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Parliamentary procedures are the accepted rules, ethics, and customs governing meetings of an assembly or organization. Their object is to allow orderly deliberation upon questions of interest to the organization and thus to arrive at the sense or the will of the majority of the assembly upon these questions.^[1] Self-governing organizations follow parliamentary procedure to debate and reach group decisions, usually by vote, with the least possible friction.

In the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and other English-speaking countries, parliamentary procedure is often called chairmanship, chairing, the law of meetings, procedure at meetings, the conduct of meetings, or the standing orders. In the United States, it is referred to as parliamentary law, parliamentary practice, legislative procedure, rules of order, or Robert's rules of order.^[2]

Rules of order consist of rules written by the body itself (often referred to as bylaws), usually supplemented by a published parliamentary authority adopted by the body. Typically, national, state or provincial and other full-scale legislative assemblies have extensive internally written rules of order, whereas non-legislative bodies write and adopt a limited set of specific rules as the need arises.

History

The term parliamentary procedure gets its name from its use in the parliamentary system of government.^[3]

In the 16th and 17th century, the parliaments of England began adopting rules of order.^[4] In the 1560s, Sir Thomas Smyth began the process of writing down accepted procedures and published a book about them for the House of Commons in 1583.^[4] Early rules included:

One subject should be discussed at a time (adopted 1581)^[4]^[5]
Personal attacks are to be avoided in debate (1604)^[4]
Debate must be limited to the merits of the question (1610)^[4]
Division of a question into parts to be voted on separately (1640)^[4]

Westminster procedures

The Westminster parliamentary procedures are followed in several Commonwealth countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa, as well as in the Republic of Ireland.

In Canada, for example, the House of Commons uses House of Commons Procedure and Practice as its primary procedural authority. Others include Arthur Beauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms of the House of Commons of Canada, Sir John George Bourinot's Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada, and Erskine May's The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament from Britain.^[6]

American procedures

The rules of the United States Congress were developed from parliamentary procedures used in Britain.^[7] Many nations' legislatures follow American parliamentary procedure,^{[citation needed]} including Indonesia, the Philippines, Mexico and South Korea.

Other

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (1957) states^[8] that each of the European Parliament, Council of the European Union, and European Commission adopt their own rules. For the Parliament, these are the Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament.

The procedures of the Diet of Japan moved away from the British parliamentary model, when in Occupied Japan, there were efforts to align Japanese parliamentary procedures with American congressional practices.^[9] In Japan, informal negotiations are more important than formal procedures.^[10]

In Italy, written rules govern the Houses of the Parliament. The Constitutional Court judges the limits beyond which these regulations cannot go, exceeding the parliamentary or political function (judgement n. 120 of 2014)^[11] and on their bad application when a law is passed.^[12]

Parliamentary authority usage patterns

Parliamentary procedure is based on the principles of allowing the majority to make decisions effectively and efficiently (majority rule), while ensuring fairness towards the minority and giving each member or delegate the right to voice an opinion.^[13] Voting determines the will of the assembly. While each assembly may create their own set of rules, these sets tend to be more alike than different. A common practice is to adopt a standard reference book on parliamentary procedure and modify it through special rules of order that supersede the adopted authority.

A parliamentary structure conducts business through motions, which cause actions. Members bring business before the assembly by introducing main motions. "Members use subsidiary motions to alter a main motion, or delay or hasten its consideration."^[14] Parliamentary procedure also allows for rules in regards to nomination, voting, debate, disciplinary action, appeals, and the drafting of organization charters, constitutions, and bylaws.

Organizations and civic groups

Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised^[15] aspires to be a comprehensive guide: "New editions have marked the growth of parliamentary procedure as cases occurring in assemblies have pointed to a need for further rules or additional interpretations to go by."^[16] Robert's Rules of Order The Modern Edition^[17] and The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure^[18] aspire to be concise. "This book is a basic reference book but does not claim to be comprehensive. For most organization and for most meetings, it will prove very adequate."^[19] "Alice Sturgis believed that confusing or unnecessary motions and terminology should be eliminated. Her goal was to make the process simpler, fairer, and easier to understand, and The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure did just that ..."^[20]

A common text in use in the UK, particularly within trade unions, is Walter Citrine's ABC of Chairmanship.

In English-speaking Canada, popular authorities include Kerr & King's Procedures for Meeting and Organizations. The Conservative Party of Canada uses Wainberg's Society meetings including rules of order to run its internal affairs.

In French-speaking Canada, commonly used rules of order for ordinary societies include Victor Morin's Procédures des assemblées délibérantes (commonly known as the Code Morin)^[21] and the Code Confédération des syndicats nationaux.

Legislatures

Legislative assemblies in all countries, because of their nature, tend to have a specialized set of rules that differ from parliamentary procedure used by clubs and organizations.

