This relationship ended in 2012, together with financial support for [[Kubuntu]], the Ubuntu variant with [[KDE]] as main desktop.
-On 17 December 2009, Mark announced that, effective March 2010, he would step down as CEO of Canonical to focus energy on product design, partnership, and customers. [[Jane Silber]], COO at Canonical since 2004, took on the job of CEO at Canonical.<ref name="ceo">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2009 |title=Mark Shuttleworth steps down as CEO of Canonical |url=http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/295 |access-date=17 December 2009 |publisher=Mark Shuttleworth}}</ref>
+On 17 December 2009, Shuttleworth announced that, effective March 2010, he would step down as CEO of Canonical to focus energy on product design, partnership, and customers. [[Jane Silber]], COO at Canonical since 2004, took on the job of CEO at Canonical.<ref name="ceo">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2009 |title=Mark Shuttleworth steps down as CEO of Canonical |url=http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/295 |access-date=17 December 2009 |publisher=Mark Shuttleworth}}</ref>
 In September 2010, he received an honorary degree from the [[Open University]] for this work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2010 |title=Honorary Awards 2010 |url=http://www8.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/files/ceremonies/file/graduate-directory-2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008174609/http://www8.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/files/ceremonies/file/graduate-directory-2010.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2010 |access-date=21 September 2010 |website=Conferment of Honorary Degrees and Presentation of Graduates |publisher=The [[Open University]] |pages=8, 13 |quote=Mr Mark Shuttleworth, DUniv, Versailles, 11 September}}</ref>
@@ Line 53: / Line 52: @@
 On 9 November 2012, Shuttleworth and [[Kenneth Rogoff]] took part in a [[debate]] opposite [[Garry Kasparov]] and [[Peter Thiel]] at the [[Oxford Union]], entitled "The Innovation Enigma".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2012 |title=Innovation or stagnation – a great debate |url=http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/event/1403 |access-date=24 December 2012 |website=The Oxford Martin School Blog}}</ref>
-On 25 October 2013, Shuttleworth and Ubuntu were awarded the Austrian anti-privacy ''[[Big Brother Awards|Big Brother Award]]'' for sending local Ubuntu [[Unity (user interface)|Unity Dash]] searches to Canonical servers by default.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=BBA 2013 – quintessenz – Big Brother Awards 2013 – Yes We Scan! |publisher=Big Brother Awards |url=http://www.bigbrotherawards.at/2013/marketing.php |quote=Körberlgeld mit lokaler Suche: Marc Shuttleworth, Ubuntu |language=de |access-date=10 November 2013 |work=Marketing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneddon |first=Joey-Elijah |date=28 October 2013 |title=Ubuntu's Amazon Shopping Feature Wins Anti-Privacy Award |url=http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/ubuntu-wins-big-brother-austria-privacy-award |access-date=10 November 2013 |website=OMG!Ubuntu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=Ubuntu's Mark Shuttleworth wins Austria's Big Brother Award |url=http://www.muktware.com/2013/10/ubuntus-mark-shuttleworth-wins-austrias-big-brother-award/15265 |access-date=10 November 2013 |website=Muktware}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Micah |title=Fix Ubuntu |url=https://fixubuntu.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013012748/https://fixubuntu.com/ |archive-date=13 October 2014 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> A year earlier, in 2012, Shuttleworth had defended the anonymisation method used.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2012 |title=Amazon search results in the Dash |url=http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1182 |access-date=10 November 2013 |website=Mark Shuttleworth Blog Archive}}</ref>  He later reversed the decision, and no current Ubuntu version does this.
+On 25 October 2013, Shuttleworth and Ubuntu were awarded the Austrian anti-privacy ''[[Big Brother Awards|Big Brother Award]]'' for sending local Ubuntu [[Unity (user interface)|Unity Dash]] searches to Canonical servers by default.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=BBA 2013 – quintessenz – Big Brother Awards 2013 – Yes We Scan! |publisher=Big Brother Awards |url=http://www.bigbrotherawards.at/2013/marketing.php |quote=Körberlgeld mit lokaler Suche: Marc Shuttleworth, Ubuntu |language=de |access-date=10 November 2013 |work=Marketing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneddon |first=Joey-Elijah |date=28 October 2013 |title=Ubuntu's Amazon Shopping Feature Wins Anti-Privacy Award |url=http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/ubuntu-wins-big-brother-austria-privacy-award |access-date=10 November 2013 |website=OMG!Ubuntu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=Ubuntu's Mark Shuttleworth wins Austria's Big Brother Award |url=http://www.muktware.com/2013/10/ubuntus-mark-shuttleworth-wins-austrias-big-brother-award/15265 |access-date=10 November 2013 |website=Muktware}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Micah |title=Fix Ubuntu |url=https://fixubuntu.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013012748/https://fixubuntu.com/ |archive-date=13 October 2014 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> A year earlier, in 2012, Shuttleworth had defended the anonymisation method used.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2012 |title=Amazon search results in the Dash |url=http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1182 |access-date=10 November 2013 |website=Mark Shuttleworth Blog Archive}}</ref> He later reversed the decision, and no current Ubuntu version does this.
