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| name = Ali al-Ridha <br> {{small|{{native phrase|ar|علي رضا ع}}}}
| name = Ali al-Ridha <br> {{small|{{native phrase|ar|علي رضا ع}}}}
| honorific_suffix = {{small| [[List of Imams|8th]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imam]] of [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]]}}
| honorific_suffix = {{small| [[List of Imams|8th]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imam]] of [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]]}}
| image = RezaShrine.jpg
| image = Reza -665012.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| image_size = 270px
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = [[Imam Reza shrine]]
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Circa}} {{Birth date|766|1|1|df=yes}} [[Common Era|CE]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Shabbar |first=S.M.R. |date=1997 |title=Story of the Holy Ka'aba |url=http://www.al-islam.org/story-of-the-holy-kaaba-and-its-people-shabbar/ninth-imam-muhammad-ibn-%E2%80%98ali-al-taqi-al-jawad |location= |publisher=Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain |isbn= |accessdate=28 October 2013 }}</ref> <br> (11 [[Dhul Qa`dah]] 148 [[Hijri year|AH]])
| birth_date = {{Circa}} {{Birth date|766|1|1|df=yes}} [[Common Era|CE]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Shabbar |first=S.M.R. |date=1997 |title=Story of the Holy Ka'aba |url=http://www.al-islam.org/story-of-the-holy-kaaba-and-its-people-shabbar/ninth-imam-muhammad-ibn-%E2%80%98ali-al-taqi-al-jawad |location= |publisher=Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain |isbn= |accessdate=28 October 2013 }}</ref> <br> (11 [[Dhul Qa`dah]] 148 [[Hijri year|AH]])
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'''{{'}}Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā''' ({{lang-ar|'''علي بن موسى الرضا'''}}) also called '''abu al-Hasan''' is commonly known as ''Ali al-Ridha'' (also spelled Ali al-Rida, Ali Rezā, and Ali Rizā) ({{Tooltip|c.|circa}} 29 December 765 – 23 August 818)<ref name="book137"/> descendant of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]] and the eighth Shia [[the Twelve Imams|Imam]] after his father [[Musa al-Kadhim]] and before his son [[Muhammad al-Jawad]]; and was an Imam of knowledge according to the [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi (Fiver) Shia]] school and [[Sufi]]s. He lived in a period when [[Abbasid]] caliphs were facing numerous difficulties the most important of which was Shiite revolts. The Caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]] thought out a remedy for this problem by appointing Al al-Ridha as his successor, through which he could involve the Imam in worldly affairs. However, according to Shiite view, when Al-Ma'mun saw that the Imam gained even more popularity, he decided to correct his mistake by poisoning him. The Imam was buried in a village in [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] where afterwards gained its new name, [[Mashhad]], the place of martyrdom.<ref name="chittick">{{cite book|last1=Tabåatabåa'åi|first1=Muhammad Husayn|title=A Shi'ite Anthology|date=1981|others=Selected and with a Foreword by [[Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i]]; Translated with Explanatory Notes by [[William Chittick]]; Under the Direction of and with an Introduction by [[Hossein Nasr]] |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=9780585078182|pages=49–50 & 138–139}}</ref><ref name="Donaldson"/>
'''{{'}}Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā''' ({{lang-ar|'''علي بن موسى الرضا'''}}) also called '''abu al-Hasan''' is commonly known as ''Ali al-Ridha'' (also spelled Ali al-Rida, Ali Rezā, and Ali Rizā) ({{Tooltip|c.|circa}} 29 December 765 – 23 August 818)<ref name="book137"/> descendant of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]] and the eighth Shia [[the Twelve Imams|Imam]] after his father [[Musa al-Kadhim]] and before his son [[Muhammad al-Jawad]]; and was an Imam of knowledge according to the [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi (Fiver) Shia]] school and [[Sufi]]s. He lived in a period when [[Abbasid]] caliphs were facing numerous difficulties the most important of which was Shiite revolts. The Caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]] thought out a remedy for this problem by appointing Al al-Ridha as his successor, through which he could involve the Imam in worldly affairs. However, according to Shiite view, when Al-Ma'mun saw that the Imam gained even more popularity, he decided to correct his mistake by poisoning him. The Imam was buried in a village in [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] where afterwards gained its new name, [[Mashhad]], the place of martyrdom.<ref name="chittick">{{cite book|last1=Tabåatabåa'åi|first1=Muhammad Husayn|title=A Shi'ite Anthology|date=1981|others=Selected and with a Foreword by [[Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i]]; Translated with Explanatory Notes by [[William Chittick]]; Under the Direction of and with an Introduction by [[Hossein Nasr]] |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=9780585078182|pages=49–50 & 138–139}}</ref><ref name="Donaldson"/>
[[File:RezaShrine.jpg|300px|thumbnail|[[Imam Reza shrine]]]]

