Gurage people: Difference between revisions

Gurage
	A Gurage boy ploughing in Gurage Zone
Total population
	1,867,350 (2007)
Regions with significant populations
	Ethiopia
Languages
	Gurage languages
Religion
	Islam, Christianity, traditional faith
Related ethnic groups
	Tigrinya; Tigrayans; Tigre; Amhara; Harari; Silte; Zay; Afar; Agaw; Beja; Beta Israel; Oromo; Somali; Saho; other Ethiopian Semitic and Cushitic peoples;

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The Gurage (/ɡʊəˈrɑːɡeɪ/,^[5] Gurage: ጉራጌ, ቤተ-ጉርዓ, ቤተ-ጉራጌ) are a Semitic-speaking ethnic group inhabiting Ethiopia.^[2] They inhabit the Gurage Zone and East Gurage Zone, a fertile, semi-mountainous region in Central Ethiopia Regional State, about 125 kilometers southwest of Addis Ababa, bordering the Awash River in the north, the Gibe River, a tributary of the Omo River, to the southwest, and Hora-Dambal in the east.

According to the 2007 Ethiopian national census the Gurage can also be found in substantial numbers in Addis Ababa, Oromia Region, Harari Region and Dire Dawa.^[6]

Origin

According to the historian Paul B. Henze, the Gurage origin is explained by traditions of a military expedition to the south during the last years of the Kingdom of Aksum, which left military colonies that eventually became isolated from both northern Ethiopia and each other.^[7] However other historians have raised the issue of the complexity of Gurage peoples if viewed as a singular group, for example Ulrich Braukhamper states that the Gurage East people may have been an extension of the ancient Harla people. Indeed, there is evidence that Harla architecture may have influenced old buildings (pre-16th c.) found near Harar (eastern Ethiopia), and the Gurage East group often cite kinship with Harari (Hararghe) peoples in the distant past.^[8]

Braukhamper also states King Amda Seyon ordered Eritrean troops to be sent to mountainous regions in Gurage (named Gerege), which eventually became a permanent settlement. In addition to Amda Seyon's military settlement there, the permanence of Abyssinian presence in Gurage is documented during his descendants Zara Yaqob and Dawit II's reigns. Thus, historically, Gurage peoples may be the product of a complex mixture of Abyssinian and Harla groups which migrated and settled in that region for different reasons and at various times.^[8]

Another stated that the Gurage were originated from a place called Gura, Eritrea. This believed that linguistically by citing a southward Semitic migration during the late classical and medieval period; however more historical research needed.^[9]

A single military expedition explanation is likely possible for soldiers to implant their language in the region effectively.^[10] However the extent of Aksumite political and economic control over the interior Ethiopian Highlands, as well as that of successor dynasties dominating the Christian north, is being studied. Aside from local oral traditions linking their past to areas farther north, the Gurage countryside is home to orthodox Christian monasteries likely dating to the Middle Ages (Debre Tsion Maryam, Muher Iyesus, Abuna Gebre Menfes Kiddus, and others), before the conquests of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi and subsequent Oromo migrations into the central Highlands.^[11]

History

In the late 1870s Menelik led a campaign to incorporate the lands of the Gurage people into Shewa. In 1878, the Soddo Gurage living in Northern and Eastern Gurageland peacefully submitted to Menelik and their lands were left untouched by his armies, likely due to their shared Ethiopian Orthodox faith and prior submission to Negus Sahle Selassie, grandfather of the Emperor. However, in Western Gurageland which was inhabited by the Sebat Bet, Kebena and Wolene fiercely resisted Menelik.^[12] They were led by Hassan Enjamo of Kebena who on the advice of his sheiks declared jihad against the Shewans. For over a decade Hassan Injamo fought to keep the Shewans from the Muslim areas of Gurage until 1888 when Gobana Dacche faced him in the Battle of Jebdu Meda where the Muslim Gurage army was defeated by the Shewans, and with that all of Gurageland was subdued.^[13]^[14]

Language

The Gurage languages are a subgroup of the Ethiopian Semitic languages within the Semitic family of the Afroasiatic language family. They have three subgroups: Northern, Eastern and Western.

