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#redirect [[Writing style]] |
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{{cleanup-rewrite|date=April 2012}} |
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In [[fiction]], '''style''' is the codified gestures,<ref>R. Rawdon Wilso (2002) [http://books.google.com/books?id=BxSMGjkLbyoC&pg=PA28 ''The hydra's tale: imagining disgust''] p.28 quotation: {{quotation|The other alternative is to become a style; that is, to become codified into ritual gestures...}}</ref> in which the author tells the story. Along with [[Plot (narrative) | plot]], [[Character (arts)|character]], [[Theme (literature)|theme]], and [[Setting (narrative)|setting]], style is considered one of the fundamental components of [[fiction]].<ref>[[#Obstfeld|Obstfeld]], 2002, pp. 1, 65, 115, 171.</ref> |
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==Components of style== |
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Style in fiction includes the use of various [[literary techniques]]. |
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===Fiction-writing modes=== |
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[[Fiction]] is a form of [[narrative]], one of the four [[rhetorical modes]] of discourse. Fiction-writing also has distinct forms of expression, or modes, each with its own purposes and conventions. Agent and author Evan Marshall identifies five fiction-writing modes: action, summary, dialogue, feelings/thoughts, and background {{Harvard citation | Marshall | 1998 | pp = 143–165}}. Author and writing-instructor [[Jessica Page Morrell]] lists six delivery modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition {{Harvard citation | Morrell | 2006 | p = 127}}. Author [[Peter Selgin]] refers to ''methods'', including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description {{Harvard citation | Selgin | 2007 | p = 38}}. Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of [[fiction-writing mode]]s and their uses. |
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===Narrator=== |
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The '''narrator''' is the teller of the story, the orator, doing the mouthwork, or its in-print equivalent. A writer is faced with many choices regarding the narrator of a story: [[first-person narrative]], [[third-person narrative]], [[unreliable narrator]], [[stream-of-consciousness writing]]. A narrator may be either obtrusive or unobtrusive, depending on the author's intended relationship between himself, the narrator, the point-of-view character, and the reader. |
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===Point of View=== |
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'''[[Point of view (fiction)|Point of view]]''' is from whose consciousness the reader hears, sees, and feels the story. |
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===Allegory=== |
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'''Allegory''' is a work of fiction in which the symbols, characters, and events come to represent, in somewhat point-by-point fashion, a different metaphysical, political, or social situation. |
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===Symbolism=== |
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'''[[Symbol]]ism''' refers to any object or person which represents something else. |
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===Tone=== |
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'''[[Tone (literature)|Tone]]''' refers to the attitude that a story creates toward its subject matter. Tone may be formal, informal, intimate, solemn, somber, playful, serious, ironic, condescending, or many other possible attitudes. Tone is sometimes referred to as the '''mood''' that the author establishes within the story. |
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===Imagery=== |
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[[Imagery (literature)|Imagery]] is used in [[fiction]] to refer to descriptive language that evokes [[sensory experience]]. Imagery may be in many forms, such as [[metaphor]]s and [[simile]]s. |
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===Punctuation=== |
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[[Punctuation]] is everything in written language other than the actual letters or numbers, including '''punctuation marks''', [[Interword separation|inter-word spaces]], and indentation.<ref name=Todd>Todd, Loreto (2000). ''The Cassell Guide to Punctuation''. Cassell, ISBN 978-0-304-34961-6.</ref> |
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===Word choice=== |
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[[Diction]], in its original, primary meaning, refers to the writer's or the speaker's distinctive [[vocabulary]] choices and style of expression. Literary diction analysis reveals how a passage establishes [[tone (literature)|tone]] and characterization; for example, a preponderance of verbs relating physical movement suggests an active character, while a preponderance of verbs relating states of mind portrays an introspective character. |
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===Grammar=== |
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In [[linguistics]], [[grammar]] refers to the [[logic]]al and [[structural]] rules that govern the composition of [[sentence (linguistics)|sentences]], [[phrase]]s, and [[words]] in any given [[natural language]]. Grammar also refers to the study of such rules. This field includes [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[syntax]], often complemented by [[phonetics]], [[phonology]], [[semantics]], and [[pragmatics]]. |
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===Imagination=== |
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[[Imagination]], also called the faculty of '''imagining''', is the ability to form mental images, sensations and concepts, in a moment when they are not perceived through sight, hearing or other senses.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} |
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===Cohesion=== |
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[[Cohesion (linguistics)|Cohesion]] is the [[grammar|grammatical]] and [[Lexicon|lexical]] relationship within a text or [[sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. |
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===Suspension of disbelief=== |
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'''[[Suspension of disbelief]]''' is the reader's temporary acceptance of story elements as believable, regardless of how implausible they may seem in real life. |
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===Voice=== |
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In [[grammar]], the [[Voice_(grammar)|voice]] (also called '''diathesis''') of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its [[verb argument|argument]]s (subject, object, etc.). When the [[subject (grammar)|subject]] is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the '''active voice'''. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the '''passive voice'''. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Fiction]] |
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* [[Creative nonfiction]] |