==Birth and family life==
==Birth and family life==
On the eleventh of [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]], 148 AH (December 29, 765 CE), a son was born in the house of Imam Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Imam of [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] Islam) in [[Medina]], who took over the position of the [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imamate]], after his father. He was named Ali and titled al-Ridha, however in the Shiite sources he is commonly called ''Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Ṯānī'' in order not to be confused with his father, Imam [[Musa al-Kadhim]], who was known as ''Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Awwal''. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, and brought up in Medina, under the direction of his father, [[Jafar al-Sadiq|Ja'far as-Sādiq]].<ref name= "madelung">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-al-reza|title=ALĪ AL-REŻĀ, the eighth Imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites. |author=[[Wilferd Madelung|W. Madelung]]|date= 1 August 2011 |website=Iranicaonline.org |publisher= |accessdate= 18 June 2014}}</ref> His mother, Najmah, was also a distinguished lady and pious one. It is said that the boy al-Ridha required a great deal of milk, so that when his mother was asked whether her milk was sufficient, she answered, "it is not because my milk is not sufficient, but he wants it all the time, and consequently I am falling short in my prayers."<ref name="Donaldson">{{cite book|last=Donaldson|first=Dwight M.|title=The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak|year=1933|pp=161–170|publisher=BURLEIGH PRESS}}</ref> She was originally a [[Berber people|Berber]] (from the [[Maghreb]] i.e. [[Northwest Africa]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=Sayyid Saeed Akhtar|title=Slavery From Islamic and Christian Perspectives|publisher=Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation|url=http://www.al-islam.org/slavery-from-islamic-and-christian-perspective-sayyid-akhtar-rizvi/slaves-history-islam#x-slaves-children-imams-and-caliphs|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref> She was purchased and freed by Bibi Hamidah Khatun, the wife of Imam [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaffer|first1=Masuma|title=Lady Fatima Masuma (a) of Qum|date=2003|publisher=Jami‘at al-Zahra - Islamic Seminary for Women|location=Qum|edition=first|url=http://www.al-islam.org/lady-fatima-masuma-of-qum-masuma-jaffer/biography-lady-fatima-masuma}}</ref> and like Bibi Hamidah was a notable Islamic scholar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=Sayyid Saeed Ahktar|title=Slavery, from Islamic & Christian perspectives|date=1988|publisher=Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation|location=Richmond, B.C.|isbn=0-920675-07-7|edition=2nd (rev.) ed., 1988.}}</ref>
On the eleventh of [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]], 148 AH (December 29, 765 CE), a son was born in the house of Imam Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Imam of [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] Islam) in [[Medina]], who took over the position of the [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imamate]], after his father. He was named Ali and titled al-Ridha, however in the Shiite sources he is commonly called ''Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Ṯānī'' in order not to be confused with his father, Imam [[Musa al-Kadhim]], who was known as ''Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Awwal''. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, and brought up in Medina, under the direction of his father, [[Jafar al-Sadiq|Ja'far as-Sādiq]].<ref name= "madelung">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-al-reza|title=ALĪ AL-REŻĀ, the eighth Imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites. |author=[[Wilferd Madelung|W. Madelung]]|date= 1 August 2011 |website=Iranicaonline.org |publisher= |accessdate= 18 June 2014}}</ref> His mother, Najmah, was also a distinguished lady and pious one. It is said that the boy al-Ridha required a great deal of milk, so that when his mother was asked whether her milk was sufficient, she answered, "it is not because my milk is not sufficient, but he wants it all the time, and consequently I am falling short in my prayers."<ref name="Donaldson">{{cite book|last=Donaldson|first=Dwight M.|title=The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak|year=1933|pp=161–170|publisher=BURLEIGH PRESS}}</ref> She was originally a [[Berber people|Berber]] (from the [[Maghreb]] i.e. [[Northwest Africa]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=Sayyid Saeed Akhtar|title=Slavery From Islamic and Christian Perspectives|publisher=Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation|url=http://www.al-islam.org/slavery-from-islamic-and-christian-perspective-sayyid-akhtar-rizvi/slaves-history-islam#x-slaves-children-imams-and-caliphs|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref> She was purchased and freed by Bibi Hamidah Khatun, the wife of Imam [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaffer|first1=Masuma|title=Lady Fatima Masuma (a) of Qum|date=2003|publisher=Jami‘at al-Zahra - Islamic Seminary for Women|location=Qum|edition=first|url=http://www.al-islam.org/lady-fatima-masuma-of-qum-masuma-jaffer/biography-lady-fatima-masuma}}</ref> and like Bibi Hamidah was a notable Islamic scholar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=Sayyid Saeed Ahktar|title=Slavery, from Islamic & Christian perspectives|date=1988|publisher=Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation|location=Richmond, B.C.|isbn=0-920675-07-7|edition=2nd (rev.) ed., 1988.}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:31, 30 August 2015