Gurage languages include Sebat Bet, consisting of the dialects Inor, Ezha, Muher, Geta, Gumer, Endegegn, Chaha, and also Soddo, Masqan, Zay. Like other Ethiopian Semitic languages, the Gurage languages are heavily influenced by the surrounding non-Semitic Afroasiatic Cushitic languages.^{[citation needed]} Gurage is written left to right using a system based on the Geʽez script.^{[citation needed]}

Gurage region

According to the 1994 census, the six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the Sebat Bet Gurage (45.02%), the Silt'e (34.81%), the Soddo Gurage (9.75%), the Mareqo or Libido (2.21%), the Amhara (2.16%), and the Kebena (1.82%); all other ethnic groups made up 4.21% of the population. Sebat Bet Gurage is spoken as a first language by 39.93%, 35.04% Silt'e, 10.06% spoke Soddo Gurage, 3.93% spoke Amharic, 2.16% spoke Libido, and 1.93% spoke Kebena; the remaining 6.95% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 63.98% of the population reporting that belief, while 32.97% practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, 1.9% were Protestants, and 0.95% Catholic.^[15] According to the 1994 Ethiopian census, self-identifying Gurage comprise about 2.7% of Ethiopia's population, or about 1.4 million people.^[16]^[17] The populations of Gurage people are not exactly known because approximately half of the population live outside of the Gurage zone.^{[citation needed]}

The Gurage people

The Gurage, the writer Nega Mezlekia notes, "have earned a reputation as skilled traders".^[18] One example of an enterprising Gurage is Tekke, who Nathaniel T. Kenney described as "an Ethiopian Horatio Alger, Jr.": "He began his career selling old bottles and tin cans; the Emperor Haile Selassie rewarded his achievement in creating his plantation by calling him to Addis Ababa and decorating him."^[19]

The Gurage people are highly entrepreneurial people with a culture of social mobility that celebrates hard work. As a result, the Gurage are represented in all business sectors in Ethiopia, ranging from shoe shiners to owners of big businesses. Commonly, the Addis Ababa Merkato attributed to them. They are model of good work culture in the whole Ethiopia. One of the most famous Ethiopian musicians, Mohamoud Ahmed, still recalls how he started out in life shining shoes in the city before he got his break and joined the music orchestra that allowed him to capture the imagination of millions of admirers both in Ethiopia and abroad.^{[citation needed]}

Agriculture

The Gurage live a sedentary life based on agriculture, involving a complex system of crop rotation and transplanting. Ensete is the main staple food, Teff and other cash crops are grown, which include coffee and khat which used as traditional stimulants. Animal husbandry is practiced, mainly for milk supply and dung. Other foods consumed include green cabbage, cheese, butter, roasted grains, meat and others.

The principal crop of the Gurage is ensete (also enset, Ensete edulis, äsät or "false banana plant"). This has a massive stem that grows underground and is involved in every aspect of Gurage life. It has a place in everyday interactions among community members as well as specific roles in rituals. For example: the ritual uses of ensete include wrapping a corpse after death with the fronds and tying off the umbilical cord after birth with an ensete fiber; the practical uses include wrapping goods and fireproofing thatch.^[20] Ensete is also exchanged as part of a variety of social interactions, and used as a recompense for services rendered.^[21]

Ensete is totally involved in every aspect of the daily social and ritual life of the Gurage, who, with several others tribes in Southwest Ethiopia, form what has been termed the Ensete Culture Complex area... the life of the Gurage is enmeshed with various uses of ensete, not the least of which is nutritional.^[20]

Ensete can be prepared in a variety of ways. A normal Gurage diet consists primarily of kocho, a thick bread made from ensete, and is supplemented by cabbage, cheese, butter and grains. Meat is not consumed on a regular basis, but usually eaten when an animal is sacrificed during a ritual or ceremonial event.^[20] The Gurage pound the root of the ensete to extract the edible substance, then place it in deep pits between the rows of ensete plants in the field. It ferments in the pit, which makes it more palatable. It can be stored for up to several years in this fashion, and the Gurage typically retain large surpluses of ensete as a protection against famine.^[21]

In addition to ensete, cash crops are maintained (notably coffee and khat) and livestock is raised (mainly for milk and fertilizer). Some Gurage also plant teff and eat injera (which the Gurage also call injera).^[22]