In the United Kingdom, Thomas Erskine May's Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament (often referred to simply as Erskine May) is the accepted authority on the powers and procedures of the Westminster parliament. There are also the Standing Orders for each House.^[22]

Of the 99 state legislative chambers in the United States (two for each state except Nebraska, which has a unicameral legislature), Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure governs parliamentary procedures in 70; Jefferson's Manual governs 13, and Robert's Rules of Order governs four.^[23] The United States Senate follows the Standing Rules of the United States Senate, while the United States House of Representatives follows Jefferson's Manual.

Mason's Manual, originally written by constitutional scholar and former California Senate staff member Paul Mason in 1935, and since his death revised and published by the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), governs legislative procedures in instances where the state constitution, state statutes, and the chamber's rules are silent.^[24]^[25]^[26]

According to the NCSL,^[25] one of the many reasons that most state legislatures use Mason's Manual instead of Robert's Rules of Order is that Robert's Rules applies best to private organizations and civic groups that do not meet in daily public sessions. Mason's Manual, however, is geared specifically toward state legislative bodies.

Parliamentarians

In the United States, individuals who are proficient in parliamentary procedure are called parliamentarians (in other English-speaking countries with parliamentary forms of government, "parliamentarian" refers to a member of Parliament).

Several organizations offer certification programs for parliamentarians, including the National Association of Parliamentarians and American Institute of Parliamentarians. Agriculture teachers who coach teams in the parliamentary procedure contest of the National FFA Organization (formerly Future Farmers of America) can earn the title Accredited Parliamentarian. Parliamentarians perform an important role in many meetings, including counseling organizations on parliamentary law, holding elections, or writing amendments to the constitution and bylaws of an organization.

References

^ Robert 2011, p. l.
^ Bliss, Edwin (1993). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. xx. ISBN 0-07-062522-0. The term 'Robert's Rules of Order' is commonly used today as a synonym for parliamentary procedure.
^ Robert III, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-306-82019-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. pp. xxxiii–xxxiv. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.
^ Slater, Victor Louis. (2002). The Political History of Tudor and Stuart England: A Sourcebook, p. 72. ISBN 9780203995402
^ "Parliamentary Procedure – General Article – Compendium of Procedure Home – House of Commons. Canada". Parliament of Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on Feb 4, 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
^ Jefferson, Thomas. (1820). A manual of parliamentary practice for the use of the Senate of the United States, p. vi.
^ "Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Part 6, Title I, Chapter 1, Section 1, Articles 232, 240, and 249". EUR-Lex. 2016-06-07. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
^ Reischauer, Edwin O. and Marius B. Jansen. (1977). The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity, p. 250.
^ Mulgan, Aurelia George. (2000). The Politics of Agriculture in Japan, p. 292.
^ The "functionalist" criterion (set by the Bill, on the initiative of Senator Maritati: Bill n. 1560/XVI) identified – inside parliamentary Institutions – acts of political bodies which, on the one hand, are not linked to the functions (legislative, political address or inspection) but which, on the other hand, are not classified as high-level administration: Buonomo, Giampiero (2014). "Il nodo dell'autodichia da Ponzio a Pilato". Golem Informazione. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
^ (in Italian) G. Buonomo e M. Cerase, La Corte costituzionale ancora irrisolta sul ricorso delle minoranze parlamentari (ord. n. 17/2019), Forum di Quaderni costituzionali, 13 febbraio 2019.
^ Robert 2011, p. li
^ Sturgis, Alice (1993). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. 16. ISBN 0-07-062522-0.
^ Robert, Henry (2020). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (12th ed.). New York: Public Affairs, Hachette Book Group. ISBN 978-1541736696.
^ Robert, Sarah (1981). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (1981 ed.). Glenview, Illinois: Scott Foresman and Company. p. preface, pg. ix. ISBN 0-673-15471-8.
^ Patnode, Darwin (1989). Robert's Rules of Order the Modern Edition. New York: The Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 0-425-11690-5.
^ Sturgis, Alice (1988). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN 0-07-062522-0.
^ Patnode, Darwin (1989). Robert's Rules of Order The Modern Edition. New York: The Berkley Publishing Group. p. 17. ISBN 0-425-11690-5.
^ Sturgis, Alice (1988). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. xxi - "To the Reader" preface, by Edwin C. Bliss. ISBN 0-07-062522-0.
^ Code Morin at University of Victoria; retrieved 2013-1-13.
^ "Standing Orders". UK Parliament.
^ Using Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure: The Advantages to Legislative Bodies, National Conference of State Legislatures.
^ See, for example, Standing Rules of the California Assembly, in HR 1, 2007-08 Regular Session.
^ ^a ^b National Conference of State Legislatures web site
^ National Conference of State Legislatures (2000). Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure. Denver, CO: NCSL. ISBN 1-58024-116-6.

External links

[FOOTNOTERobert2011l-1] Robert 2011, p. l.

[2] Bliss, Edwin (1993). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. xx. ISBN 0-07-062522-0. The term 'Robert's Rules of Order' is commonly used today as a synonym for parliamentary procedure.

[3] Robert III, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-306-82019-9.