Ali al-Ridha
علي رضا ع (Arabic)
8th Imam of Twelver Shia Islam
Bornc. (766-01-01)1 January 766 CE[1]
(11 Dhul Qa`dah 148 AH)
Medina, Abbasid Empire
Diedc. 26 May 818(818-05-26) (aged 53)
(17 Safar 203 AH)
Tus, Abbasid Empire
Cause of deathDeath by poisoning according to most Shi'a Muslims
Resting placeImam Reza shrine, Iran
36°17′13″N 59°36′56″E / 36.28694°N 59.61556°E / 36.28694; 59.61556
Other namesAlī 'ibn Mūsā
Title
List
Term799–819 CE
PredecessorMusa al-Kadhim
SuccessorMuhammad al-Jawad
SpouseSabīkah aka Khayzurān[2]
ChildrenMuhammad at-Taqi
Parent(s)Musa al-Kadhim
Ummul Banīn Najmah[2]

'Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) also called abu al-Hasan is commonly known as Ali al-Ridha (also spelled Ali al-Rida, Ali Rezā, and Ali Rizā) (c. 29 December 765 – 23 August 818)[2] descendant of Prophet Muhammad and the eighth Shia Imam after his father Musa al-Kadhim and before his son Muhammad al-Jawad; and was an Imam of knowledge according to the Zaydi (Fiver) Shia school and Sufis. He lived in a period when Abbasid caliphs were facing numerous difficulties the most important of which was Shiite revolts. The Caliph Al-Ma'mun thought out a remedy for this problem by appointing Al al-Ridha as his successor, through which he could involve the Imam in worldly affairs. However, according to Shiite view, when Al-Ma'mun saw that the Imam gained even more popularity, he decided to correct his mistake by poisoning him. The Imam was buried in a village in Khorasan where afterwards gained its new name, Mashhad, the place of martyrdom.[4][5]