The Gurage raise zebu. These cattle are primarily kept for their butter, and a typical Gurage household has a large quantity of spiced butter aging in clay pots hung from the walls of their huts. Butter is believed to be medicinal, and the Gurage often take it internally or use it a lotion or poultice. A Gurage proverb states that "A sickness that has the upper hand over butter is destined for death." Different species of ensete are also eaten to alleviate illness.^[23]

The Gurage regard overeating as coarse and vulgar, and regard it as poor etiquette to eat all of the ensete that a host passes around to guests. It is considered polite to leave at least some ensete bread even after a very small portion is passed around.^[24]

Cuisine

The Gurage in rural highland areas centers their lives on the cultivation of their staple crop ensete. Kocho is made by shaping the ensete paste into a thick circle and wrapping it in a thin layer of ensete leaves. Its baked in a small pit with coals. Sometimes the paste is just cooked over a griddle. Kitfo a minced raw beef mixed with butter and spicy pepper is commonly attributed to the Gurage. It is also supplemented by cabbage, cheese, butter, and grains.^{[citation needed]}

Notable Gurages

Notes

^ Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia. "Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007" (PDF). Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results. United Nations Population Fund. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
^ ^a ^b G. W. E. Huntingford, "William A. Shack: The Gurage: a people of the ensete culture"
^ Lebel, Phillip. 1974. "Oral Traditional and Chronicles on Guragé Immigration".
^ Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 1581120001.
^ "Gurage". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
^ Table 3.1 on 2007 Ethiopian Regional States Census Data Archived 2016-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ Henze, Layers of Time (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 112.
^ ^a ^b Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in South Ethiopia. LITverlag. p. 18. ISBN 9783825856717. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
^ Henze, Paul B. (2016). Layers of Time : a History of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-137-11786-1. OCLC 1083468654.
^ Henze, Paul B. Palgrave. (2016). Layers of Time : a History of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-137-11786-1. OCLC 1083468654.
^ Michael Vinson [1] THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION: A CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE ZAY
^ "The Introduction and Legacy of Menelik's life". 20 August 2018.
^ Approved, Indus Foundation International Journals UGC. "Change and Continuity of Traditional System of Governance: The Case of Oget among the Qebena, South Ethiopia". indusedu.org – via www.academia.edu.
^ "Fanonet: Ethnohistorical Notes on the Gurage Urban Migration in Ethiopia" (PDF).
^ Statistical Report (Report). CSA. November 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
^ Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 6 April 2006)
^ Statistical report Part 1 csa.gov.et ^{[dead link]}
^ Nega Mezlekia, Notes from the Hyena's Belly (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 227.
^ Kenney, "Ethiopian Adventure", National Geographic, 127 (1965), p. 582.
^ ^a ^b ^c Shack, Dorothy. "Nutritional Processes and Personality Development among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in Food and Culture: A Reader. Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. (New York: Routledge, 1997). p117.
^ ^a ^b Shack, Dorothy. "Nutritional Processes and Personality Development among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in Food and Culture: A Reader. Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. (New York: Routledge, 1997). p121.
^ Girma A. Demeke; Ronny Meyer (14 June 2011). "Contact-induced language change in selected Ethiopian Semitic Languages" (PDF). Centre français des études éthiopiennes. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
^ Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession Among the Gurage of Ethiopia Author(s): William A. Shack Source: Man, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 30-43
^ Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession Among the Gurage of Ethiopia Author(s): William A. ShackSource: Man, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 30-43

References

Lebel, Phillip, 1974. "Oral Traditional and Chronicles on Guragé Immigration," Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 12 (2): pp. 95–106.
G. W. E. Huntingford, 1966. Review article, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 29, pp 667–667 doi:10.1017/S0041977X00073857
Shack, William, 1966: The Guraghe. A People of the Ensete Culture, London – New York – Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
Shack, William,1997: "Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in Food and Culture: A Reader (pp. 125–137). Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. New York: Routledge.
Worku Nida 2005: "Guraghe ethno-historical survey". In: Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Vol. 2: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 929–935.

External links

Gurage Research blog
Gurage and Silte Research Group
The Gurage People – Carolyn Ford with SIM in Ethiopia
Facts about Gurage Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
GeoHive
Google map of Gurage

[1] Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia. "Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007" (PDF). Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results. United Nations Population Fund. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2021.

[Huntingford-2] G. W. E. Huntingford, "William A. Shack: The Gurage: a people of the ensete culture"

[Lebel_1974-3] Lebel, Phillip. 1974. "Oral Traditional and Chronicles on Guragé Immigration".