 ==Spaceflight==
 [[File:Mark Shuttleworth NASA.jpg|thumb|Shuttleworth on board the International Space Station]]
-Shuttleworth gained worldwide fame on 25 April 2002, as the second self-funded space tourist and the first South African in space.{{Efn|name="african"|Shuttleworth is the first citizen of an independent African country to go into space. [[Patrick Baudry]], an earlier astronaut, was also born in Africa; however, since Baudry's native Cameroon was a French [[colony]] at the time of his birth, he is considered a French citizen. Shuttleworth also had British citizenship at the time of his flight.}} Flying through [[Space Adventures]], he launched aboard the Russian [[Soyuz TM-34]] mission as a [[spaceflight participant]], paying approximately {{US$|20,000,000|2002}} for the voyage. Two days later, the [[Soyuz spacecraft]] arrived at the [[International Space Station]], where he spent eight days participating in experiments related to [[AIDS]] and [[genome]] research. On 5 May 2002, he returned to Earth on [[Soyuz TM-33]]. In order to participate in the flight, Shuttleworth had to undergo one year of training and preparation, including seven months spent in [[Star City, Russia|Star City]], Russia.
+Shuttleworth gained worldwide fame on 25 April 2002, as the second self-funded space tourist (after [[Dennis Tito]] in 2001) and the first South African in space.{{Efn|name="african"|Shuttleworth is the first citizen of an independent African country to go into space. [[Patrick Baudry]], an earlier astronaut, was also born in Africa; however, since Baudry's native Cameroon was a French [[colony]] at the time of his birth, he is considered a French citizen. Shuttleworth also had British citizenship at the time of his flight.}} Flying through [[Space Adventures]], he launched aboard the Russian [[Soyuz TM-34]] mission as a [[spaceflight participant]],<ref name=iss-nasa>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/pdfs/soyuz_missions.pdf |title=Soyuz ISS Missions |publisher=NASA |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202114355/http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/pdfs/soyuz_missions.pdf |archivedate=2011-12-02 }}</ref> paying approximately US$20 million<ref name="space" /> for the voyage (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=20|start_year=2002|r=2}} million in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}). Two days later, the [[Soyuz spacecraft]] arrived at the [[International Space Station]], where he spent eight days participating in experiments related to [[AIDS]] and [[genome]] research. On 5 May 2002, he returned to Earth on [[Soyuz TM-33]]. In order to participate in the flight, Shuttleworth had to undergo one year of training and preparation, including seven months spent in [[Star City, Russia|Star City]], Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark Shuttleworth |url=https://paulcolmer.co.za/index_files/page0051.htm#:~:text=In%20order%20to%20participate%20on,asked%20him%20to%20marry%20her. |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=paulcolmer.co.za}}</ref>
 When he was in space, he spoke to [[Thabo Mbeki]], then president of South Africa, on video link as part of the [[Freedom Day (South Africa)|Freedom Day]] celebrations to mark the end of [[apartheid]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A leap forward, Mbeki tells Mark|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/A-leap-forward-Mbeki-tells-Mark-20020427|access-date=2020-09-23|website=News24}}</ref>
-He also had a radio conversation with [[Nelson Mandela]] and a 14-year-old South African girl, Michelle Foster, who asked him to marry her. He politely dodged the question, stating that he was "very honoured at the question" before changing the subject.<ref>Space.com, [http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/mandela_shuttleworth_020502.html Nelson Mandela Chats with Shuttleworth], 2 May 2002. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406210009/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/mandela_shuttleworth_020502.html |date=6 April 2005 }}</ref> The terminally ill Foster was provided the opportunity to have a conversation with Mark Shuttleworth and Nelson Mandela by the Reach for a Dream foundation.<ref>BBC News, "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2012307.stm Afronaut mourns his 'bride']", 28 May 2002.</ref><ref>Dispatch online, [http://www.dispatch.co.za/2002/05/28/southafrica/CANCER.HTM Mark's biggest fan dies of cancer], 28 May 2002. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829044813/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2002/05/28/southafrica/CANCER.HTM |date=29 August 2005 }}</ref>
+He also had a radio conversation with [[Nelson Mandela]] and a 14-year-old South African girl, Michelle Foster, who asked him to marry her. He politely dodged the question, stating that he was "very honoured at the question" before changing the subject.<ref name="space">Space.com, [http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/mandela_shuttleworth_020502.html Nelson Mandela Chats with Shuttleworth], 2 May 2002. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406210009/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/mandela_shuttleworth_020502.html |date=6 April 2005 }}</ref> The terminally ill Foster was provided the opportunity to have a conversation with Mark Shuttleworth and Nelson Mandela by the Reach for a Dream foundation.<ref>BBC News, "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2012307.stm Afronaut mourns his 'bride']", 28 May 2002.</ref><ref>Dispatch online, [http://www.dispatch.co.za/2002/05/28/southafrica/CANCER.HTM Mark's biggest fan dies of cancer], 28 May 2002. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829044813/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2002/05/28/southafrica/CANCER.HTM |date=29 August 2005 }}</ref>