Imam Reza shrine

Birth and family life

On the eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH (December 29, 765 CE), a son was born in the house of Imam Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Imam of Twelver Shia Islam) in Medina, who took over the position of the Imamate, after his father. He was named Ali and titled al-Ridha, however in the Shiite sources he is commonly called Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Ṯānī in order not to be confused with his father, Imam Musa al-Kadhim, who was known as Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Awwal. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, and brought up in Medina, under the direction of his father, Ja'far as-Sādiq.[6] His mother, Najmah, was also a distinguished lady and pious one. It is said that the boy al-Ridha required a great deal of milk, so that when his mother was asked whether her milk was sufficient, she answered, "it is not because my milk is not sufficient, but he wants it all the time, and consequently I am falling short in my prayers."[5] She was originally a Berber (from the Maghreb i.e. Northwest Africa).[7] She was purchased and freed by Bibi Hamidah Khatun, the wife of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq,[8] and like Bibi Hamidah was a notable Islamic scholar.[9]

Designation as Imam

The eighth Imam had reached the Imamate, after the death of his father, through Divine Command and the decree of his forefathers,[10] especially Imam Musa al-Kadhim, who would repeatedly tell his companions that his son Ali would be the Imam after him.[11] As such, Makhzumi says one day Musa al-Kadhim summoned and gathered us and entitled him as "his executor and successor." [12]

Yazid ibn Salit has also related a similar narration from the seventh Imam when he met him on his way to Mecca: "Ali, whose name is the same as the First and the forth Imam, is the Imam after me." Said the Imam. However, due to the extreme choking atmosphere and pressure prevailed in the period of Musa al-Kazim, he added, "What I said must remain (restricted) up to you and do not reproduce it to anybody unless you know he is one of our friends and companions."[13][14] The same is narrated from Ali bin Yaqtin, from Imam Musa al-Kazim who has said "Ali is the best of my children and I have conferred on him my epithet"[11] According to Wāqedī, even in his youth, Ali al-Ridha would transmit Hadith from his father and his uncles and gave Fatwa in the mosque of Medina.[6][15] Ali al-Ridha was not looked upon favorably by Hārūn Rashīd; and the people of Medina were disallowed from visiting and learning from him.[16] According to Donaldson he was twenty or twenty-five years old when he succeeded his father as Imam in Medina, and it was about eighteen years later, when the Caliph Al-Ma'mun "undertook to ingratiate himself with the numerous Shiite parties by designating Ali ar-Ridha as his successor to the Caliphate."[5]

Political situation of his era

After the death of Harun al-Rashid in 809, Harun's two sons began fighting for control of the Abbasid Empire. One son, Al-Amin, had an Arab mother and thus had the support of Arabs, while his half-brother Al-Ma'mun had a Persian mother and the support of Persia.[17] After defeating his brother, al-Ma'mun summoned al-Ridha to khorasan.[15] Firstly, Ma'mun offered al-Ridha the caliphate. Al-Ridha who knew the real reason of this offer politely refused it [18] and said:

“If this caliphate belongs to you, then it is not permissible for you to take off the garment in which Allah has clothed you and to give it to other than you. If the caliphate does not belong to you, then it is not permissible for you to give me that which does not belong to you.”[15]

The Shiites of al-Ma'mun's era, who made a large population, regarded the Imams as their leaders who must be obeyed, as they believed in them as the real caliphs of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. The continuation of such a situation was a big treat to the caliphate of al-Ma'mun which was far from the sacred status of their Imams. According to Tabatabaee in Shi'ite Islam, thus, al-Ma'mun summoned al-Ridha to khorasan and offered him the role of successor to prevent the descendants of Muhammad from rebelling against the government since they would be involved in the government themselves, and secondly, to cause the people to lose their spiritual belief and inner attachment to the Imams.[19]