[Joireman-4] Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 1581120001.

[5] "Gurage". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.

[6] Table 3.1 on 2007 Ethiopian Regional States Census Data Archived 2016-08-24 at the Wayback Machine

[7] Henze, Layers of Time (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 112.

[auto-8] Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in South Ethiopia. LITverlag. p. 18. ISBN 9783825856717. Retrieved 25 June 2016.

[9] Henze, Paul B. (2016). Layers of Time : a History of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-137-11786-1. OCLC 1083468654.

[10] Henze, Paul B. Palgrave. (2016). Layers of Time : a History of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-137-11786-1. OCLC 1083468654.

[gura2-11] Michael Vinson [1] THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION: A CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE ZAY

[12] "The Introduction and Legacy of Menelik's life". 20 August 2018.

[13] Approved, Indus Foundation International Journals UGC. "Change and Continuity of Traditional System of Governance: The Case of Oget among the Qebena, South Ethiopia". indusedu.org – via www.academia.edu.

[14] "Fanonet: Ethnohistorical Notes on the Gurage Urban Migration in Ethiopia" (PDF).

[15] Statistical Report (Report). CSA. November 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2 March 2013.

[16] Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 6 April 2006)

[17] Statistical report Part 1 csa.gov.et ^{[dead link]}

[18] Nega Mezlekia, Notes from the Hyena's Belly (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 227.

[19] Kenney, "Ethiopian Adventure", National Geographic, 127 (1965), p. 582.

[Shack_117-20] Shack, Dorothy. "Nutritional Processes and Personality Development among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in Food and Culture: A Reader. Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. (New York: Routledge, 1997). p117.

[Shack_121-21] Shack, Dorothy. "Nutritional Processes and Personality Development among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in Food and Culture: A Reader. Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. (New York: Routledge, 1997). p121.

[22] Girma A. Demeke; Ronny Meyer (14 June 2011). "Contact-induced language change in selected Ethiopian Semitic Languages" (PDF). Centre français des études éthiopiennes. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 6 November 2014.

[Hunger,_Anxiety_1971_pp._30-43-23] Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession Among the Gurage of Ethiopia Author(s): William A. Shack Source: Man, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 30-43

[Hunger,_Anxiety_pp._30-43-24] Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession Among the Gurage of Ethiopia Author(s): William A. ShackSource: Man, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 30-43