[:0-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. pp. xxxiii–xxxiv. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.

[5] Slater, Victor Louis. (2002). The Political History of Tudor and Stuart England: A Sourcebook, p. 72. ISBN 9780203995402

[6] "Parliamentary Procedure – General Article – Compendium of Procedure Home – House of Commons. Canada". Parliament of Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on Feb 4, 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2011.

[7] Jefferson, Thomas. (1820). A manual of parliamentary practice for the use of the Senate of the United States, p. vi.

[8] "Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Part 6, Title I, Chapter 1, Section 1, Articles 232, 240, and 249". EUR-Lex. 2016-06-07. Retrieved 2024-06-11.

[9] Reischauer, Edwin O. and Marius B. Jansen. (1977). The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity, p. 250.

[10] Mulgan, Aurelia George. (2000). The Politics of Agriculture in Japan, p. 292.

[11] The "functionalist" criterion (set by the Bill, on the initiative of Senator Maritati: Bill n. 1560/XVI) identified – inside parliamentary Institutions – acts of political bodies which, on the one hand, are not linked to the functions (legislative, political address or inspection) but which, on the other hand, are not classified as high-level administration: Buonomo, Giampiero (2014). "Il nodo dell'autodichia da Ponzio a Pilato". Golem Informazione. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-04-11.

[12] (in Italian) G. Buonomo e M. Cerase, La Corte costituzionale ancora irrisolta sul ricorso delle minoranze parlamentari (ord. n. 17/2019), Forum di Quaderni costituzionali, 13 febbraio 2019.

[13] Robert 2011, p. li

[14] Sturgis, Alice (1993). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. 16. ISBN 0-07-062522-0.

[15] Robert, Henry (2020). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (12th ed.). New York: Public Affairs, Hachette Book Group. ISBN 978-1541736696.

[16] Robert, Sarah (1981). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (1981 ed.). Glenview, Illinois: Scott Foresman and Company. p. preface, pg. ix. ISBN 0-673-15471-8.

[17] Patnode, Darwin (1989). Robert's Rules of Order the Modern Edition. New York: The Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 0-425-11690-5.

[18] Sturgis, Alice (1988). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN 0-07-062522-0.

[19] Patnode, Darwin (1989). Robert's Rules of Order The Modern Edition. New York: The Berkley Publishing Group. p. 17. ISBN 0-425-11690-5.

[20] Sturgis, Alice (1988). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. xxi - "To the Reader" preface, by Edwin C. Bliss. ISBN 0-07-062522-0.

[21] Code Morin at University of Victoria; retrieved 2013-1-13.

[22] "Standing Orders". UK Parliament.

[23] Using Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure: The Advantages to Legislative Bodies, National Conference of State Legislatures.

[24] See, for example, Standing Rules of the California Assembly, in HR 1, 2007-08 Regular Session.