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* [[Fiction-writing modes]] |
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* [[Show, don't tell]] |
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* [[Narrative]] |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== References == |
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*{{cite book |
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|title = The Marshall Plan for Novel Writing |
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|first = Evan |
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|last = Marshall |
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|publisher = Writer's Digest Books |
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|location = Cincinnati, OH |
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|year = 1998 |
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|pages = 143–165 |
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|isbn=1-58297-062-9 |
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}} |
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*<cite id = Obstfeld>{{cite book |
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|title = Fiction First Aid: Instant Remedies for Novels, Stories and Scripts |
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|first = Raymond |
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|last= Obstfeld |
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|authorlink = Raymond Obstfeld |
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|publisher = Writer's Digest Books |
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|location = Cincinnati, OH |
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|year = 2002 |
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|isbn = 1-58297-117-X |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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|title = Between the Lines: Master the Subtle Elements of Fiction Writing |
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|first = Jessica Page |
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|last = Morrell |
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|publisher = Writer's Digest Books |
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|location = Cincinnati, OH |
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|year = 2006 |
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|page = 127 |
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|isbn = 978-1-58297-393-7 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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|first = Peter |
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|last = Selgin |
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|title = By Cunning & Craft: Sound Advice and Practical Wisdom for fiction writers |
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|publisher = Writer's Digest Books |
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|location = Cincinnati, OH |
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|year = 2007 |
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|page = 38 |
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|isbn=978-1-58297-491-0 |
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}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book |
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|last = Bickham |
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|first = Jack M. |
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|title = Scene & Structure |
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|pages = 12–22, 50–58 |
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|publisher = Writer's Digest Books |
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|year = 1993 |
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|isbn = 0-89879-551-6 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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|title = Self-Editing for Fiction Writers: How to Edit Yourself into Print |
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|last = Browne & King |
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|publisher = Harper Resource |
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|location = New York |
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|year = 2004 |
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|pages = 12, 117 |
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|isbn= 0-06-054569-0 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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|title = Character & Viewpoint |
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|first = Orson Scott |
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|last = Card |
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|publisher = Writer's Digest Books |
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|location = Cincinnati, OH |
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|year = 1988 |
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|isbn= 0-89879-307-6 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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|title = Finding Your Voice: How to Put Personality in Your Writing |
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|first = Les |
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|last = Edgerton |
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|publisher = Writer's Digest Books |
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|location = Cincinnati, OH |
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|year = 2003 |
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|isbn = 1-58297-174-9 |
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}} |
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*{{cite news |
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|first = Nancy |
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|last = Kress |
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|periodical = Writer's Digest |
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|date = August 2003 |
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|page = 38 |
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|ref = harv |
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|postscript = <!--None--> |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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|first = Ben |
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|last = Yagoda |
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|title = The Sound on the Page: Great Writers Talk About Style and Voice in Writing |
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|publisher = HarperResource |
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|location = New York |
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|year = 2004 |
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|isbn= 0-06-093822-6 |
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}} |
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{{Narrative}} |
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[[Category:Fiction]] |
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[[Category:Style (fiction)| ]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:13, 3 July 2016
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