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | image_caption    = A Gurage boy ploughing in [[Gurage Zone]]
 | group            = Gurage
+| pop              = 1,867,350
-| pop              = 1,867,350 (2007)<ref>{{cite web|title=Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007|page=16|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|work=Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=21 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2009 |author=Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia}}</ref>
+(2007)<ref>{{cite web|title=Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007|page=16|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|work=Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=21 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2009 |author=Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia}}</ref>
 |popplace          = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
 | region1          = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
 | langs            = [[Gurage languages]]
 | rels             = [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Traditional African religion|traditional faith]]<ref name = Huntingford/><ref name = Lebel_1974>Lebel, Phillip. 1974. "Oral Traditional and Chronicles on Guragé Immigration".</ref>
-| related-c        = {{hlist| [[Tigrigni|Tigrinya]] |[[Tigrayans]] | | [[Tigre people|Tigre]] |[[Amhara people|Amhara]] | [[Harari people|Harari]] | [[Silte people|Silte]] | [[Zay people|Zay]] | [[Afar people|Afar]] | [[Agaw people|Agaw]] | [[Beja people|Beja]] | [[Beta Israel]] | [[Oromo people|Oromo]] | [[Somalis|Somali]] | [[Saho people|Saho]] | other [[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Ethiosemitic]] and [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] peoples<ref name="Joireman">{{cite book|last=Joireman|first=Sandra F.|title=Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development|year=1997|publisher=Universal-Publishers|page=1|isbn=1581120001}}</ref>}}
+| related-c        = {{hlist| [[Tigrigni|Tigrinya]] |[[Tigrayans]] | | [[Tigre people|Tigre]] |[[Amhara people|Amhara]] | [[Harari people|Harari]] | [[Silte people|Silte]] | [[Zay people|Zay]] | [[Afar people|Afar]] | [[Agaw people|Agaw]] | [[Beja people|Beja]] | [[Beta Israel]] | [[Oromo people|Oromo]] | [[Somalis|Somali]] | [[Saho people|Saho]] | other [[Habesha peoples|Ethiopian Semitic]] and [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] peoples<ref name="Joireman">{{cite book|last=Joireman|first=Sandra F.|title=Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development|year=1997|publisher=Universal-Publishers|page=1|isbn=1581120001}}</ref>}}
 }}
-The '''Gurage''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ʊəˈr|ɑː|ɡ|eɪ}},<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gurage}}</ref> [[Gurage language|Gurage]]: ጉራጌ, ቤተ-ጉርዓ, ቤተ-ጉራጌ) are a [[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Semitic]]-speaking ethnic group inhabiting [[Ethiopia]].<ref name = Huntingford>G. W. E. Huntingford, "William A. Shack: The Gurage: a people of the ensete culture"</ref> They inhabit the [[Gurage Zone]], a fertile, semi-mountainous region in central Ethiopia, about 125 kilometers southwest of [[Addis Ababa]], bordering the [[Awash River]] in the north, the [[Gibe River]], a tributary of the [[Omo River (Ethiopia)|Omo River]], to the southwest, and [[Hora-Dambal]] in the east.
+The '''Gurage''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ʊəˈr|ɑː|ɡ|eɪ}},<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gurage}}</ref> [[Gurage language|Gurage]]: ጉራጌ, ቤተ-ጉርዓ, ቤተ-ጉራጌ) are a [[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Semitic]]-speaking ethnic group inhabiting [[Ethiopia]].<ref name = Huntingford>G. W. E. Huntingford, "William A. Shack: The Gurage: a people of the ensete culture"</ref> They inhabit the [[Gurage Zone]] and [[East Gurage Zone]], a fertile, semi-mountainous region in [[Central Ethiopia Regional State]], about 125 kilometers southwest of [[Addis Ababa]], bordering the [[Awash River]] in the north, the [[Gibe River]], a tributary of the [[Omo River (Ethiopia)|Omo River]], to the southwest, and [[Hora-Dambal]] in the east.
-According to the 2007 Ethiopian national census the Gurage can also be found in substantial numbers in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Oromia Region]] and [[Dire Dawa]].<ref>Table 3.1 on [http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/2013-02-20-14-51-51/2013-04-01-11-53-00/census-2007 2007 Ethiopian Regional States Census Data] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824054202/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/2013-02-20-14-51-51/2013-04-01-11-53-00/census-2007 |date=2016-08-24 }}</ref>
+According to the 2007 Ethiopian national census the Gurage can also be found in substantial numbers in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Oromia Region]], [[Harari Region ]] and [[Dire Dawa]].<ref>Table 3.1 on [http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/2013-02-20-14-51-51/2013-04-01-11-53-00/census-2007 2007 Ethiopian Regional States Census Data] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824054202/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/2013-02-20-14-51-51/2013-04-01-11-53-00/census-2007 |date=2016-08-24 }}</ref>
 ==Origin==