Al-Ma'mun even changed the black Abbāsid flags to green,[20][21] the traditional color of Shiites [21] Mohammad's flag and Ali's cloak.[22] Al-Ma'mun meant to appease the Shiite factions by these decisions. Moreover, he gave his daughter, Umm Habib, to al-Ridha and married another daughter, Umm al-Fadhl to al-Ridha's son. He also ordered to mint coins with names of both Al-Ma'mun and Ali al-Ridha.[21]

Ali al-Ridha admonishes his brother

Pilgrims of Imam Ali Riza's Shrine in Mashhad, Khorasan

When al-Ridha was summoned to Khurasan and reluctantly accepted the role of successor to al-Ma'mun,[10][23] al-Ma'mun summoned the Imam's brother, Zayd, who had revolted and brought about a riot in Medina to his court in Khorasan. Al-Ma'mun kept him free as a regard and honor to Ali al-Ridha and overlooked his punishment.[24]

One day, however, when Ali al-Ridha was delivering a speech in a grand assembly, he heard Zayd praising himself before the people, saying I am so and so. Ali al-Ridha asked him saying:[25]

"O Zayd, have you trusted upon the words of the grocers of Kufa and are conveying them to the people? What kind of things are you talking about? The sons of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah Zahra are worthy and outstanding only when they obey the command of Allah, and keep themselves away from sin and blunder. You think you are like Musa al-Kadhim, Ali ibn Husayn, and other Imams? Whereas, they took pains and bore hardships on the way to Allah and prayed to Allah day and night. Do you think you will gain without pain? Be aware, that if a person out of us the Ahl al-Bayt performs a good deed, he gets twice the reward. Because not only he performed good deeds like others but also that he has maintained the honor of Muhammad. If he practices something bad and does a sin, he has performed two sins. One is that he performed a bad act like the rest of the people and the other one is that he has negated the honor of Muhammad. O brother! The one who obeys Allah is from us the Ahl al-Bayt and the one who is a sinner is not ours. Allah said about the son of Noah who cut the spiritual bondage with his father, "He is not out of your lineage; if he was out of your lineage, I would have (saved) and granted him salvation."[25]

Debates

Al-Ma'mun was very interested in working on various sciences translated into Arabic. Thus he arranged debates between the Imam and Muslim scholars and the leaders of religion sects who came in his presence.[6][10] One of the discussions was on Divine Unity with Sulaiman al-Mervi; an scholar from Khorasan, another discussion with Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Jahm was devoted to the sinlessness of the Prophets, which led to another debate on the same subject which Ma'mun took a great part in it himself. Many of these debates are recorded in the collections of Shiite hadiths, like Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha. The following is an example of these debates which took place between the Imam and an unbeliever(Zindīq).[4][6]

(The Imam) said to him (Zindīq), "Dost thou see that if the correct view is your view then are we not equal? All that we have prayed, fasted, given of the alms and declared of our convictions will not harm us if the correct view is our view then have not you perished and we gained salvation?" the Man said. "Then let me know, how is He and where is He?" Abu-l-Hasan(the Imam)answered, "surely the opinion thou hast adopted is mistaken. He determined the 'where', and He was, when there was no 'where'; and He fashioned the 'how', and He was, when there was no 'how'. So He is not known through 'howness' or 'whereness'" The man said, "So then surely He is nothing if He cannot be perceived by any of the senses." Abu-l-Hasan said, "when our senses fail to perceive Him, we know for certain that He is our Lord …" The man said, "Then tell me, when was He?" Abu-l-Hasan said, "Tell when He was not, and then I will tell you when He was..." The man said, "Then why has He veiled Himself (from men)?" Abu-l-Hasan replied, "Surely the veil is upon creatures because of the abundance of their sins. As for Him, no secret is hidden from Him during the day or the night…"