 ==Transport==
@@ Line 68: / Line 67: @@
 ==Legal clash with the South African Reserve Bank==
-Upon moving R2.5 billion in capital from South Africa to the [[Isle of Man]], the [[South African Reserve Bank]] imposed a R250 million levy in order to release his assets.<ref name="htxt_levy">{{Cite web |title=Mark Shuttleworth wants his R250 million back from SARB |url=http://www.htxt.co.za/2014/08/25/mark-shuttleworth-wants-his-r250-million-back-from-sarb/ |access-date=1 October 2014 |publisher=htxt Africa}}</ref> Shuttleworth appealed and, after a lengthy legal battle, on 18 June 2015 the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa]] reversed and set aside the findings of the lower courts, ruling that the dominant purpose of an exit charge was to regulate conduct rather than to raise revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mogoeng |first1=CJ |author-link=Mogoeng Mogoeng |last2=DCJ Moseneke |first2=DCJ |author-link2=Dikgang Moseneke |last3=Cameron |first3=J |author-link3=Edwin Cameron |last4=Froneman |first4=J |author-link4=Johan Froneman |last5=Jappie |first5=AJ |author-link5=Achmat Jappie |last6=Khampepe |first6=J |author-link6=Sisi Khampepe |last7=Molemela |first7=AJ |author-link7=Mohube Molemela |last8=Nkabinde |first8=J |author-link8=Bess Nkabinde |last9=Theron |first9=AJ |date=18 June 2015 |title=South African Reserve Bank and Another v Shuttleworth and Another |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2015/17.html |website=[[Constitutional Court of South Africa]] |issue=ZACC 17 |last10=Tshiqi |first10=AJ |author-link10=Zukisa Tshiqi}}</ref> The court held "...that the exit charge was not inconsistent with the Constitution. The dominant purpose of the exit charge was not to raise revenue but rather to regulate conduct by discouraging the export of capital to protect the domestic economy."<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Reserve Bank and Another v Shuttleworth and Another (CCT194/14, CCT199/14) [2015] ZACC 17; 2015 (5) SA 146 (CC); 2015 (8) BCLR 959 (CC) (18 June 2015)|url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2015/17.html|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.saflii.org}}</ref>
+Upon moving R2.5 billion in capital from South Africa to the [[Isle of Man]], the [[South African Reserve Bank]] imposed a R250 million levy in order to release his assets.<ref name="htxt_levy">{{Cite web |title=Mark Shuttleworth wants his R250 million back from SARB |date=25 August 2014 |url=http://www.htxt.co.za/2014/08/25/mark-shuttleworth-wants-his-r250-million-back-from-sarb/ |access-date=1 October 2014 |publisher=htxt Africa}}</ref> Shuttleworth won a case in the Supreme Court of Appeal to have the levy monies returned. However, on 18 June 2015 the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa]] reversed and set aside the findings of the lower courts, ruling that the dominant purpose of an exit charge was to regulate conduct rather than to raise revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mogoeng |first1=CJ |author-link=Mogoeng Mogoeng |last2=DCJ Moseneke |first2=DCJ |author-link2=Dikgang Moseneke |last3=Cameron |first3=J |author-link3=Edwin Cameron |last4=Froneman |first4=J |author-link4=Johan Froneman |last5=Jappie |first5=AJ |author-link5=Achmat Jappie |last6=Khampepe |first6=J |author-link6=Sisi Khampepe |last7=Molemela |first7=AJ |author-link7=Mohube Molemela |last8=Nkabinde |first8=J |author-link8=Bess Nkabinde |last9=Theron |first9=AJ |date=18 June 2015 |title=South African Reserve Bank and Another v Shuttleworth and Another |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2015/17.html |website=[[Constitutional Court of South Africa]] |issue=ZACC 17 |last10=Tshiqi |first10=AJ |author-link10=Zukisa Tshiqi}}</ref> The court held "...that the exit charge was not inconsistent with the Constitution. The dominant purpose of the exit charge was not to raise revenue but rather to regulate conduct by discouraging the export of capital to protect the domestic economy."<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Reserve Bank and Another v Shuttleworth and Another (CCT194/14, CCT199/14) [2015] ZACC 17; 2015 (5) SA 146 (CC); 2015 (8) BCLR 959 (CC) (18 June 2015)|url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2015/17.html|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.saflii.org}}</ref>
 {{clear}}
@@ Line 79: / Line 78: @@
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category|Mark Shuttleworth}}
-{{Portal|South Africa|Linux|Free and open-source software|Spaceflight|Biography}}
 {{Wikiquote|Mark Shuttleworth}}
 * [http://www.markshuttleworth.com/ Mark Shuttleworth's homepage]
 * [http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/international/english/shuttleworth_mark.htm Spacefacts biography of Mark Shuttleworth]
+{{Portal bar|South Africa|Linux|Free and open-source software|Spaceflight|Biography}}
 {{Linux}}
 {{Linux people}}
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 [[Category:Ubuntu (operating system) people]]
 [[Category:University of Cape Town alumni]]
-[[Category:White South African people]]

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