-According to the historian [[Paul B. Henze]], the [[Gurage]] origin is explained by traditions of a military expedition to the south during the last years of the [[Kingdom of Aksum]], which left military colonies that eventually became isolated from both northern Ethiopia and each other.<ref>Henze, ''Layers of Time'' (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 112.</ref> However other historians have raised the issue of the complexity of Gurage peoples if viewed as a singular group, for example Ulrich Braukhamper states that the Gurage East people may have been an extension of the ancient [[Harla]] people. Indeed, there is evidence that Harla architecture may have influenced old buildings (pre-16th c.) found near Harar (eastern Ethiopia), and the Gurage East group often cite kinship with [[Harari people|Harari]] (Hararghe) peoples in the distant past.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Braukamper|first1=Ulrich|title=Islamic History and Culture in South Ethiopia|publisher=LITverlag|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&q=gurageland+harala&pg=PA18|access-date=25 June 2016|isbn=9783825856717|year=2002}}</ref>
+According to the historian [[Paul B. Henze]], the [[Gurage]] origin is explained by traditions of a military expedition to the south during the last years of the [[Kingdom of Aksum]], which left military colonies that eventually became isolated from both northern Ethiopia and each other.<ref>Henze, ''Layers of Time'' (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 112.</ref> However other historians have raised the issue of the complexity of Gurage peoples if viewed as a singular group, for example Ulrich Braukhamper states that the Gurage East people may have been an extension of the ancient [[Harla]] people. Indeed, there is evidence that Harla architecture may have influenced old buildings (pre-16th c.) found near Harar (eastern Ethiopia), and the Gurage East group often cite kinship with [[Harari people|Harari]] (Hararghe) peoples in the distant past.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Braukamper|first1=Ulrich|title=Islamic History and Culture in South Ethiopia|publisher=LITverlag|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&q=gurageland+harala&pg=PA18|access-date=25 June 2016|isbn=9783825856717|year=2002}}</ref>
-Braukhamper also states King [[Amda Seyon]] ordered [[Eritrea]]n troops to be sent to mountainous regions in Gurage (named Gerege), which eventually became a permanent settlement. In addition to Amda Seyon's military settlement there, the permanence of Abyssinian presence in Gurage is documented during his descendants [[Zara Yaqob]] and [[Dawit II]]'s reigns. Thus, historically, Gurage peoples may be the product of a complex mixture of [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinian]] and [[Harla]] groups which migrated and settled in that region for different reasons and at various times.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Braukamper|first1=Ulrich|title=Islamic History and Culture in South Ethiopia|publisher=LITverlag|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&q=gurageland+harala&pg=PA18|access-date=25 June 2016|isbn=9783825856717|year=2002}}</ref>
+Braukhamper also states King [[Amda Seyon]] ordered [[Eritrea]]n troops to be sent to mountainous regions in Gurage (named Gerege), which eventually became a permanent settlement. In addition to Amda Seyon's military settlement there, the permanence of Abyssinian presence in Gurage is documented during his descendants [[Zara Yaqob]] and [[Dawit II]]'s reigns. Thus, historically, Gurage peoples may be the product of a complex mixture of [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinian]] and [[Harla]] groups which migrated and settled in that region for different reasons and at various times.<ref name="auto"/>
 Another stated that the [[Gurage]] were originated from a place called [[Gura, Eritrea]]. This believed that linguistically by citing a southward Semitic migration during the late classical and medieval period; however more historical research needed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Henze |first=Paul B. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083468654 |title=Layers of Time : a History of Ethiopia.|date=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-11786-1|location=New York|pages=112|oclc=1083468654}}</ref>
@@ Line 28: / Line 29: @@
 ==History==
-In the late 1870s Menelik led a campaign to incorporate the lands of the Gurage people into [[Shewa]]. In 1878, the Soddo Gurage living in Northern and Eastern Gurageland peacefully submitted to Menelik and their lands were left untouched by his armies, likely due to their shared [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox]] faith and prior submission to Negus [[Sahle Selassie]], grandfather of the [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]]. However, in Western Gurageland which was inhabited by the Sebat Bet, Kebena and Wolene fiercely resisted Menelik.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zehabesha.com/the-introduction-and-legacy-of-meneliks-life-by-samuel-bekele/|title=The Introduction and Legacy of Menelik's life|date=20 August 2018 }}</ref> They were led by [[Hassan Enjamo]] of [[Kebena people|Kebena]] who on the advice of his sheiks declared jihad against the Shewans. For over a decade Hassan Injamo fought to expel the Shewans from the Muslim areas of Gurage until 1888 when [[Gobana Dacche]] faced him in the [[Battle of Jebdu Meda]] where the Muslim Gurage army was defeated by the Shewans, and with that all of Gurageland was subdued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/35539230|title=Change and Continuity of TraditionalSystem of Governance: The Case of Oget among the Qebena, South Ethiopia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt23k7n21t/qt23k7n21t.pdf?t=mnq1ka|title=Fanonet: Ethnohistorical Notes on the Gurage Urban Migration in Ethiopia}}</ref>