This is a long debate, entitled, The Veil, full text of which could be find in the A Shiite Anthology translated by William Chittick.[4] According to some accounts, Ma'mun's main objective from holding the meetings was that he was hoping that the Imam won't be able to give an answer to every question asked of him. It is related from al-Nawfali who quoted the Imam as saying :"Would you (al-Nawfali) like to know when al-Ma'mūn will feel remorseful? ...When he hears me argue with the people of the Torah quoting their own Torah, with the people of the Gospel quoting their own Gospel, with the people of the Psalms quoting their own Psalms, with the Zoroastrians arguing in their Persian language, with the Romans in their own Latin... then al-Ma'mūn will realize that he will not achieve what he aspires..."[26]

Works

Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah

Main article: Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah

Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (The Golden Treatise) is a treatise on medical cures and the maintenance of good health which is said to have been written in accordance with the demand of Ma'mun.[6][27] It is regarded as the most precious Islamic literature in the science of medicine, and was entitled "the golden treatise" as Ma'mun had ordered it to be written in gold ink.[6] It has been explained in this treatise that one's health is threatened when his blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm are unbalanced; and that nutrition and traditional medicine may be used to cure imbalances. It is among his sayings that " Do you think that you are a small body, while the greatest world has folded itself in you."[26]

Sahifah

Main article: Sahifah of al-Ridha

The Sahifah is a collection of hadith—the traditions of the prophet Muhammad—attributed to Ali al-Ridha which was transmitted by Abdallah ibn Aḥmad ibn Amer, who heard them from his father Aḥmad, who was said to have heard it from Ali al-Ridha in 194 AH (809-10 CE) at Medina.[6] It contains hadiths on various topics like the invocation of Allah, the importance of praying five times a day and of saying the prayer for the dead, the excellence of the household of the Prophet, of the believer, of good manners, and of strengthening the bonds of kinship, and the danger of cheating, of backbiting, and of tattling. It discusses each member of the household of the Prophet.[26]

Uyun al Akhbar ar Reda

Uyun al Akhbar ar Reda is a book in which is gathered together everything that has been related about Imam from debates on religious questions and the sayings which have been recorded from him, to the explanations of the reason his name was chosen, and traditions concerning his death and the miracles which have occurred at his tomb. It is collected by Ibn Babawayh known as Al-Shaykh al-Saduq.[4]

Feqh al-Reżā

Feqh al-Reżā (al-Rida's Jurisprudence) Also called al-Fiqh al-Radawi, is also attributed to Imam al-Ridha. It was not known till the 10th/16th century when it was judged to be authentic by Muhammad Baqir Majlisi. However, most of Imami scholars doubted its authenticity.[6]

Connection to Sufism?

It has been commonly held that Maruf Karkhi who was converted to Islam through Ali al-Ridha is one of the foremost figures in the golden chain of most Sufi orders. He was a devoted student of Ali al-Ridha and is an important figure for Sufism and Shi'ism.[28] According to Corbin, although at the end of the Safavid period a Ni'mat Allahi Sufi from India named Ma'sum been sent by his spiritual master, Shaykh Shah 'Ali Rida Dakhani, to Iran and settled with his family at Shiraz, to restore the Ni'mat Allahi order in Iran, however the Sufi order while owes its name to Shah Ni'mat Allah Wali, [a] goes back originally to the Eighth Shiite Imam, the Imam 'Ali Rida through Ma'ruf al-Karkhi.[29]

Selected Sayings

  • "Everyone's friend is his reason; his enemy is his ignorance."[26]
  • "Worship is not abundant prayer and fasting; rather it is abundant reflecting on the affair of Allah, the Great and Almighty."[26]
  • "Man is not worshipful unless he is clement."[26]
  • "Faith is a degree above Islam; Allah-fearingness is a degree above faith; and nothing less than Allah-fearingness has been divided among men."[26]
  • "Faith is four pillars: trust in Allah, satisfaction with Allah's decree, submission to Allah's command, and entrusting (affairs) to Allah."[26]
  • "If one lacks five attributes, do not expect to gain anything good out of him for your life in this world or your life to come: if his lineage is known to be untrustworthy, if his nature lacks generosity, if his temper lacks balance, if he lacks a noble conduct, and if he lacks fear of his Lord."[26]
  • "If only three years of a person's span of life has remained and he tightens the bond of kin, Allah will make them thirty years, and Allah does whatever He wills."[26]