[ncsl-25] National Conference of State Legislatures web site

[26] National Conference of State Legislatures (2000). Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure. Denver, CO: NCSL. ISBN 1-58024-116-6.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Guidelines to conduct meetings}}
 {{Redirect|Parliamentary Practice|the British Parliamentary rule book|Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice}}
+{{Redirect|Rules of order|the widely-used American manual|Robert's Rules of Order}}
-[[File:European Parliament Strasbourg Hemicycle - Diliff.jpg|alt=Rows and rows of people are assembled circularly in a huge chamber at the European Parliament|thumb|The [[European Parliament]] during a plenary session in 2014.]]
+[[File:European Parliament Strasbourg Hemicycle - Diliff.jpg|alt=Rows and rows of people are assembled circularly in a huge chamber at the European Parliament|thumb|The [[European Parliament]] during a plenary session in 2014]]
-'''Parliamentary procedure''' is the accepted [[Procedural law|rules]], [[ethics]], and [[Norm (sociology)|customs]] governing meetings of an [[deliberative assembly|assembly]] or [[organization]]. It is supposed to represent the will of the [[majority]]. Its object is to allow [[deliberation]] upon questions of interest to the organization and to arrive at the sense or the will of the assembly upon these questions.{{sfn|Robert|2011|p=l}} [[Self-governance|Self-governing]] organizations follow parliamentary procedure to [[debate]] and reach group decisions—usually by [[voting|vote]]—with the least possible friction.
+'''Parliamentary procedures''' are the accepted [[Procedural law|rules]], [[ethics]], and [[Norm (sociology)|customs]] governing meetings of an [[deliberative assembly|assembly]] or [[organization]]. Their object is to allow orderly [[deliberation]] upon questions of interest to the organization and thus to arrive at the sense or the will of the [[majority]] of the assembly upon these questions.{{sfn|Robert|2011|p=l}} [[Self-governance|Self-governing]] organizations follow parliamentary procedure to [[debate]] and reach group decisions, usually by [[voting|vote]], with the least possible friction.
-In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]] and other English-speaking countries it is often called ''chairmanship'', ''chairing'', the ''law of meetings'', ''procedure at meetings'' or the ''conduct of meetings''. In the United States, parliamentary procedure is also referred to as ''parliamentary law'', ''parliamentary practice'', ''legislative procedure'', ''rules of order'', or ''robert's rules of order''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bliss |first1=Edwin |title=Chairman AIP Revision Committee |date=1993 |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=0-07-062522-0 |page=xx |edition=Third}}</ref>.
+In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]], and other English-speaking countries, parliamentary procedure is often called ''chairmanship'', ''chairing'', the ''law of meetings'', ''procedure at meetings'', the ''conduct of meetings'', or the ''standing orders''. In the [[United States]], it is referred to as ''parliamentary law'', ''parliamentary practice'', ''legislative procedure'', ''rules of order'', or ''Robert's rules of order''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bliss |first1=Edwin |url=https://archive.org/details/standardcodeofpa00stur |title=The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure |date=1993 |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc. |isbn=0-07-062522-0 |edition=Third |location=New York |page=xx |quote=The term 'Robert's Rules of Order' is commonly used today as a synonym for parliamentary procedure. |url-access=registration}}</ref>
-Rules of order consist of rules written by the body itself (often referred to as [[By-law|bylaws]]), but also usually supplemented by a published [[parliamentary authority]] adopted by the body. Typically, national, state/provincial and other full-scale [[legislature|legislative assemblies]] have extensive internally written rules of order, whereas non-legislative bodies write and adopt a limited set of [[Special rules of order|specific rules]] as the need arises.
+Rules of order consist of rules written by the body itself (often referred to as [[By-law|bylaws]]), usually supplemented by a published [[parliamentary authority]] adopted by the body. Typically, national, state or provincial and other full-scale [[legislature|legislative assemblies]] have extensive internally written rules of order, whereas non-legislative bodies write and adopt a limited set of [[Special rules of order|specific rules]] as the need arises.
 ==History==
 {{main|History of parliamentary procedure}}
-The term gets its name from its use in the [[parliamentary system]] of government.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief|last = Robert III|first = Henry M.|publisher = Da Capo Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0-306-82019-9|location = Philadelphia, PA|pages = 5|edition = 2nd|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
+The term ''parliamentary procedure'' gets its name from its use in the [[parliamentary system]] of government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert III |first=Henry M. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780517190036 |title=Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-306-82019-9 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=5 |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration}}</ref>
-In the 16th and 17th century, there were rules of order in the early [[Parliament of England|parliaments of England]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised|last = Robert|first = Henry M.|publisher = Da Capo Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0-306-82020-5|location = Philadelphia, PA|pages = xxxiii–xxxiv|edition = 11th|display-authors=etal}}</ref>  In the 1560s Sir Thomas Smyth began the process of writing down accepted procedures and published a book about them for the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] in 1583.<ref name=":0" />  Early rules included
+In the 16th and 17th century, the [[Parliament of England|parliaments of England]] began adopting rules of order.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Robert |first=Henry M. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306813542 |title=Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-306-82020-5 |edition=11th |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=xxxiii–xxxiv |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration}}</ref> In the 1560s, Sir Thomas Smyth began the process of writing down accepted procedures and published a book about them for the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] in 1583.<ref name=":0" />  Early rules included:
-* One subject should be discussed at a time (adopted 1581)<ref name=":0" /><ref>Slater, Victor Louis. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=kVxZ-I7lVQMC&pg=PA72&dq= ''The Political History of Tudor and Stuart England: A Sourcebook,'' p.  72].</ref>
+* One subject should be discussed at a time (adopted 1581)<ref name=":0" /><ref>Slater, Victor Louis. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=kVxZ-I7lVQMC&pg=PA72&dq= ''The Political History of Tudor and Stuart England: A Sourcebook,'' p.  72]. {{ISBN|9780203995402}}</ref>
 * Personal attacks are to be avoided in debate (1604)<ref name=":0" />
 * Debate must be limited to the merits of the question (1610)<ref name=":0" />
-* Division of a question when some seem to be for one part but not the other (1640)<ref name=":0" />
+* Division of a question into parts to be voted on separately (1640)<ref name=":0" />
 ===Westminster procedures===
-The [[Westminster system|Westminster parliamentary procedures]] are followed in several [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa.