+In the late 1870s Menelik led a campaign to incorporate the lands of the Gurage people into [[Shewa]]. In 1878, the Soddo Gurage living in Northern and Eastern Gurageland peacefully submitted to Menelik and their lands were left untouched by his armies, likely due to their shared [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox]] faith and prior submission to Negus [[Sahle Selassie]], grandfather of the [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]]. However, in Western Gurageland which was inhabited by the Sebat Bet, Kebena and Wolene fiercely resisted Menelik.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zehabesha.com/the-introduction-and-legacy-of-meneliks-life-by-samuel-bekele/|title=The Introduction and Legacy of Menelik's life|date=20 August 2018 }}</ref> They were led by [[Hassan Enjamo]] of [[Kebena people|Kebena]] who on the advice of his sheiks declared jihad against the Shewans. For over a decade Hassan Injamo fought to keep the Shewans from the Muslim areas of Gurage until 1888 when [[Gobana Dacche]] faced him in the [[Battle of Jebdu Meda]] where the Muslim Gurage army was defeated by the Shewans, and with that all of Gurageland was subdued.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/35539230|title=Change and Continuity of Traditional System of Governance: The Case of Oget among the Qebena, South Ethiopia|first=Indus Foundation International Journals UGC|last=Approved|journal=indusedu.org|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt23k7n21t/qt23k7n21t.pdf?t=mnq1ka|title=Fanonet: Ethnohistorical Notes on the Gurage Urban Migration in Ethiopia}}</ref>
 ==Language==
@@ Line 34: / Line 35: @@
 The Gurage languages are a subgroup of the [[Ethiopian Semitic languages]] within the [[Semitic languages|Semitic family]] of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. They have three subgroups: Northern, Eastern and Western.
-Gurage languages include [[Sebat Bet Gurage language|Sebat Bet]], [[Inor language|Inor]], [[Ezha language|Ezha]], [[Muher language|Muher]], [[Geta (woreda)|Geta]], [[Gumer language|Gumer]], [[Endegegn language|Endegegn]], [[Chaha language|Chaha]], and [[Soddo language|Soddo]], [[Mesqan language|Masqan]], [[Zay language|Zay]]. Like other [[Ethiopian Semitic languages]], the Gurage languages is heavily influenced by the surrounding non-Semitic Afroasiatic [[Cushitic languages]].{{fact|date=July 2022}} Gurage is written left to right using a system based on the [[Geʽez script]].{{fact|date=July 2022}}
+Gurage languages include [[Sebat Bet Gurage language|Sebat Bet]], consisting of the dialects [[Inor language|Inor]], [[Ezha language|Ezha]], [[Muher language|Muher]], [[Geta (woreda)|Geta]], [[Gumer language|Gumer]], [[Endegegn language|Endegegn]], [[Chaha language|Chaha]], and also [[Soddo language|Soddo]], [[Mesqan language|Masqan]], [[Zay language|Zay]]. Like other [[Ethiopian Semitic languages]], the Gurage languages are heavily influenced by the surrounding non-Semitic Afroasiatic [[Cushitic languages]].{{fact|date=July 2022}} Gurage is written left to right using a system based on the [[Geʽez script]].{{fact|date=July 2022}}
 == Gurage region ==
@@ Line 40: / Line 41: @@
  |date        = November 2007
  |title       = Statistical Report
- |url         = http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=273&format=raw&Itemid=521 2007 CSA
+ |url         = http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=273&format=raw&Itemid=521
  |publisher   = [[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|CSA]]
  |access-date  = 2 March 2013
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
  |archive-date = 2012-11-13
  |url-status     = dead
-}}</ref> According to the 1994 Ethiopian census, self-identifying Gurage comprise about 2.7% of Ethiopia's population, or about 1.4 million people.<ref>[http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718174930/http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf |date=2011-07-18 }} (accessed 6 April 2006)</ref><ref>http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf</ref> The populations of Gurage people are not exactly known because approximately half of the population live outside of the Gurage zone.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
+}}</ref> According to the 1994 Ethiopian census, self-identifying Gurage comprise about 2.7% of Ethiopia's population, or about 1.4 million people.<ref>[http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718174930/http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf |date=2011-07-18 }} (accessed 6 April 2006)</ref><ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf Statistical report Part 1] csa.gov.et {{dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> The populations of Gurage people are not exactly known because approximately half of the population live outside of the Gurage zone.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
 ==The Gurage people==
@@ Line 74: / Line 75: @@
 ==Notable Gurages==
-*[[Hassan Enjamo]]
 *[[Desta Damtew]]
 *[[Habte Giyorgis Dinagde]]
 *[[Mahmoud Ahmed]]
 *[[Selemon Barega]]
+*[[Berhanu Nega]]
 ==Notes==

Authority control databases
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