Death

Al-Ma'mun thought he would solve the problems of Shiite revolts by naming al-ridha as his successor. After finally being able to persuade al-Rida to accept this position, al-Ma'mun realized his mistake, for Shiism began to gain even more popularity. Moreover, Arab party in Baghdad were furious when they heard that al-Ma'mun not only appointed the imam as his successor, but sent out commands that the Abbasid'd black flag should be changed to green in honor of the Imam. They were afraid that the empire would be taken from them. They got together, therefore, to depose Ma'mun and gave allegiance to Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who was the uncle of Ma'mun.[5] when Ma'mun heard this Imam advised him to solve the problem by dismissing him from his position but he did not heed and decided to return to Baghdad and assert his rights.[5] However, when they reached the town of Sarakhs, his vizier was assassinated, and in a couple of days, when they reached Tus, the Imam sickened and died in a few days, according to the most accounts in September 818. Al-Ma'mun asked some of the Imam's relatives to examine his body in order to see that he had died a natural death. Then he ordered that he be buried next to the tomb of his own father, Harun al-Rashid, and showed extreme sorrow in the funeral ritual and stayed for three days at the place. According to Madelung the unexpected death of both the vizier and the successor, "whose presence would have made any reconciliation with the powerful ʿAbbasid opposition in Baghdad virtually impossible, must indeed arouse strong suspicion that Ma'mun had had a hand in the deaths."[6][26]

Imam Ridha Mosque

Main article: Imam Reza Shrine
See also: List of largest mosques

Today the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad occupies a total area of 598,657 m2 (6,443,890 sq ft) – the shrine area occupies 267,079m2 while the seven courtyards surrounding it cover an area of 331,578 m2.[30] Thus making it the largest mosque in the world, having an area larger than Masjid al-Haram and Masjid al-Nabawi (which have areas of 356,800 m2[31] and 400,500 m2 respectively).[citation needed][dubious – discuss]

The courtyards also contain a total of 14 minarets,[32] and 3 fountains.[33] From the courtyards, external hallways named after scholars lead to the inner areas of the mosque. They are referred to as Bast (Sanctuary), since they were meant to be a safeguard for the shrine areas.[34]

The Bast hallways lead towards a total of 21 internal halls (Riwaq) surrounding the burial chamber of Ali al-Ridha. Adjacent to the burial chamber is also a mosque dating back to the 10th century known as, Bala-e-Sar mosque.[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The name of Shah Nimatullah Wali is inseparable from the history of Shiite Sufism in Iran over the last seven centuries. Amir Nur al-Din Ni'mat Allah was born in 730/1329-1330 to a family of Sayyids who were descended from the Fifth Imam, Muhammad al-Baqir