+The [[Westminster system|Westminster parliamentary procedures]] are followed in several [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa, as well as in the Republic of Ireland.
-In Canada, for example, the House of Commons uses ''House of Commons Procedure and Practice'' as its primary procedural authority. Others include [[Arthur Beauchesne]]'s ''Parliamentary Rules and Forms of the House of Commons of Canada'',  [[Bourinot's Rules of Order|Sir John George Bourinot's ''Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada'']], and [[Erskine May]]'s ''The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament'' from Britain.<ref>{{cite web
+In Canada, for example, the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] uses ''House of Commons Procedure and Practice'' as its primary procedural authority. Others include [[Arthur Beauchesne]]'s ''Parliamentary Rules and Forms of the House of Commons of Canada'',  [[Bourinot's Rules of Order|Sir John George Bourinot's ''Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada'']], and [[Erskine May]]'s [[Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice|''The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament'']] from Britain.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |year=2011 |title=Parliamentary Procedure – General Article – Compendium of Procedure Home – House of Commons. Canada |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/c_g_parliamentaryprocedure-e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204021216/http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/c_g_parliamentaryprocedure-e.htm |archive-date=Feb 4, 2010 |access-date=15 February 2011 |work=Parliament of Canada}}</ref>
-|url= http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/c_g_parliamentaryprocedure-e.htm |title=Parliamentary Procedure – General Article – Compendium of Procedure Home – House of Commons. Canada
-|first=Canadian
-|last=Government
-|work=parl.gc.ca
-|year=2011
-|access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref>
 ===American procedures===
-The rules of the [[United States Congress]] were developed from the parliamentary procedures used in Britain.<ref>Jefferson, Thomas. (1820). [https://books.google.com/books?id=46k-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PR6&dq= ''A manual of parliamentary practice for the use of the Senate of the United States,'' p. vi].</ref> The American parliamentary procedures are followed in many nations, including [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Mexico]] and [[South Korea]].
+The rules of the [[United States Congress]] were developed from parliamentary procedures used in Britain.<ref>Jefferson, Thomas. (1820). [https://books.google.com/books?id=46k-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PR6&dq= ''A manual of parliamentary practice for the use of the Senate of the United States,'' p. vi].</ref> Many nations' legislatures follow American parliamentary procedure,{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} including [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Mexico]] and [[South Korea]].
 ===Other===
+The [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]] (1957) states<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-07 |title=Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Part 6, Title I, Chapter 1, Section 1, Articles 232, 240, and 249 |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/tfeu_2016/art_232/oj |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=EUR-Lex |language=en}}</ref> that each of the [[European Parliament]], [[Council of the European Union]], and [[European Commission]] adopt their own rules. For the Parliament, these are the [[Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament]].
-The procedures of the [[Diet of Japan]] have moved away from the British parliamentary model.  In [[Occupied Japan]], there were efforts to bring Japanese parliamentary procedures more in line with American congressional practices.<ref>Reischauer, Edwin O. and Marius B. Jansen. (1977). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BTPNlLIy2soC&pg=PA250&dq= ''The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity,'' p. 250].</ref> In Japan, informal negotiations are more important than formal procedures.<ref>Mulgan, Aurelia George. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=l_78iQKtaJMC&pg=PA292&dq= ''The Politics of Agriculture in Japan,'' p. 292].</ref>
+The procedures of the [[Diet of Japan]] moved away from the British parliamentary model, when in [[Occupied Japan]], there were efforts to align Japanese parliamentary procedures with American congressional practices.<ref>Reischauer, Edwin O. and Marius B. Jansen. (1977). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BTPNlLIy2soC&pg=PA250&dq= ''The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity,'' p. 250].</ref> In Japan, informal negotiations are more important than formal procedures.<ref>Mulgan, Aurelia George. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=l_78iQKtaJMC&pg=PA292&dq= ''The Politics of Agriculture in Japan,'' p. 292].</ref>
-Written codes of rules govern in [[Italy]] the life of the [[Italian Parliament|Houses of the Parliament]]: the [[Constitutional Court of Italy|Constitutional Court]] is judge on the limits beyond which these regulations cannot go, exceeding the parliamentary or political function (judgement n. 120 of 2014),<ref>The "functionalist" criterion (set by the Bill, on the initiative of Senator Maritati: Bill n. 1560/XVI) identified – inside parliamentary Institutions – acts of political bodies which, on the one hand, are not linked to the functions (legislative, political address or inspection) but which, on the other hand, are not classified as high-level administration: {{cite journal|last1=Buonomo|first1=Giampiero|title=Il nodo dell'autodichia da Ponzio a Pilato|journal=Golem Informazione|date=2014|url=https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89413589|access-date=2016-04-11|archive-date=2016-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89413589|url-status=dead}}</ref> and on their bad application when a law is passed through.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [https://www.academia.edu/38400055/La_Corte_costituzionale_ancora_irrisolta_sul_ricorso_delle_minoranze_parlamentari_coautore_M._Cerase_ G. Buonomo e M. Cerase, ''La Corte costituzionale ancora irrisolta sul ricorso delle minoranze parlamentari (ord. n. 17/2019)'', Forum di Quaderni costituzionali, 13 febbraio 2019].</ref>
+In Italy, written rules govern the [[Italian Parliament|Houses of the Parliament]]. The [[Constitutional Court of Italy|Constitutional Court]] judges the limits beyond which these regulations cannot go, exceeding the parliamentary or political function (judgement n. 120 of 2014)<ref>The "functionalist" criterion (set by the Bill, on the initiative of Senator Maritati: Bill n. 1560/XVI) identified – inside parliamentary Institutions – acts of political bodies which, on the one hand, are not linked to the functions (legislative, political address or inspection) but which, on the other hand, are not classified as high-level administration: {{cite journal|last1=Buonomo|first1=Giampiero|title=Il nodo dell'autodichia da Ponzio a Pilato|journal=Golem Informazione|date=2014|url=https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89413589|access-date=2016-04-11|archive-date=2016-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89413589|url-status=dead}}</ref> and on their bad application when a law is passed.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [https://www.academia.edu/38400055/La_Corte_costituzionale_ancora_irrisolta_sul_ricorso_delle_minoranze_parlamentari_coautore_M._Cerase_ G. Buonomo e M. Cerase, ''La Corte costituzionale ancora irrisolta sul ricorso delle minoranze parlamentari (ord. n. 17/2019)'', Forum di Quaderni costituzionali, 13 febbraio 2019].</ref>
 ==Parliamentary authority usage patterns==
 {{Main|Parliamentary authority|Principles of parliamentary procedure}}
-Parliamentary procedure is based on the principles of allowing the majority to make decisions effectively and efficiently ([[majority rule]]), while ensuring fairness towards the minority and giving each member or delegate the right to voice an opinion.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robert|2011|p = li}}</ref>
+Parliamentary procedure is based on the principles of allowing the majority to make decisions effectively and efficiently ([[majority rule]]), while ensuring fairness towards the minority and giving each member or delegate the right to voice an opinion.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robert|2011|p = li}}</ref> [[Voting]] determines the will of the assembly. While each assembly may create their own set of rules, these sets tend to be more alike than different. A common practice is to adopt a standard reference book on parliamentary procedure and modify it through [[special rules of order]] that supersede the adopted authority.
-[[Voting]] determines the will of the assembly. While each assembly may create their own set of rules, these sets tend to be more alike than different. A common practice is to adopt a standard reference book on parliamentary procedure and modify it through [[special rules of order]] that supersede the adopted authority.
-A parliamentary structure conducts business through [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motions]], which cause actions. Members bring business before the assembly by introducing [[main motion]]s, or dispose of this business through [[subsidiary motion]]s and [[incidental motion]]s. Parliamentary procedure also allows for rules in regards to nomination, voting, disciplinary action, appeals, dues, and the drafting of organization [[charter]]s, [[constitution]]s, and [[bylaws]].
+A parliamentary structure conducts business through [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motions]], which cause actions. Members bring business before the assembly by introducing [[main motion]]s. "Members use [[subsidiary motion]]s to alter a main motion, or delay or hasten its consideration."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sturgis |first1=Alice |url=https://archive.org/details/standardcodeofpa00stur |title=The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure |date=1993 |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc. |isbn=0-07-062522-0 |edition=Third |location=New York |page=16 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Parliamentary procedure also allows for rules in regards to nomination, voting, debate, disciplinary action, appeals, and the drafting of organization [[charter]]s, [[constitution]]s, and [[bylaws]].
 ===Organizations and civic groups===
+''[[Robert's Rules of Order]] Newly Revised''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robert |first1=Henry |title=Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised |date=2020 |publisher=Public Affairs, Hachette Book Group |location=New York |isbn=978-1541736696 |edition=12th}}</ref> aspires to be a comprehensive guide: "New editions have marked the growth of parliamentary procedure as cases occurring in assemblies have pointed to a need for further rules or additional interpretations to go by."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robert |first1=Sarah |url=https://archive.org/details/scottforesmanr00robe |title=Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised |date=1981 |publisher=Scott Foresman and Company |isbn=0-673-15471-8 |edition=1981 |location=Glenview, Illinois |page=preface, pg. ix |url-access=registration}}</ref> ''Robert's Rules of Order The Modern Edition''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patnode |first1=Darwin |url=https://archive.org/details/robertsrulesofo400robe |title=Robert's Rules of Order the Modern Edition |date=1989 |publisher=The Berkley Publishing Group |isbn=0-425-11690-5 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref> and ''[[The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure]]''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sturgis |first1=Alice |url=https://archive.org/details/standardcodeofpa00stur |title=The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure |date=1988 |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc. |isbn=0-07-062522-0 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref> aspire to be concise. "This book is a basic reference book but does not claim to be comprehensive. For most organization and for most meetings, it will prove very adequate."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patnode |first1=Darwin |url=https://archive.org/details/robertsrulesofo400robe |title=Robert's Rules of Order The Modern Edition |date=1989 |publisher=The Berkley Publishing Group |isbn=0-425-11690-5 |location=New York |page=17 |url-access=registration}}</ref> "[[Alice Sturgis]] believed that confusing or unnecessary motions and terminology should be eliminated. Her goal was to make the process simpler, fairer, and easier to understand, and The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure did just that ..."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sturgis |first1=Alice |url=https://archive.org/details/standardcodeofpa00stur |title=The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure |date=1988 |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc. |isbn=0-07-062522-0 |edition=Third |location=New York |page=xxi - "To the Reader" preface, by Edwin C. Bliss |url-access=registration}}</ref>
-The most common procedural authority in use in the United States is ''[[Robert's Rules of Order]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://nancysylvester.com/docs/Resources/articles/roberts_rules_11th_edition.html|title = The New Version of Robert's and Why You Should Care|access-date = 2015-12-05|last = Sylvester|first = Nancy|quote = Since approximately 95% of the organizations in the U.S. prescribe Robert’s as their parliamentary authority, the 11th edition is most likely the parliamentary authority for all organizations you are involved in.}}</ref>  Other authorities include ''[[The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure]]'' (used by some medical and library organizations) <ref>{{cite book|last=Slaughter|first=Jim|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Parliamentary Procedure Fast-Track|year=2012|publisher=Alpha|location=New York, IN|isbn=978-1615642205 |pages=2|url= http://www.idiotsguides.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781615642205,00.html}}</ref>
-and ''[[Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Slaughter|first1=Jim|first2=Gaut|last2=Ragsdale|first3=Jon|last3=Ericson|title=Notes and Comments on Robert's Rules, Fourth Edition|year=2012|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|location=Carbondale, IL|isbn=978-0809332151|page=154|url=http://siupress.com/product/Notes-and-Comments-on-Roberts-Rules-Fourth-Editi,5835.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616080611/http://www.siupress.com/(S(j2o15045pfgsgk3rr2pxdiez))/product/Notes-and-Comments-on-Roberts-Rules-Fourth-Editi,5835.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-06-16}}</ref>
-A common text in use in the UK, particularly within [[trade union|trade unions]], is Lord Citrine's ''[[ABC of Chairmanship]]''.
+A common text in use in the UK, particularly within [[trade union|trade unions]], is [[Walter Citrine]]'s ''[[ABC of Chairmanship]]''.
 In English-speaking Canada, popular authorities include Kerr & King's ''Procedures for Meeting and Organizations''. The [[Conservative Party of Canada]] uses ''Wainberg's Society meetings including rules of order'' to run its internal affairs.
-In French-speaking Canada, commonly used rules of order for ordinary societies include Victor Morin's ''[[Morin code|Procédures des assemblées délibérantes]]'' (commonly known as the ''Code Morin'')<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991008181931/http://web.uvic.ca/~cpssa/morineng.htm ''Code Morin'' at University of Victoria]; retrieved 2013-1-13.</ref> and the ''Code [[Confédération des syndicats nationaux|CSN]]''.