References

  1. ^ Shabbar, S.M.R. (1997). Story of the Holy Ka'aba. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. 2004. p. 137.
  3. ^ al-Qummi, Shaykh Abbas (1998). "2". The Last Journey, Translation of Manazile Akherah. Aejazali Turabhusain Bhujwala. Qum: Imam Ali Foundation. pp. 62–64.
  4. ^ a b c d Tabåatabåa'åi, Muhammad Husayn (1981). A Shi'ite Anthology. Selected and with a Foreword by Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i; Translated with Explanatory Notes by William Chittick; Under the Direction of and with an Introduction by Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. pp. 49–50 & 138–139. ISBN 9780585078182.
  5. ^ a b c d e Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak. BURLEIGH PRESS. pp. 161–170.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i W. Madelung (1 August 2011). "ALĪ AL-REŻĀ, the eighth Imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  7. ^ Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed Akhtar. Slavery From Islamic and Christian Perspectives. Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  8. ^ Jaffer, Masuma (2003). Lady Fatima Masuma (a) of Qum (first ed.). Qum: Jami‘at al-Zahra - Islamic Seminary for Women.
  9. ^ Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed Ahktar (1988). Slavery, from Islamic & Christian perspectives (2nd (rev.) ed., 1988. ed.). Richmond, B.C.: Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation. ISBN 0-920675-07-7.
  10. ^ a b c Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. pp. 68–69&76. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
  11. ^ a b Al-Tabrizi, Al-Mirza Jawad. A Concise Treatise of Authentic Traditions Regarding the Right to Divine Leadership (Imamate) of the Twelve Imams (in Persian). The Sun Behind The Clouds Publications. Retrieved September 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ Tabasi, Mohammad Mohsen (2007). "Imam Ridha in the narrations of Ahl al-Sunnah". Kowsar Culture (72): 67. Retrieved September 2014. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  13. ^ Al-Kulayni Arazi, Sheikh Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Yaqub Ibn Isha. Al Kafi.
  14. ^ Tabarsi, Fazl ibn Hassan. Elam al-Vora Be-A'lam al-Hoda. Vol. Vol. 2. p. 50. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  15. ^ a b c Al-Qurashi, Baqir Shareef. The Life of Imam ‘Ali al-Hadi, Study and Analysis. Abdullah al-Shahin. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  16. ^ Shabbar, S.M.R. Story of the Holy Ka’aba. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain Category:. Retrieved 25 September 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  17. ^ Sykes, Sir Percy (27 September 2013). A History Of Persia. Routledge. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-1-136-52597-1.
  18. ^ Dungersi, Mohammed Raza (1996). A Brief Biography of Imam Ali bin Musa (a.s.): al-Ridha. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-9976-956-94-8.
  19. ^ Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
  20. ^ Khaldūn, Ibn (1958). The Muqaddimah : an introduction to history ; in three volumes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09797-6.
  21. ^ a b c Bobrick, Benson (14 August 2012). The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad. Simon and Schuster. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-1-4165-6806-3.
  22. ^ Esposito, John L. (27 December 1999). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988041-6.
  23. ^ Meri, Josef W.; Bacharach, Jere L. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
  24. ^ Fadlallah, Muhammad Jawad. Imam ar-Ridha’, A Historical and Biographical Research. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  25. ^ a b Al-Saduq, Al-Shaykh (2006). UYUN AKHBAR AL-REZA The Source of Traditions on Imam Reza (a.s.) (Vol. 2) (first ed.). Qom: Ansariyan Publications. p. 520.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k al-Qarashi, Bāqir Sharif. The life of Imām 'Ali Bin Mūsā al-Ridā. Translated by Jāsim al-Rasheed.
  27. ^ Muhammad Jawad Fadlallah. Imam ar-Ridha’, A Historical and Biographical Research. Yasin T. Al-Jibouri. Retrieved 18 June 2014. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Nicholson, R.A.; Austin, R.W.J. (2012). "Maʿrūf al-Kark̲h̲ī". Encyclopaedia of Islam (second ed.).
  29. ^ Corbin, Henry (2001). The History of Islamic Philosophy. Translated by Liadain Sherrard with the assistance of Philip Sherrard. London and New York: Kegan Paul International. pp. 308, 314.
  30. ^ "The Glory of the Islamic World". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
  31. ^ Great Mosque of al-Haram at ArchNet
  32. ^ "Minarets". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  33. ^ "Saqqah Khaneh". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  34. ^ "The Bast (Sanctuaries) Around the Holy Shrine". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  35. ^ "Riwaq (Porch)". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Retrieved 2009-05-26.

External links

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Shia Islam titles
Preceded by 8th Imam of Twelver Shi'a Islam
799–818 		Succeeded by

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