+In French-speaking Canada, commonly used rules of order for ordinary societies include [[Victor Morin]]'s {{lang|fr|[[Morin code|Procédures des assemblées délibérantes]]}} (commonly known as the {{lang|fr|Code Morin}})<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991008181931/http://web.uvic.ca/~cpssa/morineng.htm ''Code Morin'' at University of Victoria]; retrieved 2013-1-13.</ref> and the {{lang|fr|Code [[Confédération des syndicats nationaux]]}}.
 ===Legislatures===
 Legislative assemblies in all countries, because of their nature, tend to have a specialized set of rules that differ from parliamentary procedure used by clubs and organizations.
-In the United Kingdom, [[Thomas Erskine May]]'s ''[[Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice|Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament]]'' (often referred to simply as ''Erskine May'') is the accepted authority on the powers and procedures of the [[Westminster Parliament|Westminster parliament]]. There are also the [[Standing orders in the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Standing Orders for each House]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/standing-orders/|title=Standing Orders - Glossary page|website=UK Parliament}}</ref>
+In the United Kingdom, [[Thomas Erskine May]]'s ''[[Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice|Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament]]'' (often referred to simply as ''Erskine May'') is the accepted authority on the powers and procedures of the [[Westminster parliament]]. There are also the [[Standing orders in the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Standing Orders for each House]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Standing Orders |url=https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/standing-orders/ |website=UK Parliament}}</ref>
-Of the 99 [[State legislature (United States)|state legislative chambers]] in the United States (two for each [[U.S. state|state]] except [[Nebraska]], which has a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] legislature), ''[[Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure]]'' governs parliamentary procedures in 70; ''[[Jefferson's Manual]]'' governs 13, and ''[[Robert's Rules of Order]]'' governs four.<ref>''[http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/masons-manual-for-legislative-bodies.aspx Using Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure: The Advantages to Legislative Bodies]'', [[National Conference of State Legislatures]].</ref> The [[United States Senate]] follows the [[Standing Rules of the United States Senate]], while the [[United States House of Representatives]] follows ''[[Jefferson's Manual]]''.
+Of the 99 [[State legislature (United States)|state legislative chambers]] in the United States (two for each [[U.S. state|state]] except [[Nebraska]], which has a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] legislature), ''[[Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure]]'' governs parliamentary procedures in 70; ''[[Jefferson's Manual]]'' governs 13, and ''[[Robert's Rules of Order]]'' governs four.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191212161525/http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/masons-manual-for-legislative-bodies.aspx Using Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure: The Advantages to Legislative Bodies]'', [[National Conference of State Legislatures]].</ref> The [[United States Senate]] follows the [[Standing Rules of the United States Senate]], while the [[United States House of Representatives]] follows ''Jefferson's Manual''.
 ''Mason's Manual'', originally written by constitutional scholar and former [[California Senate]] staff member [[Paul Mason (author)|Paul Mason]] in 1935, and since his death revised and published by the [[National Conference of State Legislatures]] (NCSL), governs legislative procedures in instances where the [[State constitution (United States)|state constitution]], [[State law (United States)|state statutes]], and the chamber's rules are silent.<ref>See, for example, ''Standing Rules of the California Assembly'', in [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=hr_1&sess=CUR HR 1, 2007-08 Regular Session].</ref><ref name=ncsl>[http://www.ncsl.org National Conference of State Legislatures web site]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=National Conference of State Legislatures|title=[[Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure]]|year=2000|publisher=NCSL|location=Denver, CO|isbn=1-58024-116-6}}</ref>
@@ Line 68: / Line 63: @@
 {{Main|Parliamentarian (consultant)}}In the United States, individuals who are proficient in parliamentary procedure are called parliamentarians (in other English-speaking countries with parliamentary forms of government, "parliamentarian" refers to a [[member of Parliament]]).
-Several organizations offer certification programs for parliamentarians, including the [[National Association of Parliamentarians]] and [[American Institute of Parliamentarians]]. Agriculture teachers who coach teams in the [[National FFA Organization]] (formerly Future Farmers of America) [[Parli Pro|parliamentary procedure contest]] can earn the title Accredited Parliamentarian (AP). Parliamentarians perform an important role in many meetings, including counseling organizations on parliamentary law, holding elections, or writing amendments to the constitution and [[bylaws]] of an organization.
+Several organizations offer certification programs for parliamentarians, including the [[National Association of Parliamentarians]] and [[American Institute of Parliamentarians]]. Agriculture teachers who coach teams in the [[Parli Pro|parliamentary procedure contest]] of the [[National FFA Organization]] (formerly Future Farmers of America) can earn the title Accredited Parliamentarian. Parliamentarians perform an important role in many meetings, including counseling organizations on parliamentary law, holding elections, or writing amendments to the constitution and bylaws of an organization.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 74: / Line 69: @@
 * [[Lawmaking procedure in India]]
 * [[Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world]]
+* ''[[Robert's Rules of Order]]''
 == References ==
@@ Line 80: / Line 76: @@
 ==External links==
 {{NIE Poster|Parliamentary Law}}
-* [http://www.robertsrules.com The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site]
+* [http://www.robertsrules.com The Robert's Rules Association]
-* [http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/c_a_index-e.htm Compendium of Procedure for Canada's House of Commons]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160904122247/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/House/compendium/web-content/c_a_index-e.htm Compendium of Procedure for Canada's House of Commons]
-* [http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/masons-manual-for-legislative-bodies.aspx National Conference of State Legislatures: Using Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191212161525/http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/masons-manual-for-legislative-bodies.aspx National Conference of State Legislatures: Using Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure]
-* [http://www.parliamentarians.org/ National Association of Parliamentarians (parliamentarians.org)]
+* [http://www.parliamentarians.org/ National Association of Parliamentarians]
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117170758/http://aipparl.org/site/ American Institute of Parliamentarians (aipparl.org)]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117170758/http://aipparl.org/site/ American Institute of Parliamentarians]
 {{Parliamentary procedure}}

v t e Parliamentary procedure
Major concepts	History of parliamentary procedure Principles of parliamentary procedure Deliberative assembly Committee Session Quorum Chair Floor Recognition Motion Second Debate Main motion Order of business Minutes Voting methods in deliberative assemblies Majority Unanimous consent
Subsidiary motions	Postpone indefinitely Amend Commit Postpone to a certain time Limit or extend limits of debate Previous question Cloture Lay on the table
Privileged motions	Call for the orders of the day Raise a question of privilege Recess Adjourn Fix the time to which to adjourn
Incidental motions	Point of order Appeal Suspend the rules Objection to the consideration of a question Division of a question Consideration by paragraph or seriatim Division of the assembly Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls Motions relating to nominations Prayer motion Request to be excused from a duty Requests and inquiries (Parliamentary inquiry, Request for information, Request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion, Request to read papers, Request for any other privilege)
Motions that bring a question again before the assembly	Take from the table Rescind, repeal, annul or amend something previously adopted Discharge a committee Reconsider
Legislative procedures	Call of the house Hoist Motion to pass on Recall of Parliament
Disciplinary procedures	Censure Declare the chair vacant Impeach Naming
Parliamentary authorities	Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR) The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (TSC or Sturgis) Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure Riddick's Rules of Procedure Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice Jefferson's Manual Lex Parliamentaria Odgers' Australian Senate Practice House of Representatives Practice Bourinot's Rules of Order Beauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms Morin code ABC of Chairmanship
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